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145 CHAPTER 8 8. Data Coding Including Geocoding 8.1 C-1: GEOCODING STANDARDS 8.1.1 Introduction Geocoding is the process of identifying the geographic location of a trip end and coding a number, such as a traffic analysis zone (TAZ), Census tract or block, or latitude and longitude, to represent that location (TMIP, 1996). This item is concerned with developing standards for the methods used to geocode travel data in household travel surveys. Recommendations are made about spatial units that should be adopted in geocoding and more general steps that should be taken to maximize the quality of geocoded data. 8.1.2 Need for Standardized Procedures Despite advances in technology, geocoding continues to be an expensive and problematic activity in most household travel surveys. Until quite recently, most geocoding was done manually. This would generally involve a team of coders looking at maps to find address information recorded in surveys, and then transcribing this information into a corresponding trip file. The shortcomings of this approach have been well documented by Cambridge Systematics (1996) and Greaves (1998, 2003). Manual geocoding is labor intensive and tends to be inaccurate and subjective. The high cost associated with this approach has meant that zonal-based spatial units (e.g., TAZs, zip codes) have generally been favored over latitude and longitude values. One of the main limitations in using zonal boundaries is that TAZs and census boundaries are subject to change and often become obsolete. In addition, zonal boundaries tend to be difficult to analyze against other geographic data sources (TMIP, 1996). Geocoding to latitude and longitude, however, allows intra-zonal travel activity to be accounted for in travel models and provides flexibility, because trip ends can always be aggregated and analyzed according to any type of zonal boundary. The development of address matching programs within desktop Geographic Information System (GIS) software packages during the 1990s reduced much of the burden associated with manual geocoding, and has made it easier to geocode travel survey data with latitude-longitude values (Greaves, 2003). Despite rapid improvements in the quality and affordability of GIS software, the success of geocoding continues to depend on the quality of input data used, and the actual method adopted for matching reported addresses with address information contained in a GIS database. Address matching is the actual process of matching street address information recorded in travel surveys (known as a target database) with an address gazetteer (reference database) using some predetermined rules which are usually built into the GIS package (Drummond, 1995). GIS layers containing street information consist of line features (links) that contain street names, and number ranges. Address data recorded on trip ends are matched to names on links, and a point is interpolated based on the number range shown on the street (Greaves, 2003). In principle at least, it is possible to geocode 100 percent of all origins and destinations in a travel survey using this approach; however, the process is still far from perfect and it is unlikely geocoding will ever be an error free exercise. The quality of reference databases, target databases, and the
146 method used to deal with partial address matches all impact on the overall success of geocoding and need to be given careful consideration before undertaking a household travel survey. The most commonly used reference database is the Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER/Line) files developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. These files are freely available on a county by county basis, and include data on address ranges, political and statistical boundaries, and zip codes. Despite the wide availability of these data, there are a number of problems with the files, notably, non-residential and non-urban locations are poorly documented, and there are often missing or erroneous records (Greaves, 2003). There are now many commercial databases available which are generally derived from TIGER/Line files, but have been updated and improved with supplementary data from the U.S. Postal Service, or other sources, such as land parcel information held by governments, or 911 databases (Greaves, 1998, 2003). In addition to this, many MPOs themselves have developed or refined reference databases (Greaves, 1998). Collecting good quality address information in travel surveys has always been challenging because survey respondents generally find it difficult to provide precise information for most locations outside of home and work. The methods used to recruit respondents and to collect information on their travel activities will obviously have a significant bearing on the quality of target databases. In most survey settings, accurate home and work addresses can be collected relatively easily (i.e., at recruitment); however, it can be more of a challenge to collect good data on non-home and non-work addresses, particularly in the context of self administered surveys. Non-home and non-work trips are, to some extent, under-reported by respondents and because of this, geocoding can actually increase biases that may already be present in survey data. There is evidence to suggest that high quality address information can be obtained if geocoding is done on-line or in real time during the data collection process. Greaves (2003) reviewed a number of recent household travel surveys that used CATI systems with in-built features allowing reported addresses to be instantaneously validated and cross checked with other data during retrieval. These systems give interviewers access to supplementary data on schools, landmarks, nearest cross streets, major shopping centers, etc. which can be used to locate exact addresses. While such systems can be expensive to develop, the additional costs can, to some extent, be offset by savings in data editing and post-processing (Greaves, 2003). A number of systems have also been developed to improve reporting of addresses in computer aided personal interviews (CAPIs) and computer assisted self interviews (CASIs) (Greaves, 2003). The general preference for CATI based surveys over other methods means these systems have not progressed beyond experimental stages. For the immediate future, it appears that face-to-face methods and other non-computer aided methods will continue to rely on interviewer knowledge and post interview data editing and cleaning to maximize the accuracy of reported addresses. It is worth noting that some innovative methods have been developed to improve geocoding in more conventional survey settings. In the OKI household travel survey, for example, geocoding was performed a day after travel data retrieval to allow interviewers to re- contact respondents and clarify addresses that could not be located (Market Opinion Research, 1995). Internet based surveys, although still in their infancy, hold considerable promise for improving address information because they could incorporate supplementary data and allow cross checks to be performed on reported locations like those CATI systems discussed earlier. Methods involving Global Positioning System (GPS) technology have the ability to provide highly precise information on the location of trip ends (Greaves, 2003), but are not discussed further, because the intention here is to examine geocoding in more conventional survey settings. Aside from the quality of reference and target databases, geocoding match rates also depend on the actual technique used to match addresses. Drummond (1995) provides a comprehensive review of address matching procedures. Irrespective of the actual method that might be used, there are essentially three possible outcomes in address matching procedures: addresses may be matched correctly, partially matched, or not matched in any circumstances. Partial matches can be assigned latitude-longitude values if the rules used for matching records are relaxed in some way (i.e., by accepting differences in spelling, street abbreviations and zip codes). Criteria relaxation can take several forms. Scoring systems compare
147 the âsoundsâ (known as soundex functions) between addresses listed in target and reference databases and provide scores to indicate the closeness of potential matches (the user decides on the scores they will accept for matches). There are also more advanced techniques using probabilities and weights (Drummond, 1995). Criteria relaxation methods vary between different GIS packages. MapInfo uses criteria relaxation while Arcview and TransCAD use rating and scoring-based procedures (Greaves, 2003). At this point in time, more advanced techniques are generally not available within standard GIS software packages. While little testing has been done to evaluate the merits of each approach, anecdotal evidence suggests that scoring methods are probably the best because they are easy to learn and provide slightly more flexibility than criteria relaxation methods (Drummond, 1995). Section 2.5.1 of the Final Report lays out recommendations for standardized procedures and guidelines for geocoding. 8.2 C-2: LEVEL OF GEOCODING TO BE PERFORMED 8.2.1 Description It is theoretically possible to geocode 100 percent of all trip ends in a survey, but in practice this is difficult, if not impossible. Most travel surveys will encounter some difficulties in geocoding and so there is a need to determine a reasonable minimum match rate that could be achieved in most survey settings. This item is concerned with determining minimum percentages of trip ends that should be geocoded in household travel surveys. 8.2.2 Discussion and Analysis The success of geocoding depends on the quality of reference and target databases and the technique used to match addresses. Thus, a problem in one of these areas will result in a less than perfect match rate. Although the quality of TIGER/Line files and commercially available address databases appears to be improving, these sources of information will never be completely free of errors. In addition to this, it will probably never be possible to have all addresses reported accurately by respondents. In any survey, there will always be a certain number of addresses reported incorrectly, either because respondents genuinely do not know the right address, or because they may deliberately choose not to report it. In a survey of GIS practices by MPOs, Greaves (1998) found that most agencies reported a geocoding match rate of between 85 and 95 percent. Many of the difficulties in achieving high match rates stem from the fact that certain types of addresses are much more difficult to geocode than others. Most people are able to report their home and work addresses with considerable accuracy. While the majority of people would not be able to recall an exact street address for a school, this information can be obtained relatively easily after an interview (if the name of the school is reported). Addresses outside home, work and school tend to be reported much less accurately however (Stopher and Bullock, 2001). A review of trip files from household travel surveys conducted in New York, Phoenix, and South East Florida appears to support this. Unfortunately, it was not possible to examine more of the files made available for this project, because geocoding data in these files were either incomplete or unusable. Table 76 shows a comparison of geocoding match rates by trip purpose for New York, Phoenix, and South East Florida. In each survey, geocoding was performed to latitude and longitude, but higher spatial units (TAZ, etc.) were also derived from these points. For each survey and trip purpose, four geocoding outcomes are shown: matched, unmatched, imputed and out of region. In the New York City survey, all trip ends were geocoded; however, geocodes were imputed in situations where unacceptably
148 high speeds were calculated between trip ends (speed violations). The actual method used for imputation is not detailed in the survey documentation; however, for the purposes of this exercise these records can be considered unmatched. The New York City and Phoenix files contained âgeocoding statusâ variables to show the final outcomes of the matching procedures used, while the South East Florida file only contained latitude and longitude values for those records successfully geocoded, and did not provide any additional information. Table 76: Geocoding Match Rates for New York City, Phoenix and South East Florida Trip Files Geocoding Outcome Survey Purpose of Trip Matched Unmatched Imputed Out of region H-B Work 96.7% - 3.0% 0.4% H-B School 97.5% - 2.2% 0.2% H-B Shop 96.1% - 3.6% 0.3% H-B Other 94.8% - 4.6% 0.6% N-H-B Work 90.2% - 8.2% 1.6% N-H-B Other 90.9% - 7.4% 1.7% New York City Total 94.4% - 4.8% 0.8% H-B Work 92.6% 7.1% - 0.3% H-B School 96.5% 3.5% - 0.0% H-B Shop 98.7% 1.3% - 0.0% H-B Other 96.3% 3.3% - 0.4% N-H-B Work 92.4% 6.0% - 1.6% N-H-B Other 93.8% 4.1% - 2.1% Phoenix Total 95.0% 4.3% - 0.7% H-B Work 94.9% 5.1% - - H-B School 95.4% 4.6% - - H-B Shop 95.1% 4.9% - - H-B Other 94.2% 5.8% - - N-H-B Work 96.6% 3.4% - - N-H-B Other 94.2% 5.8% - - South East Florida Total 94.8% 5.2% - - In each of the surveys, 94-95 percent of all trip ends were successfully matched. For New York City, 96-97 percent of home based work, school and shopping trips were matched. Match rates for home based other trips and non-home based trips were noticeably lower, with 91 percent of addresses being matched for the latter. According to reports from the survey, most respondents had little difficulty in reporting their home addresses and habitual addresses (work and school), but were less accurate in reporting âother trip locationsâ (Nustats International, 2000). Match rates for Phoenix were roughly similar to those found for New York City, although the match rate for home-based work trips for this survey appeared relatively low at 93 percent. Analysis of the original location file for the survey revealed that 17 percent of work locations were not geocoded, which in most surveys would be unacceptably high. No documentation was available to explain the cause of this. Match rates for South East Florida were consistently between 94 and 97 percent for all trip purposes. The higher percentage of non-home trip matches for South East Florida is probably attributable to the fact that geocoding was undertaken in real time, during the CATI interview, with special geocoding software (Carr Smith Corradino, 2000a), while address locations were post processed in the case of New York City and Phoenix. It is generally very difficult to geocode out of region locations, not just because respondents have difficulty reporting accurate addresses, but because reference data may not even be held for such areas. For the majority of trip types for New York City and Phoenix, less than 1 percent of trips were not
149 geocoded because they were made outside the study region. For South East Florida, trip ends outside the study region were matched with a ârepresentative point north or south of the region.â Recommended standardized procedures for the level of geocoding to be performed are provided in section 2.5.2 of the Final Report. 8.3 C-4: MISSING VALUES, USE OF ZERO, ETC. 8.3.1 Introduction There is considerable variability in how missing data are recorded in transport surveys, and even variability within the same survey. The issues in this item relate to standardizing the ways in which missing data are flagged, and how zeroes and blanks are to be used in coding. 8.3.2 Coding Issues There is no agreement among recent household surveys on what to use for flagging missing values, and other aspects of setting coded values for non-numeric data. It is not uncommon to find that codes are left blank if the response is missing. This is unfortunate when zero is a legitimate response, because it becomes impossible in most computer analyses to distinguish between a blank and a zero in a numeric field. In statistical packages, missing values can be declared and are replaced in internal data sets with the missing data code of the package. However, in ASCII data files that are usually the ones stored for archives and provided to other agencies and individuals, these missing data codes may vary from variable to variable within one survey. The first issue, then, is to address the appropriate use of blanks in data fields. The second issue is to specify standard codes that should be used to indicate missing data. These codes need to distinguish between a respondent refusal, a lack of knowledge by the respondent, and non-applicability or legitimate skips. The third issue is to specify as a standard that there should be correspondence between the numeric values of a categorical variable and the codes. For example, if there are 0 workers, this should be coded as 0, one worker as 1, two workers, as 2, etc. Similarly, zero cars would be coded as zero, one car as 1, etc. This is a problem, for example, in U.S. Bureau of the Census codes, where zero indicates missing, 1 indicates zero, 2 indicates 1, etc. Such coding should be avoided, because of the confusion it creates and the potential it offers for misinterpretation of results. A fourth issue here is the inclusion in diary data sets of a variable to indicate the number of trips reported in the diary. This is seen as necessary, where it is otherwise difficult to determine if a respondent refused to return a travel diary, returned a blank travel diary, or indicated that no travel was performed on the diary day. The fifth issue is to establish standard codes for binary variables, such as questions to which the answer is either âyesâ or âno,â or âmaleâ or âfemale,â etc. Again, this is a standard that would improve comparability of surveys and would also remove potential ambiguities. Recommendations for standardized procedures on these coding issues are provided in section 2.5.3 of the Final Report.
150 8.4 C-5: CODING COMPLEX VARIABLES 8.4.1 Introduction This item is concerned with how to code the responses to certain types of questions that involve categories that may vary from survey to survey, depending on the level of detail required for a specific survey. Among the questions that fit within this item are income and activity. 8.4.2 Discussion and Analysis There are a number of complex variables, where it would be useful to adopt consistent codes for the values used to report the data. This would enhance comparability of surveys and remove potential ambiguities. It is also contingent on standardizing response categories to certain questions, as discussed in the section on the Standardization of Categories. These proposed consistent codes should be developed not only for any appropriate questions in the minimum question specifications, but also for additional questions that may be used in many travel surveys. Standardized categories have been proposed for the following: relationship, race, disability, employment status, education level, type of dwelling, housing tenure, obtained vehicle, fuel type, vehicle ownership, body type, internet and cell phone use, and means of travel. Along with this should be the specification of consistent numeric codes to be used with the standardized categories. This is particularly important to allow comparability among surveys. It is also helpful in reporting out results of any given survey. Because the specification of standardized categories may result in specifying a minimum set of categories, it is important to consider the impacts of this on coding. For example, suppose that it is agreed that income should be coded at least in $10,000 steps up to $150,000, some agencies may elect to code income at a more detailed level. A possible way to handle this variable and its coding would be to set up the coding as shown in Table 77. Similar flexible codes could be devised for other cases. The value of this scheme is that aggregation of the detailed codes to the minimum coding is possible by just dropping the last digit of the code. In most statistical programs, this could be achieved by dividing the code by 10 and truncating the result to an integer. This appears to be a desirable way to handle agreement on the minimum detail in categories and consistent coding of the categories into numeric codes. In the seven data sets examined, income categories differed and the base category also differed. In some cases, increments of $10,000 were used while the base category was less than $10,000, whereas in other cases, increments of $15,000 were used and the base category was less than $15,000. The overlapping of the categories used and the different base categories made it difficult to standardize the variable for income across the data sets. Table 77 explains how income should be categorized in order to overcome the problem of incomparability. Table 77: Possible Coding for Varying Income Detail Minimum Detail for Income Categories Minimum Coding More Detailed Categories More Detailed Coding Under $5,000 000 Under $10,000 00 $5,000-$9,999 005 $10,000 -$14,999 010 $10,000-$19,999 01 $15,000-$19,999 015 $20,000-$24,999 020 $20,000-$29,999 02 $25,000-$29,999 025 $30,000-$34,999 030 $30,000-$39,999 03 $35,000-$39,999 035
151 $40,000-$44,999 040 $40,000-$49,999 04 $45,000-$49,999 045 $50,000-$54,999 050 $50,000-$59,999 05 $55,000-$59,999 055 $60,000-$64,999 060 $60,000-$69,999 06 $65,000-$69,999 065 $70,000-$74,999 070 $70,000-$79,999 07 $75,000-$79,999 075 $80,000-$84,999 080 $80,000-$89,999 08 $85,000-$89,999 085 $90,000-$94,999 090 $90,000-$99,999 09 $95,000-$99,999 095 $100,000-$104,999 100 $100,000-$109,999 10 $105,000-$109,999 105 $110,000-$114,999 110 $110,000-$119,999 11 $115,000-$119,999 115 $120,000-$124,999 120 $120,000-$129,999 12 $125,000-$129,999 125 $130,000-$134,999 130 $130,000-$139,999 13 $135,000-$139,999 135 $140,000-$144,999 140 $140,000-$149,999 14 $145,000-$149,999 145 $150,000 and over 15 $150,000 and over 150 Legitimate skip -997 Legitimate skip -997 Donât Know -998 Donât Know -998 Refused -999 Refused -999 Codes should be set up in such a way as to allow varying levels of aggregation, depending on the needs of any particular survey, as shown in Table 77. In general, this can be done by setting up multi-digit codes, where appropriate, in which the first one or two digits represent the coarsest level of aggregation that would be used, the next digit provides greater disaggregation, and a further digit (if applicable) could provide even greater disaggregation. This would follow along the lines that were used for many years for Standard Industrial Codes (SICs) (now the North American Industrial Classification System â NAICS (NTIS, 1997)). In all probability, establishing such codes would also accommodate more easily the probable need, from time to time, to add new categories, which could be done most often at the lower levels of aggregation. As shown in Table 77, it would also be possible, over time, to add further categories at the high end, indicating incomes in further $10,000 increments. This would also help accommodate inflationary effects on income. Further, an additional digit can be used to provide disaggregation to as fine a level of detail as every $1,000. An appealing aspect of the codes shown in Table 77 is that the code relates numerically to the income group, indicating the low point on the range. Furthermore, the codes require use of no more digits than in virtually every income coding regime to be found in transportation surveys. At the same time, by using a relatively fine division of income levels, various aggregations are easy to accomplish. As previously noted, activity is another complex variable item. Until now, most travel surveys did not adequately account for activities undertaken by the respondent. However, with the increasing use of activity-based and time-use surveys (and it is possible that time-use diaries will become the primary data collection instrument in the context of travel and travel behavior), activity has become a very important item. It is widely acknowledged that the demand for travel is derived, hence collecting data on the types of activities undertaken gives insight into the types of trips the respondent makes. It should be noted that the National Household Travel Survey conducted in 2001 used a multi-digit coding scheme for activities. The seven data sets that were analyzed comprised data from travel and activity-based travel surveys. This made it difficult to suggest standardized activities, because in some data sets activity
152 categories were defined to a relatively fine level of detail, whereas in others, activity categories were more coarsely defined. However, because of the importance of travel and travel-related activities, these elements have been separated into different categories and sub-categories. This is dissimilar to how travel is accounted for in the two documents consulted. Table 78 shows a set of recommended categories for coding activity that aggregate back to commonly accepted coding of trip purpose, and match the trip purpose categories of section 2.1.2 of the Final Report. Table 78: Guidelines for Trip Purpose/Activity Categories Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary Categories Code Sleeping/napping 011 Sleeping 0110 Preparing a meal/snack 0121 Eating a meal/snack 0122 Preparing/eating meals/snack/drinks 012 Other specified food related activities 0129 Indoor cleaning 0131 Outdoor cleaning 0132 Gardening/ tending plants 0134 Care of textiles and footwear 0138 Home maintenance/cleaning 013 Other specified home maintenance and cleaning 0139 Paying household bills 0141 Budgeting, organizing, planning 0142 Selling, disposing of household assets 0143 Household management 014 Other specified household management 0149 Showering, bathing, personal grooming 0151 Health/medical care to oneself 0152 Receiving personal care from others 0153 Personal care activities 015 Other specified personal care activities 0159 Using telephone (fixed line) (not incl. telephone shopping) 0161 Using cell phone (not incl. telephone shopping) 0162 Sending/reading/receiving email 0163 Internet browsing (not incl. on-line shopping) 0164 Shopping for goods and services using telephone (fixed line) 0165 Shopping for goods and services using cell phone 0166 Shopping for goods and services using internet 0167 Using computer/telephone 016 Other specified use of computer/telephone 0169 Caring for children 0171 Teaching, training, helping children 0172 Caring for adults 0173 Caring for others 017 Other specified caring for others 0179 Paid work â main job 0181 Paid work â other job 0182 Paid work 018 Other specified at home paid work 0189 Home 01 Other specified at home activities 019 Not further defined (n.f.d.) 0190 Regular hours 0211 Overtime hours 0212 Extra hours (not paid as overtime) 0213 Main job 021 Other specified main job activities 0219 Regular hours 0221 Overtime hours 0222 Extra hours (not paid as overtime) 0223 Work 02 Other job 022 Other specified other job activities 0229
153 Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary Categories Code Regular hours 0231 Overtime hours 0232 Extra hours (not paid as overtime) 0233 Work in internship, apprenticeship etc. 023 Other specified internship/apprenticeship activities 0239 Unpaid work in family business 024 n.f.d. 0240 Breaks and interruptions from work 025 n.f.d. 0250 Training and studies in relation to work 026 n.f.d. 0260 Volunteer work and community services 027 n.f.d. 0270 Looking for work 0281 Looking for work/setting up business 028 Looking for/setting up business 0282 Other specified work related activities 029 n.f.d. 0290 Attendance at childcare 031 n.f.d. 0310 Attendance at school 032 n.f.d. 0320 Attendance at college 033 n.f.d. 0330 Breaks/waiting at place of general education 034 n.f.d. 0340 Self study for distance education course work 035 n.f.d. 0350 Homework, study, research 036 n.f.d. 0360 Career/professional development training and studies 037 n.f.d. 0370 Education / Childcare Activities 03 Other specified activities relating to education/childcare 039 n.f.d. 0390 Restaurant 0411 Restaurant/Café 041 Café/Snack Bar/Cafeteria 0412 Take out 0421 Fast food 042 Eat in 0422 At friendsâ home 043 n.f.d. 0430 Picnicking 044 n.f.d. 0440 Eating Out 04 Other specified eating out 049 n.f.d. 0490 Post Office 0511 Availing of/shopping for administrative services 051 Other specified administrative service 0519 Availing of/shopping for educational services 052 n.f.d. 0520 Banking/Credit Union 0531 Insurance 0532 Real Estate 0533 Tax or Accountant 0534 Legal services 0535 Personal Business 05 Availing of/shopping for professional services 053 Other specified professional services 0539
154 Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary Categories Code Availing of/shopping for government/public services 054 n.f.d. 0540 Hairdresser/barber/beautician 0551 Availing of/shopping for personal services 055 Other specified personal service 0559 Medical 0561 Dental 0562 Eye care 0563 Physiotherapy 0564 Availing of/shopping for medical and health care services 056 Other specified healthcare service 0569 Availing of/shopping for rental services 057 n.f.d. 0570 Availing of/shopping for repair and maintenance services 058 n.f.d. 0580 Other specified activities relating to personal business 059 n.f.d. 0590 Purchasing food and household supplies (groceries) 061 n.f.d. 0610 Purchasing clothes, shoes, personal items 062 n.f.d. 0620 Purchasing school supplies 063 n.f.d. 0630 Purchasing medical supplies 064 n.f.d. 0640 Purchasing household appliances, articles, equipment 065 n.f.d. 0650 Purchasing capital goods (cars, houses etc.) 066 n.f.d. 0660 Comparison shopping 067 n.f.d. 0670 Window shopping 068 n.f.d. 0680 Shopping 06 Purchasing other specified goods. 069 n.f.d. 0690 Communication/ correspondence 071 n.f.d. 0710 Doing activities/going to places and events together 0721 Receiving visitors 0722 Visiting friends and relatives 0723 Socializing activities 072 Other specified socializing activities 0729 Participating in community celebration of historical/cultural events 0731 Participation in non-religious community rites of weddings, funerals, births etc 0732 Participating in community social functions 0733 Participating in religious activities 0734 Participating in religious/community/cu ltural events/activities 073 Participating in other specified religious/community/cultural activities. 0739 Attendance at movies/cinema 0741 Attendance at concerts 0742 Social and Recreation al Activities 07 Visiting entertainment and cultural venues 074 Attendance at sporting events 0743
155 Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary Categories Code Attendance at library 0744 Attendance at amusement park 0745 Attendance at museum/exhibition/art gallery 0746 Attendance at zoo/animal park 0747 Attendance at other specified entertainment and cultural venues 0749 Organized sport 0751 Informal sport 0752 Exercise (excludes walking) 0753 Walking, hiking, bushwalking 0754 Fishing, hunting 0755 Driving for pleasure 0756 Indoor and outdoor sporting activities 075 Participation in other specified indoor and outdoor sporting activities 0759 Card, paper, board games, crosswords 0761 Gambling 0762 Arcade games 0763 Home computer games 0764 Hobbies, handwork, crafts 0765 Games/hobbies/arts/ crafts 076 Other specified activities relating to games/hobbies/arts/crafts 0769 Reading 0771 Watching/listening to television/video programs/radio 0774 Print/audio/visual media 077 Other specified activities using print, audio or visual media 0779 Other specified social and recreational activities 079 n.f.d. 0790 Accompanying children to receive personal services 0811 Accompanying children to receive medical/health services 0812 Accompanying children to school, daycare centers 0813 Accompanying children to sports lessons etc. 0814 Accompanying children to places 081 Accompanying children to other specified places 0819 Accompanying adults to receive personal services 0821 Accompanying adults to receive medical/health services 0822 Accompanying adults for shopping 0823 Accompanying adults for social activities 0824 Accompanying adults to cultural, sports and entertainment venues 0825 Accompanying adults to places 082 Accompanying adults to other specified places 0829 Pick up someone or get picked up 0831 Pick up or drop off other people/get picked up or dropped off (private car, car/van pool, shuttle/limousine) 083 Drop off someone or get dropped off 0832 Accompan ying/helpi ng others and travel related 08 Activities related to bus, 084 Wait for/get on vehicle 0841
156 Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary Categories Code public transit and group rides (except car/van pool and shuttle/limousine) Leave/get off vehicle 0842 Change travel mode 085 n.f.d. 0850 Other specified activity related to accompanying others or travel related 089 n.f.d. 0890 No activity 091 n.f.d. 0910 No recorded activity 092 n.f.d. 0920 No activity 09 No further activity recorded 093 n.f.d. 0930 Other 99 n.f.d. 990 n.f.d. 9900 There is also a more extensive listing of activity codes provided in Table 79. The time use categories shown in Table 79 have been adopted and modified from the International Classification of Activities for Time Use Statistics (United Nations Secretariat, 2000b), and Time Use Survey: Confidentialised Unit Record File, 1997 (Trewin, 1999). Other variables that may be required in the future should be coded in a similar manner. Table 79: Guidelines for Potential Detailed Categories for Activities Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary and Quaternary Categories Code Sleeping 0111 Taking a nap/incidental sleep 0112 Sleeplessness 0113 Sleeping/napping 011 Other specified sleeping/napping activity 0119 Preparing a meal/snack 0121 Eating a meal/snack 0122 Cleaning up after food preparation/meals/snacks 0123 Drinking other than with meal/snack 0124 Preparing/eating meals/snack/drinks 012 Other specified food related activities 0129 Indoor cleaning 0131 Outdoor cleaning 0132 Recycling/disposal of garbage 0133 Care of houseplants and tending indoor flowers 01341Gardening/ tending plants 0134 Care of outdoor garden/maintenance 01342 Maintenance of heating/water supply 0135 Do-it-yourself improvement maintenance and repair of dwelling 0136 Installation, servicing and repair of personal and household goods 0137 Hand washing; loading and unloading washing machine 01381 Drying; hanging out, bringing in wash 01382 Ironing/pressing 01383 Home 01 Home maintenance/cleaning 013 Care of textiles and footwear 0138 Sorting/folding/storing 01384
157 Mending/repairing/makin g and care of clothes; cleaning and polishing shoes 01385 Other specified care of textiles and footwear 01389 Other specified home maintenance and cleaning 0139 Paying household bills 0141 Budgeting, organizing, planning 0142 Selling, disposing of household assets 0143 Household management 014 Other specified household management 0149 Showering, bathing, personal grooming 0151 Health/medical care to oneself 0152 Receiving personal care from others 0153 Resting/relaxing 0154 Thinking/planning 0155 Private prayer/meditation 0156 Personal care activities 015 Other specified private reflection 0159 Using telephone (fixed line) (not incl. telephone shopping) 0161 Using cell phone (not incl. telephone shopping) 0162 Sending/reading/receiving email 0163 Internet browsing (not incl. on-line shopping) 0164 Shopping for groceries 01651 Shopping for clothes 01652 Shopping for capital goods 01653 Shopping for services 01654 Shopping for goods and services using telephone (fixed line) 0165 Banking 01655 Shopping for groceries 01661 Shopping for clothes 01662 Shopping for capital goods 01663 Shopping for services 01664 Shopping for goods and services using cell phone 0166 Banking 01665 Shopping for groceries 01671 Shopping for clothes 01672 Shopping for capital goods 01673 Shopping for services 01674 Shopping for goods and services using internet 0167 Banking 01675 Using computer/telephone 016 Other specified use of computer/telephone 0169 General childcare 01711 Putting children to bed 01712 Getting children ready for school 01713 Giving personal care to children 01714 Giving medical/health care to children 01715 Minding children (passive care) 01716 Caring for children 0171 Other specified caring for children 01719 Teaching children 01721 Reading, playing and talking with children 01722 Caring for others 017 Teaching, training, helping children 0172 Giving emotional support to children 01723
158 Other specified teaching, training and helping activities with children 01729 Giving personal care to adults 01731 Giving medical/health care to adults 01732 Giving emotional support to adults 01733 Caring for adults 0173 Other specified care for adults 01739 Other specified caring for others 0179 Paid work â main job 0181 Paid work â other job 0182 Paid work 018 Other specified at home paid work 0189 Other specified at home activities 019 n.f.d. 0190 Regular hours 0211 Overtime hours 0212 Extra hours (not paid as overtime) 0213 Main job 021 Other specified main job activities 0219 Regular hours 0221 Overtime hours 0222 Extra hours (not paid as overtime) 0223 Other job 022 Other specified other job activities 0229 Regular hours 0231 Overtime hours 0232 Extra hours (not paid as overtime) 0233 Work in internship, apprenticeship etc. 023 Other specified internship/apprenticeship activities 0239 Unpaid work in family business 024 n.f.d. 0240 Short breaks/coffee breaks 0251 Waiting due to delays at work 0252 Lunch break from work 0253 Idle time before/after work 0254 Breaks and interruptions from work 025 Other specified breaks and interruptions from work 0259 Attending in-house training 0261 Attending training courses, conferences, seminars, and studies on official time 0262 Attending classes, part-time on official time 0263 Attending training in own time 0264 Attending teleconferences 0265 Training and studies in relation to work 026 Attending other specified training and studies in relation to work 0269 Preparing and serving meals as help to other households 02711 Cleaning and upkeep as help to other households 02712 Care of textiles as help 02713 Household management as help 02714 Pet care as help to other households 02715 Work 02 Volunteer work and community services 027 Household maintenance and management as help to other households 0271 Construction, renovation and repairs of dwellings and other structures as help to other households 02716
159 Repairs of consumer and household goods as help to other households 02717 Other specified help to other households 02719 Shopping for/purchasing of goods as help 02721 Shopping for/purchasing of services as help 02722 Shopping for/purchasing of goods and services as help to other households 0272 Other specified shopping/purchasing as help 02729 Unpaid help in business as help to other households 02731Unpaid help in business/farm employment as help to other households 0273 Unpaid help in farm employment as help to other households 02732 Child care to other households 02741Care to other households 0274 Adult care to other households 02742 Community organized work: cooking for collective celebrations 02751 Work on clearing and preparing community land 02752 Organizing and work on community based assistance to other sub locations as well as families and individuals 02753 Attendance in meetings 02754 Community organized services 0275 Involvement in civic responsibilities 02755 Volunteer work for organizations 02761Volunteer work for/ through organizations 0276 Volunteer work through organizations 02762 Other specified volunteer work and community services 0279 Looking for work 0281 Looking for work/setting up business 028 Looking for/setting up business 0282 Other specified work related activities 029 n.f.d. 0290 Attendance at childcare 031 n.f.d. 0310 Attending classes/lectures including taking examinations 0321 Engaging in co-curricular activities 0322 Attendance at school 032 Other specified activities relating to school attendance 0329 Attending classes/lectures including taking examinations 0331 Engaging in co-curricular activities 0332 Attendance at college 033 Other specified activities relating to college attendance 0339 Breaks/waiting at place of general education 034 n.f.d. 0340 Self study for distance education course work 035 n.f.d. 0350 Education / Childcare Activities 03 Homework, study, research 036 n.f.d. 0360
160 Career/professional development training and studies 037 n.f.d. 0370 Other specified activities relating to education/childcare 039 n.f.d. 0390 Restaurant 0411 Restaurant/Café 041 Café/Snack Bar/Cafeteria 0412 Take out 0421 Fast food 042 Eat in 0422 At friendsâ home 043 n.f.d. 0430 Picnicking 044 n.f.d. 0440 Eating Out 04 Other specified eating out 049 n.f.d. 0490 Post Office 0511 Availing of/shopping for administrative services 051 Other specified administrative service 0519 Availing of/shopping for educational services 052 n.f.d. 0520 Banking/Credit Union 0531 Insurance 0532 Real Estate 0533 Tax or Accountant 0534 Legal services 0535 Availing of/shopping for professional services 053 Other specified professional services 0539 Availing of/shopping for government/public services 054 n.f.d. 0540 Hairdresser/barber/beautician 0551 Availing of/shopping for personal services 055 Other specified personal service 0559 Medical 0561 Dental 0562 Eye care 0563 Physiotherapy 0564 Availing of/shopping for medical and health care services 056 Other specified healthcare service 0569 Availing of/shopping for rental services 057 n.f.d. 0570 Availing of/shopping for repair and maintenance services 058 n.f.d. 0580 Personal Business 05 Other specified activities relating to personal business 059 n.f.d. 0590 Purchasing food and household supplies (groceries) 061 n.f.d. 0610 Purchasing clothes, shoes, personal items 062 n.f.d. 0620 Purchasing school supplies 063 n.f.d. 0630 Purchasing medical supplies 064 n.f.d. 0640 Purchasing household appliances, articles, equipment 065 n.f.d. 0650 Purchasing capital goods (cars, houses etc.) 066 n.f.d. 0660 Comparison shopping 067 n.f.d. 0670 Window shopping 068 n.f.d. 0680 Shopping 06 Purchasing other specified goods. 069 n.f.d. 0690 Talking/conversing face-to-face 0711 Talking/conversing by telephone (fixed line) 0712 Talking/conversing by cell phone 0713 Reading and writing mail - work related 0714 Reading and writing mail - not work related 0715 Cyber chatting, including instant messaging, discussion groups etc 0716 Reading and writing email -work related 0717 Social and Recreatio nal Activities 07 Communication/ correspondence 071 Reading and writing email - not work related 0718
161 Other specified activities relating to communication/correspondence 0719 Doing activities/going to places and events together 0721 Receiving visitors 0722 Visiting friends and relatives 0723 Hosting parties, receptions, similar gatherings 0724 Attending parties, receptions, similar gatherings 0725 Socializing at bars/clubs 0726 Anti social activities 0727 Socializing activities 072 Other specified socializing activities 0729 Participating in community celebration of historical/cultural events 0731 Participation in non-religious community rites of weddings, funerals, births etc 0732 Participating in community social functions 0733 Participating in religious activities 0734 Participating in religious/community/cultural events/activities 073 Participating in other specified religious/community/cultural activities. 0739 Attendance at movies/cinema 0741 Attendance at concerts 0742 Attendance at sporting events 0743 Attendance at library 0744 Attendance at amusement park 0745 Attendance at museum/exhibition/art gallery 0746 Attendance at zoo/animal park 0747 Visiting entertainment and cultural venues 074 Attendance at other specified entertainment and cultural venues 0749 Organized sport 0751 Informal sport 0752 Exercise (excludes walking) 0753 Walking, hiking, bushwalking 0754 Fishing, hunting 0755 Driving for pleasure 0756 Indoor and outdoor sporting activities 075 Participation in other specified indoor and outdoor sporting activities 0759 Card, paper, board games, crosswords 0761 Gambling 0762 Arcade games 0763 Home computer games 0764 Hobbies, handwork, crafts 0765 Arts (music composition, literature, art etc.) 0766 Performing, composing music 0767 Games/hobbies/arts/ crafts 076 Other specified activities relating to games/hobbies/arts/crafts 0769 Reading books 0771 Reading newspapers 0772 Reading magazines, newsletters, bulletins 0773 Watching/listening to television/video programs 0774 Listening to radio programs 0775 Using computer technology for reading 0776 Using computer technology for video/audio 0777 Surfing the internet; downloading, uploading 0778 Print/audio/visual media 077 Other specified activities using print, audio or visual media 0779 Other specified social and recreational activities 079 n.f.d. 0790 Accompanying children to receive personal services 0811 Accompanying children to receive medical/health services 0812 Accompa nying/hel ping 08 Accompanying children to places 081 Accompanying children to school, daycare centers 0813
162 Accompanying children to sports lessons etc. 0814 Taking children on excursions: school and non- school 0815 Accompanying children to other specified places 0819 Accompanying adults to receive personal services 0821 Accompanying adults to receive medical/health services 0822 Accompanying adults for shopping 0823 Accompanying adults for social activities 0824 Accompanying adults to cultural, sports and entertainment venues 0825 Accompanying adults to places 082 Accompanying adults to other specified places 0829 Pick up someone or get picked up 0831 Pick up or drop off other people/get picked up or dropped off (private car, car/van pool, shuttle/limousine) 083 Drop off someone or get dropped off 0832 Wait for/get on vehicle 0841 Activities related to bus, public transit and group rides (except car/van pool and shuttle/limousine) 084 Leave/get off vehicle 0842 Change travel mode 085 n.f.d. 0850 Other specified activity related to accompanying others or travel related 089 n.f.d. 0890 No activity 091 n.f.d. 0910 No recorded activity 092 n.f.d. 0920 No activity 09 No further activity recorded 093 n.f.d. 0930 Other 99 n.f.d. 990 n.f.d. 9900 1. ABS 1997 Time Use Survey 2. UNSTATS International Classification for Time Use Activities (2000) 3. From the Standardization of Categories (Section V) 4. Adopted from the seven metropolitan data sets examined Two other variables that may be asked for in some surveys also merit provision of codes under this topic, namely internet and cell phone use and vehicle manufacturer. These are provided in Table 80 and Table 81. Recommended standardized coding procedures are provided in section 2.5.4 of the Final Report. Table 80: Proposed Primary and Secondary Category Standards for the Variable âInternet and Cell Phone Useâ Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code No 1 10 Internet shopping 21 Internet banking 22 Internet- work related 23 Internet-research 24 Internet- general surfing 25 Internet chat room/communication 26 Cell phone work related 27 Yes (both) 2 Cell phone non work related 28 Shopping 31 Banking 32 Work related 33 Research 34 General surfing 35 Yes, internet only 3 Chat room/communication 36 Work related 41 Yes, cell phone only 4 Non work related 42
163 Table 81: Proposed Primary and Secondary Category Standards for the Variable âVehicle Manufacturerâ Primary Category Code Secondary Category Code Ford 010 Ford Motor Company 01 Lincoln 011 Chevrolet 021 Pontiac 022 Opel 023 Cadillac 024 GMC 025 Buick 026 Hummer 027 Isuzu 028 General Motors 02 Saturn 029 Chrysler 030 Plymouth 031 Dodge 032 Chrysler 03 Jeep 033 Toyota 040 Toyota 04 Lexus 041 Mercedes Benz 05 Mercedes Benz 050 Audi 06 Audi 060 BMW 070 BMW 07 Mini Cooper 071 Daewoo 08 Daewoo 080 Honda 090 Honda 09 Acura 091 Hyundai 10 Hyundai 100 Nissan 110 Nissan 11 Infiniti 111 Jaguar 12 Jaguar 120 Kia 13 Kia 130 Land Rover 15 Land Rover 150 Mazda 16 Mazda 160 Mitsubishi Motors 17 Mitsubishi Motors 170 Suburu 18 Suburu 180 Saab 19 Saab 190 Porsche 20 Porsche 200 Suzuki 21 Suzuki 210 Volkswagen 22 Volkswagen 220 Volvo 23 Volvo 230 Other 24 Other 240
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