Pavement Patching Practices (2014)

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67 appendix c Tabulated Survey Responses 1. Do you consider pavement patching to be a major component of your organization’s maintenance operations? Yes AK, AZ, CO, CT, DE, DC, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI. SC, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI. WY No AR, CA, FL, MA, NV No Response AL, SD, WV 2. Do you have an established methodology for determining where patching is needed in your area? Yes AK, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, ME, MD, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, PA, SC, UT, VA, WI, WY No AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, HI, ID, IA, KY, LA, MI, MT, NV, ND, OH, OK, OR, RI, TN, TX, VT, WA No Response SD, WV

68 Agency: Visual Size of Pothole Depth of Rutting Extent of Cracking Roughness / Ravelling Width of Joint Scaling or Spalling Public Complaints Poor Ride Safety Issue Other AL ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● AK ●●●●●●●● AZ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● AR ●●●● CA ●●●● CO ●●●●● CT ●●●●●● DE ●●●●● DC ● ● ● ● ● ● ● FL ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● GA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● HI ●●●●●●● ID ● ● IL ●●●●●● IN ●●●●●●● IA ●●●●●● KS ●●●● KY ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● LA ●●●● ME ●●●●● MD ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MA ●●●● 1 MI ●●●●●● MN ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MS ● ● ● ● ● ● MO ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MT ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NE ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NV ●●●●● 2 NH ●●●●●●● NJ ●●●● NM ● ● 3 NY ●●● 4 NC ●●●●● ND ●●●● OH ●●●●●● OK ●●●●●●● OR ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● PA ●●● RI ●●●●●● SC ●●●●●● SD TN ●●●●● TX ● ● ● ● ● UT ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 VT ●●●●●●● VA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● WA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 6 WV WI ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● WY ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3. Is there a trigger that calls for patching?

69 Question 3, Other Comments 1. Traffic volumes 2. Rumble strip deterioration 3. Assigned department employees patrol the roads in their patrol area and report potholes to their patrol yard foreman. 4. Plow drivers often identify potholes during their plow routes. 5. Patching of performance-graded asphalts, stone matrix asphalt, open-graded surfaces 6. Patching is done for a variety of reasons. No single reason stands out. Triggers will vary depending on the pavement distress and individual maintenance areas. 4. If known, what is the average annual extent of patching repairs in your jurisdiction? State Response AL 7.50% of the total routine maintenance budget, based on actual expenditures for the last 12 mos AK 1 patch per mi, 2,000 sq. ft/mi, 25% of maintenance budget AZ 18 patches per mi, 2 syd/mi, 0.67 cyd/mi, 0.10% of maintenance budget AR 3% of maintenance budget, $4M of cost to fill potholes with about 16,000 cubic yards CT Our patching procedures are on an as need basis. Each district will set certain days to cover areas that although not hazardous have the potential to become one. DE Each district is provided $1M/year for open-ended patching (4 districts) DC 50% of maintenance budget GA 25% of road section budget (approx. $15M per year) HI 200 tons/yr IL On a typical resurfacing project 5% of the pavement area requires patching IN 1.25 tons/mile patched in 2012 IA FY 2012: $7,077,000 spent on contract patching KS 5 yr average approx. S1M or 1% of routine maintenance LA 0.72 tons per mile ME Around 20,000 tons annually MD Avg. 30,121 sq. ft and $2,622,291 emergency spot patching last 3 years MN Depends on traffic volume, age of highway, weather, size of patch needed, etc. MS 0.37 tons per lane-mile, 3.25% of maintenance budget MO 50,000 tons or $4M MT 6,2% of maintenance budget NV 5.25 cu ft/centerline mi, 0.5% of maintenance budget NH Approximately $1.5M out of total maintenance budget of $75M NJ 200,000 potholes per year NM Approximately 0.16 patches per mile, 1.5% of maintenance budget NY 80 tons demand, 23.25 tons planned per residency NC Each road section is rated a low, moderate, and severe based on percentage of surface area that is patched. ND 40% of maintenance budget in 2012 OK 125,748.34 tons statewide, 10% of maintenance budget OR 5% of maintenance budget RI Other than pothole patching and repairs to paving joints no other patching currently occurs. SC 39,581 tons of asphalt used for patching and minor leveling last year TN Our planning value seems to equate to 680# per lane-mile. 12,500 tons per year for our entire system of roughly 14,000 miles (37,000 lane-miles); 5.3% of maintenance budget TX For 2012 TXDOT repaired 495,578 potholes; expenditures totaled $9,841,506.14 UT 238,555 sy patch/mi, ave: 134.5 sy per patch 1% of maintenance budget. 1,748 patching incidents, 5,970 centerline-miles, $298,717 worth of material, large patches and lane leveling jobs skew average repair area VT 2% of maintenance budget VA 1% of maintenance budget WI Varies based on need WY 25% of road section budget (approx. $15M per year) CA, CO, FL ID, KY, MA, MI, NE, OH, PA, SD, WV No response

70 5. What are the most common pavement distresses that require patching? (Click all that apply.) Ag en cy: Po tho les Ru ttin g De lam ina tio n AS R, D- cr ac kin g Ra ve ling Se gre ga tion De ter ior ati on at as ph alt join t Sp alli ng Co ncr ete join t fa ilur e De ter ior ati on ar ou nd cr ac ks De ter ior ati on at pre vio us pa tch Co rne r B rea ks Blo wu ps Fa ult ing Pu nc ho uts Oth ers AL ●● AK ●●●●●● 1 AZ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● AR ●●● CA ●●●●● CO ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● CT ● ● ● ● ● ● DE ●●●●●● 2 DC ● ● ● ● ● ● FL ● ● ● ● ● GA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● HI ● ● ● ● ● ID ●●● IL ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● IN ● ● ● ● ● ● ● IA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● KS ●●●● KY ● LA ●●●●● ME ● ● ● ● ● MD ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MA ● ● MI ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MN ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MS ●●●●● MO ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MT ●●●●● NE ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NV ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NH ● ● ● NJ ●● NM ● ● 3 NY ●●● NC ●●●● 4 ND ●●●●●● OH ● ● ● ● ● ● ● OK ●●● OR ● ● ● ● PA ● ● ● RI ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 SC ●●● SD TN ●●●●● TX ●●●●●●●●● UT ●●●● 6 VT ●●●●● VA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● WA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 7 WV WI ●●● WY ●●●●●●

71 Question 5, Other Comments 1. Permafrost induced heaving and subsidence 2. Edge cracking 3. The NM State Highway System is mostly asphalt. Only 0.3% of the NM State Highway System is PCC. 4. Alligator cracking 5. Frost heaves 6. Permafrost induced heaving and subsidence 7. Striping coincident with paint stripping

72 1-7 days 8-14 days 15-21 days 1-7 days 8-14 days 15-21 days 22-30 days >30 days AL AK ●● AZ ●● AR ●● CA ●● CO ●● CT ●● DE ● ● DC ●● FL ●● GA ●● HI ●● ID ●● IL ●● IN ●● IA ●● KS KY ●● LA ●● ME ●● MD ● MA ●● MI ●● MN ●● MS ●● MO ●● MT ●● NE ●● NV ●● NH ●● NJ ●● NM ●● NY ●● NC ND ●● OH ●● OK ●● OR ●● PA ●● RI ●● SC ●● SD TN ●● TX ●● UT ●● VT ●● VA ●● WA ●● WV WI ●● WY ●● Agency: Planned PatchingReactive Patching 6. Typically, how much time elapses between your organization becoming aware of or planning patching repairs and the completion of the patch?

73 Reactive PermanentTemporaryPlanned AL ● ● ● ● AK ● ● × * AZ × * × * AR ● * ● × CA ● ● × ● CO ● ● ● ● CT × × × × DE ● ● × ● DC * * × ● FL ● ● ● ● GA ● ● × ● HI × × × ● ID ● ● ● ● IL ● ● ● ● IN ● ● ● ● IA × * * * KS KY ● * ● ● LA ● ● ● ● ME ● ● ● ● MD ● * ● * MA × * ● ● MI ● ● × ● MN ● ● ● ● MS × * × * MO ● ● ● ● MT ● ● NE ● ● ● ● NV × * × * NH × * × * NJ × ● × ● NM ● ● ● ● NY × ● ● ● NC ND × × × × OH ● ● ● ● OK × × × × OR × ● × ● PA ● ● ● ● RI × × × SC ● ● ● ● SD TN ● ● ● ● TX ● ● × ● UT ● * ● ● VT × × × × VA ● ● ● ● WA × * × * WV WI × * × ● WY ● ● × ● Agency: 7. Does your organization have, or work from, specifications, plans or guidelines for patching? Yes (●) Yes, but only for patching by contract (*) No (×)

74 Agency: Generic stockpile mix Proprietary asphalt mix Hot asphalt mix Warm Mix Asphalt Spray Emulsion Polymeric Materials (e.g., epoxy) Crumb Rubber Mastic Other(s) (please specify) AL ● ● ● AK ● ● ● ● ● AZ ● ● 1 AR ● ● ● CA ● ● CO ● ● ● 2 CT ● ● ● ● DE ● ● ● ● DC ● ● ● FL ● ● ● ● GA ● ● ● HI ● ● ID ● ● IL ● ● ● IN ● ● ● IA ● KS ●●● KY ● ● LA ● ● ME ● ● ● MD ● 3 MA ●● MI ● ● ● ● ● MN ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MS ● ● ● ● MO ● ● ● ● ● MT ● ● ● ● NE ● ● ● ● ● ● 4 NV ● ● ● NH ● ● NJ ● ● ● ● 5 NM ● 6 NY ● ● ● ● NC ● ● ● ● ND ● ● OH ● ● ● OK ● OR ● ● ● PA ● ● ● ● RI ● 7 SC ● ● ● ● SD TN ●●●● TX ● ● ● UT ● ● ● 8 VT ● ● VA ● ● ● WA ● ● ● ● 9 WV WI ● ● ● ● WY ● ● ● ● 8. What materials are used for patching asphalt pavements in your area? (Check all that apply .)

75 Question 8, Other Comments 1. Cold mix or UPM 2. Cold mix in emergency situations 3. Cold patch 4. Cold mix followed by chip seal 5. Whatever the plant is making that day. We also use low VOC patch mix (cold patch) in the winter months. 6. Hot mix is the preferred type of patching material. Cold mix patching material issued when hot asphalt is not available such as when the pothole location is too far from a hot mix plant. 7. Cold patch during winter months due to hot asphalt unavailability 8. Bagged proprietary mix 9. Chip seal patches using CRS-2P and chips

76 9. What materials are used for patching concrete pavement in your area? (Click all that apply.) Agency: As ph alt pa tch ing m ate ria l No rm al hy dra ulic ce me nt mi xtu res (wit h o r w itho ut a cce lera tors ) Ra pid st ren gth hy dra ulic ce me nt con cre te m ixtu res Oth er rap id s ett ing ce me nt mix tur es (e.g ., ca lciu m alu mi na te, ca lciu m su lfo alu mi na te, m ag ne siu m ph osp ha te) Gy psu m- ba se d c em en t m ixtu res Ep ox y m ixtu res La tex or po lym er- m od ifie d c on cre te Oth er(s ) (p lea se spe cify ) AL ●●●● AK ● AZ ● 1 AR ● ● CA ● ● ● ● CO ● ● CT ●● DE ●●●● DC ● ● ● FL ● ● ● GA ●●● HI ●●● ID ●●● IL ● ● ● ● IN ● ● ● ● IA ● ● ● KS ●● KY ● LA ● ● ME 2 MD ● MA ● ● MI ● ● ● ● MN ●●●●● MS ● ● ● ● MO ●●●●● MT ● ● ● ● NE ● ● ● ● ● NV ● ● ● ● ● NH ● NJ ● ● ● 3 NM ●● NY ● ● NC ● ● ● ND ●● OH ● ● ● OK ● ● OR ● ● PA ● ● RI ● ● ● SC ●●●● SD TN ●●● 4 TX ● ● ● ● ● UT ● ● ● ● ● VT ● VA ● ● ● WA ●●● 5 WV WI ●●●● WY ●●●●●

77 Question 9, Other Comments 1. Mr. Patch 2. We don’t have concrete highways anymore, but when we did we used probably any of those. 3. Used to use latex modified but stopped due to problems experienced with longevity. 4. Large patches done on concrete with full depth patches. 5. Urefast type materials for cracking. Concrete repairs such as panel replacements are typically done by contract work. 10. Does your organization have any QC/QA procedures that are implemented at the time of patch placement? Yes CA, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, MD, MA, MI, MN, MO, NY, ND, PA, UT, VA No AL, AK, AZ, AR, CO, CT, DE, DC, GA, ID, KS, KY, LA, ME, MS, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NC, OH, OK, OR, RI, SC, TN, TX, VT, WA, WI, WY No Response SD, WV If yes, what properties do you measure? • For HMA—None for concrete; polyester concrete aggregate moisture content (CA) • Strength, bond strength, smoothness (HI) • Permanent patches: concrete strength (IL) • Smoothness (IN, MO) • PCC by contract—strength HMA by contract—approved mix design (IA) • On full-depth contract patches, density specifications are used. (MA) • PCC—air, slump, strength (MI) • Strength, stiffness, smoothness, and workability (MN) • Visually inspect and inspect ride quality; also check certs on products (NY) • Contractor patching requirements vary by the district since districts design their own plans. Most do not have density requirements but some follow same QC/QA as an asphalt overlay would. The majority follow an “ordinary compaction” method spec and pay based on meeting aggregate grada- tions. (ND) • Clean patch area, vertical sides, tacking, proper amount of fill, compaction, ride quality. (PA) • Contract patching is inspected to job specific specification. In-house small patches are unreferred. Larger patched and lane-leveling use department specs but are not tested as rigorously as contracted work. (UT) • Density, smoothness, visual appearance (VA) 11. Do you use any form of automated equipment/machines for placing patches? Yes AL, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KY, MS, MI, MN, MT, NE, NJ, NY, ND, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WI, WY Yes, but only for patching by contract DE, DC, NC No AL, AR,CA,CO, HI, ID, LA, ME, MD, MA, MO, NV, NH, NM, OK, RI, UT, VT No response AZ, KS, OR, SD,WV

78 State forces Paving contractor Specialty contractor State forces Paving contractor Specialty contractor AL ● ● ● ● AK ●●● AZ ●●● AR ●● CA ●●● CO ●●● CT ●● DE ●●● DC ● ● ● ● FL ● ● ● ● ● GA ●●●● HI ● ID ●●●● IL ●●●● IN ●● IA ●● KS ●●● KY ●●● LA ●● ME ●●● MD ●● MA ●●● MI ●●● MN ● ● ● ● 1 MS ●●● MO ● ● ● ● MT ●● NE ●●●● NV ●● 2 NH ●●● NJ ●● NM ●● NY ●● NC ●●● ND ●● OH ●●● OK ●● OR ●●● PA ●●● RI ● SC ●●● SD TN ● ● ● ● ● ● TX ● ● ● ● 3 UT ●●●● VT ●● VA ● ● ● ● 4 WA ●●● WV WI ● 5 WY ●●●● Agency: Reactive Patching 12. Who places patches in your jurisdiction? Planned Patching Other(s)

79 Question 12, Other Comments 1. Blowpatching (MN) 2. State forces do all asphalt patching; contractors do planned concrete patching. (NV) 3. We rent spray patch injection machines, but our staff is trained to operate them. (NJ) 4. Total maintenance contracts (TX) 5. Interstate maintenance contractors (VA) 6. County Highway Departments do all maintenance for Wisconsin. (WI)

80 Agency: Flaggers Lane closure with cones Lane closure with arrow boards Lane closure with barriers Flashing lights and arrows on truck/equip- ment Traffic signals None Other(s) AL ● ● ● ● ● AK ● ● ● ● ● AZ ● ● ● ● AR ● ● ● ● CA ● ● ● ● CO ● ● ● ● CT ● ● ● ● DE ● ● ● ● DC ● ● ● ● FL ● ● ● ● ● GA ● ● ● ● HI ● ID ●●● IL ● ● ● ● IN ● ● ● IA ● ● ● ● ● 1 KS ● ● ● ● KY ● ● ● ● LA ●●● ME ●● 2 MD ● ● ● MA ● ● ● 3 MI ● ● ● MN ● ● ● ● ● 4 MS ● ● ● ● MO ● ● ● ● MT ● ● ● ● ● NE ● ● ● ● ● NV ● ● ● ● 5 NH ● ● ● ● NJ ● ● ● ● 6 NM ● ● ● ● ● NY ● ● ● ● 7 NC ● ● 8 ND ●●● 9 OH ● ● ● ● OK ● ● ● ● ● OR ● ● ● ● 10 PA ●● RI ● ● ● 11 SC ●● SD TN ● ● ● ● 12 TX ● ● ● ● ● UT ● ● ● ● ● ● VT ● ● ● ● VA ● ● ● ● ● WA ● ● ● ● WV WI ● ● ● ● WY ● ● ● ● ● 13. What types of traffic management procedures do you use for patching activities? (Click all that apply.) - Reactive

81 Question 13, Other Comments 1. All patching activities follow department standards for traffic control. (IA) 2. Work zone signing (ME) 3. Police detail (MA) 4. Changeable message boards (CMB) and dynamic message signs (DMS) (MN) 5. Lane closure with barriers for planned concrete patching only (NV) 6. Police slow-downs for reactive patrols (NJ) 7. Automated assisted flagging devices (NY) 8. Extent of traffic control depends on traffic volumes (NC) 9. Pilot car used when needed (ND) 10. Tough question as it depends on repair type and type of road etc. (OR) 11. Moving operations as well (RI) 12. Answers above depend on what roadway type. (TN)

82 Yes Yes Yes, but only for patching by contract No Yes, but only for patching by contract No AL ●● AK ●● AZ ●● AR ●● CA ●● CO ●● CT ●● DE ● ● DC ●● FL ●● GA ●● HI ●● ID ● ● IL ● ● IN ●● IA ●● KS ●● KY ●● LA ●● ME ● ● MD ●● MA ●● MI ●● MN ●● MS ●● MO ●● MT ●● NE ●● NV ●● NH ●● NJ ●● NM ●● NY ●● NC ● ● ● ND ●● OH ●● OK ●● OR ●● PA ● ● RI ● SC ●● SD TN ●● TX ●● UT ●● VT ●● VA ● ● WA ● WV WI ●● WY ●● Agency: PlannedReactive 14.Do you monitor the performance of installed patches? AL ● ● AK ● ● AZ ● ● AR ● ● CA ● ● CO ● ● CT ● ● DE ● ● DC ● ● FL ● ● GA ● ● HI ● ● ID ● ● IL ● ● IN ● ● IA ● ● KS ● ● KY ● ● LA ● ● ME ● ● MD ● ● MA ● ● MI ● ● MN ● MS ● ● MO ● ● MT ● ● NE ● ● NV ● ● NH ● ● NJ ● ● NM ● ● NY ● ● NC ● ● ND ● ● OH ● ● OK ● ● OR ● ● PA ● ● RI ● SC ● ● SD TN ● ● TX ● ● UT ● ● VT ● ● VA ● ● WA ● ● ● ● WV WI ● ● WY ● ● Yes No Yes No Reactive Planned Agency: 15. Do you have an established methodology to track the location of patches that have been placed in your area?

83 State 16. What is the average unit cost of patches in your area? Alabama The average cost is approximately $1,000 per ton. Alaska Asphalt patching $1.30/sq. ft; crack sealing $2.00/lft; emulsion/chip $1.35/sq. ft. All above include striping. Arizona Not readily available and difficult to estimate. In FY 2012, we expended about $4M of the $130M maintenance budget to fill potholes with about 16,000 cubic yard of material. Arkansas $473.00 per cubic yard for temporary maintenance costs California Don’t track Connecticut Cost per ton Delaware ~$110/ton for cold patch (temporary material) ~ $80/ton for mainline patching District of Columbia $250 per ton hand-laid asphalt patch in-place under contract; $300 per ton hand-laid asphalt in-place; DC forces—Work includes remove and replace Florida Estimated engineering cost per ton is $293.21 for manual patching and $166.79 per ton for mechanical patching. Hawaii $200/ton Idaho Our Maintenance Management System was just implemented and costs are not available. Illinois Hot mix asphalt: $120/sq. yd; jointed PCC: $150/sq. yd; continuously reinforced PCC: $170/sq. yd. Indiana Shallow patches: $450.87 for fiscal year 2012—Unit cost, which is total cost per ton of accomplishment. Deep patching: $259.35 for fiscal year 2012—Unit cost, which is total cost per ton of accomplishment. Iowa Data are very variable depending on type of patch, quantity, location, and other factors. Kansas Approx. $400 per ton (frontline cost only) Kentucky State forces $60 per ton; contract forces $85 per ton Louisiana $307 per ton; this includes material, labor, equipment, and overhead. Maine $350 per ton (including all labor, materials, and equipment) Massachusetts HMA patching = $150–$200/ton; traffic control = $1,000/night; police (if required) = $400/night Mississippi The average cost per placed ton for “spot patching” for FY 2012 was about $423 state- wide for hot or cold mix asphalt placed manually. The average cost for larger patches placed with a paver was about $110 per ton in-place. Michigan $120–150/ton HMA $90–95/sq. yd PCC Minnesota Average price of asphalt hot mix is $75 per ton (depends on plant and material) Missouri $80 per ton Montana Hand patching $4.57/sq. ft; machine patching $4.63/sq. yd; rut fill $2.00 linear foot Nevada $45.00/cu. ft New Hampshire N/A—Just beginning to track these numbers New Jersey $354 per ton for manual pothole repair; less for spray patch injection technology, more for permanent patching. New Mexico In 2012, NMDOT spent $281,929 on pothole patching and $204,775 on emergency hand patching. NMDOT does not have any automated patching equipment. All patching is done with state forces. North Carolina When part of a TIP project, value is $195/yd2 North Dakota Estimated cost/mile for 2 in. contract patching is $150,000/mile (It seems like these types of projects often end up more like an overlay than patching a few intermittent bad areas.) Ohio Rigid removal and rigid replacement with drilled-in dowels and tie bars ~$100/sq. yd. Flexible partial depth ~$150/cu. yd Oklahoma $103.68/ton in 2012 Pennsylvania Assembly/Activity Costs Production Per Prod Unit 711712101 Roads—Paved Patch Manual $10,252,721.88 21,269.686/ton $482.03 711712102 Roads—Paved Patch-Manual Emerg. $1,502,882.24 2,295.180/ton $654.80 711712103 Roads—Paved Patch— Man Pipe Trench $3,215,907.38 12,946.999/ton $248.39 Total Total $14,971,511.50 36,511.865/ton $410.05 South Carolina The cost for routine patching with in-house forces for fiscal year 2011/2012 was $325 per ton of material used. This includes our loaded labor rate, equipment rental rate, and the cost of materials. This includes both patching by injection machine and by hand.

84 State 16. What is the average unit cost of patches in your area? Tennessee Our budget cost for Activity 401 Manual Spot Patching is $515 per ton; however, our reported cost per ton is $312.76. Utah All costs are for state forces only. Patch size distribution 826 0–9 SY; 814 10–99 SY; 90 100–999 SY, 18 >1000 SY. Average cost: $9.04 per SY; Patches < 10 SY ea average $240 per SY; Patches < 5 SY ea average $349.50 per SY; Statewide total $2,156,784 for labor, equipment, and materials. 1,784 separate patching jobs 238,555 SY patched Vermont $179.00 per ton in place (average) Virginia Cost per patch is difficult to determine because of work scopes and traffic control set ups required. Varies considerably. Washington Varies by region and maintenance area. Costs are not well documented but we are working to do so. Wyoming Contract prices: Asphalt patching $75/ton; Concrete slab replacement $117/sq. yd; Concrete pavement spall repair $91/sq. ft; In-house maintenance prices: Hand patching (pothole repair) $425/ton; motor grader patching $105/ton; motor grader leveling $85/ton; Laydown machine leveling $90/ton; spray injection patching $410/ton; Concrete paving repair $52/sq. ft.

85 Yes No Planning to initiate research. Performance Triggers Management Speed of repairs Cost effectiveness AL ● AK ●●●●● AZ ● AR ● CA ● CO ● CT ●●● DE ● DC ● ● FL ● ● ● ● ● ● GA ● HI ● ID ● IL ●● IN ● IA ● KS ● KY ● LA ● ME ●●●● MD ● MA ● MI ● ● MN ●●●●● MS ●●● MO ●● MT ● NE ●●●● NV ● NH ● NJ ● NM ● NY ●●● NC ● ND ● OH ● OK ● OR ● PA ● RI ● SC ● SD TN ●●● TX ●● UT ●●●● VT ● VA ● WA ●●● WV WI ● WY ● Agency: 17. Has your organization undertaken or sponsored research in the area of patching? If yes to the question above, what are the main areas of research?

86 18. Is there a need for more research or information on (click all that apply): Co mp ari son of dif fer en t m ate ria ls? Co mp ari son of dif fer en t p atc hin g p roc ed ure s? De ve lop me nt of ne w o r in no va tive pa tch ing m ate ria ls? De ve lop me nt of ne w o r im pro ve d p atc hin g p roc ed ure s? De ve lop me nt of ne w o r im pro ve d e qu ipm en t? Un de rst an din g o f ca use s o f d istr ess es ne ed ing pa tch ing ? Un de rst an din g p erf orm an ce of diff ere nt pa tch ing m ate ria ls? Im pro ve d m ain ten an ce (pa tch ing ) m ana gem ent ? Th e w ay re co rds ar e k ep t a nd wh at the y c on tai n? Im pro ve d g uid an ce, tra inin g a nd sp eci fica tion s? Im pro ve d p atc hin g s tan da rds ? Us e o f b on din g a ge nts ? Co ord ina tion of ro ad re pa irs wh ere po ssi ble ? Us e o f tr en ch les s t ec hn olo gie s? Oth er(s ) (p lea se spe cify ) Agency: AL AK ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● AZ ●●●●● AR ● ● CA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● CO ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● CT ●●●●●●● DE ● ● ● ● ● ● DC ●●●●●●●● FL ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● GA HI ● ● ● ● ID ●● IL ●●● IN ●●●●● IA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● KS ●●●●● KY ●●●● LA ●●●●● ME ●●●●● MD ●●●●●● MA ●● MI ● ● MN ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● MS ● ● ● ● ● MO ●●● MT ●●●●●●● NE ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NV ●●●●●●●● NH ●●●●●● NJ NM ● ● ● ● ● NY ● ● NC ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ND ●●●●● OH OK ● OR PA ● RI ●●●●●●●●● SC ●●● SD TN TX ● ● ● UT ●●●●●●●●●● VT ●● VA ●●●●●●● WA ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● WV WI ●●●●●●●● WY ● ● ●

Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation