Identifying and Reducing Workforce Fatigue in Rapid Renewal Projects (2014)

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84 Survey Protocol for Fatigue Assessment ID Code: ___________ First I’d like to ask some questions about you. 1) What is your Job title? ______________________ 2) Do you work for the government or are you a contractor? N Government → ASK TO 2a N Contractor → ASK TO 2b a. Do you work for DOT or an outsourced government agency? N DOT → SKIP TO 2c N Outsourced → SKIP TO 2c b. Are you a prime contractor or a sub or specialty contractor? N Prime N Sub or Specialty c. What kind of work are you doing at this job site? (SHOW CARD JOB LIST–CHECK ALL THAT APPLY) N Project manager N Foreman N Designer N Laborer N Engineer N Operator N Field/Construction/ N Truck Driver Traffic engineer N Carpenter N Inspector N Electrician N Highway patrol service N Traffic Controller N Management N Other (specify) N Superintendent N _______________ d. Are you a Union member? N Yes → Which union? (specify) _______________ N No e. Are you hourly or salaried (i.e., OT exempt employees)? N Hourly N Salaried 3) How many years of construction experience do you have? (READ RESPONSE OPTIONS) N 5 years or less N 16 to 20 year N 6 to 10 years N 21 to 25 years N 11 to 15 years N More than 25 years 4) How long have you worked at this job site? (READ RESPONSE OPTIONS) N < 1 month N 1 to 6 months N 7 months to 1 year N more than 1 year 5) Did you relocate for this job? N Yes → ASK 5a N No → SKIP TO Q6 a. If Yes relocated: For how long? N < 1 month N 1 to 6 months N 7 months to 1 year N more than 1 year 6) (INTERVIEWER CODE. ASK ONLY IF NOT CLEAR) What is your sex? N Male N Female 7) How old are you? N 18–24 years N 40–44 years N 55–59 years N 25–29 years N 45–49 years N 60–64 years N 30–34 years N 50–54 years N 65 or older N 35–39 years A P P e n d i x B Survey Instrument and Interview Guide

85 8) What is your marital status? N Single N Cohabitating N Married N Divorced N Widowed 9) Do you have any children under age 18 that live in your household at least part of the time? N Yes → ASK 9a N No → SKIP TO Q10 a. How many children under 18 live in your household at least part of the time? 1 2 3 or more b. What is the age of your youngest child? ______ Schedule Now I am going to ask some questions about your current schedule at this job site. 10) What is your usual schedule at this job site? N Day N Afternoon N Night N Other (specify) a. What is your usual shift pattern (days 3 hours) for this job site? N 5 × 8 N 4 × 10 N 4 × 12 N 5 × 12 N Other (days × hours)___________ b. What time do you usually start work? _____:_____ a.m./p.m. 11) What is the maximum number of hours you usually work per week? _________ 12) Do you usually get at least 10 hours off between shifts? N Yes N No 13) Of the schedules/shifts you have worked, which one did you like the most? a. SCHEDULE b. SHIFT (Specify)__________ (D 3 H)________ a. Why did you like this schedule/shift? 14) Of the schedules/shifts you have worked, which one did you like the least? a. SCHEDULE b. SHIFT (Specify)__________ (D 3 H)________ a. Why didn’t you like this shift/schedule? Overtime and Time Off 15) How many hours did you work last week? _____ hours a. How many of the hours you worked last week were considered overtime? N 0 hours N 1–5 hours N 6–10 hours N more than 10 hours 16) How many hours did you work two weeks ago (the week before last week)? __________ hours b. How many of the hours you worked two weeks ago were considered overtime? N 0 hours N 1–5 hours N 6–10 hours N more than 10 hours 17) What was the longest string of consecutive days that you’ve worked at this job site? ______ 18) Please look at show card B. When you have a day off, how often do you get at least 36 hours (a day and a half) between the time you leave work and the time you go back to work (SHOW CARD B)? N Every Day Off N Most Days Off N Rarely N Never

86 19) Compared with your schedule for the last 2 weeks, would you like to work more, less or about the same? N More N Less N About the same 20) What’s the shortest break you’ve had between two shifts at this job site? _____ hours Seasonal/Other Work 21) Are you currently working another job to supplement your income? N Yes → ASK 21a N No a. If yes: How many hours per week do you usually work at the other job? _____ 22) How many months out of the year are you fully employed in highway construction? ____ a. If less than 12: Do you usually work at another job when you aren’t working in highway construction? N Yes N No 23) How many more months do you think you will work on this job?___________ months Breaks Now I am going to ask you some questions about your breaks. 24) How many meal breaks do you usually get during the work day?____ meal breaks IF 0 SKIP TO Q25 a. How long do your meal breaks usually last (in minutes)? Meal breaks: _____ min 25) How many other breaks do you usually get during the workday? ____ other breaks IF 0 SKIP TO Q26 a. How long do your other breaks usually last (in minutes)? Other breaks: _____ min Sleep Habits Now I’d like to ask you some questions about your sleep habits. 26) I am going to ask you about situations when you might doze or fall asleep. Use the scale on show card C to choose the most appropriate number for each situation (SHOW CARD C AND READ RESPONSE OPTIONS BEFORE ASKING QUESTIONS): 0 = would never doze or sleep. 1 = slight chance of dozing or sleeping 2 = moderate chance of dozing or sleeping 3 = high chance of dozing or sleeping Situation Chance of Dozing or Sleeping a. Sitting and reading 0 1 2 3 b. Watching TV 0 1 2 3 c. Sitting inactive in a public place 0 1 2 3 d. Being a passenger in a motor vehicle for an hour or more 0 1 2 3 e. Lying down in the afternoon 0 1 2 3 f. Sitting and talking to someone 0 1 2 3 g. Sitting quietly after lunch (no alcohol) 0 1 2 3 h. Stopped for a few minutes in traffic while driving 0 1 2 3 Total score (add the scores up) 27) Have you ever been told by a doctor or a nurse that you have a sleep disorder? Examples are sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless leg syndrome, but there are many other kinds. N Yes → ASK 27a N No a. Have you ever received treatment for this sleep disorder? N Yes N No Work/Sleep Calendar Last 48 Hours For the next few questions, I am going to ask you to remem- ber your work schedule and your sleep schedule for the past 48 hours (2 days). IWER CODE ALL ON A 24-HR CLOCK—SEE CONVERSION CHART

87 Day before Yesterday Yesterday Today 43) The day before yesterday, what time did you get out of bed? ____:____ 24hr 37) Yesterday, what time did you get out of bed? ____:____ 24hr 31) Today, what time did you get out of bed? ____:____ 24hr 42) The day before yesterday, what time did you get to work? ____:____ 24hr 36) Yesterday, what time did you get to work? ____:____ 24hr 30) What time did you get to work today? ____:____ 24hr 41) The day before yesterday, what time did you leave work? ____:____ 24hr 35) Yesterday, what time did you leave work? ____:____ 24hr 29) Current Time: ____:____ 24hr 40) The day before yesterday, what time did you go to bed? ____:____ 24hr 34) Yesterday, what time did you go to bed? ____:____ 24hr 39) Day off? (CIRCLE ONE) YES or NO If YES then do not ask Q41 or 42 33) Day off? (CIRCLE ONE) YES or NO If YES then do not ask Q35 or 36 38) Day(s) of week (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY) Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa 32) Day(s) of week (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY) Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa 28) Day(s) of week (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY) Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sa Date(s) Date(s) Date(s) Schedule and Sleep 44) What schedule/shift pattern allows you the most sleep per night? __________(Schedule) _________(Shift) a. How much sleep do you get per night with this schedule/ shift pattern? ________(hours) 45) What schedule/shift pattern allows you the least amount of sleep per night? __________(Schedule) _________(Shift) a. How much sleep do you get per night with this schedule/ shift pattern? _______(hours) 46) How many hours do you sleep per night . . . a. . . . on your days off? _________________________ (hours per night days off) b. . . . while you are on vacation? _________________ (hours per night vacation) 47) How many days per month do you get less than 4 hours of sleep within a 24-h period? _______ (days) experience of Fatigue at Work For the next three questions, I am going to read you a few state- ments about fatigue. When I read the statement, please answer with one of the responses on show card D (SHOW CARD D). 48) Fatigue on the job is really not a problem—just something you can “muscle through.” N Strongly Disagree N Disagree N Agree N Strongly Agree 49) Fatigue at work is a safety problem. N Strongly Disagree N Disagree N Agree N Strongly Agree 50) My level of fatigue at work is something I can control. N Strongly Disagree N Disagree N Agree N Strongly Agree 51) Have you ever unintentionally fallen asleep on the job during your usual work shift at this job site? (READ RESPONSE OPTIONS) N Never → ASK 51c N Once → ASK 51a & b N More than once → ASK 51a & b a. IF ONCE OR MORE THAN ONCE: Was this a day, afternoon, night, or other shift? N Day N Afternoon N Night N Other (specify) b. How long was the shift? ________ hours c. IF NEVER: Have you ever been so sleepy that you were afraid you might fall asleep on the job? N Yes N No

88 Please look at show card B. 52) Do you have difficulty staying awake during your com- mute home? (SHOW CARD B) N Every Day N Most Days N Rarely N Never 53) What is the usual length (in minutes) of your commute . . . a. On your way to work? ________ min b. On your way home from work? ___________ min Symptoms and effects of Fatigue on Job Performance 54) In one or two sentences, please describe what activities you usually perform at this job site. 55) Now I am going to read you a list of descriptions. Please rate, from 0 to 10, how well each one describes how you feel, at the end of your usual work day at this job site. Please refer to the scale on the show card where “0” means “not at all” and “10 means to a very high degree.” (SHOW CARD–SCALE) Description Not at all To a very high degree a. Spent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b. Sleepy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c. Exhausted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d. Aching 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 e. Lack of initiative 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 f. Numbness 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 g. Drained 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 h. Tense muscles 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i. Listless 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 j. Sweaty 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 k. Stiff joints 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Description Not at all To a very high degree l. Lazy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m. Uninterested 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n. Overworked 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 o. Drowsy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 p. Hurting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 q. Indifferent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 r. Passive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 s. Falling asleep 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t. Yawning 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 u. Worn Out 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Work-Related Injuries and Accidents Now I’d like to ask you about work-related injuries and accidents. 56) Have you ever had an injury while working on a road construction job? N Yes → CONTINUE → What happened? _______________________________________ N No → SKIP TO Q59 If yes, ask the following: a. Were you working the day, afternoon, or night shift? N Day N Afternoon N Night N Double N Don’t Remember b. How long was the shift? ________ hours N Don’t Remember c. Did the injury occur near the beginning, middle, or end of the shift? N Beginning N Middle N End N Don’t Remember 57) Did you miss work because of the injury? N Yes → ASK 57a N No → SKIP TO Q58 N Don’t Remember→ SKIP TO Q58 a. If yes—How many days did you miss? _______ days

89 58) Do you think that being tired was part of the reason for the injury? N Yes → SKIP TO Q59 N No → ASK 58a a. If NO—Was there something else that contributed to the injury? N YES–Traffic N YES–Distractions (e.g. cell phones, etc) N YES–Other (specify) _____________________ N NO Near Misses 59) Have you ever had a near-miss working on a road con- struction project? By that I mean a situation that might have resulted in a serious injury (if you hadn’t acted in time)? N Yes → CONTINUE → What happened? _______________________________________ N No → SKIP TO Q61 If yes, ask the following: a. Were you working the day, afternoon, or night shift? N Day N Afternoon N Night N Double N Don’t Remember b. How long was the shift? _____ hours N Don’t Remember c. Did the near miss occur near the beginning, middle, or end of the shift? N Beginning N Middle N End N Don’t Remember 60) Do you think that being tired was part of the reason for the near miss? N Yes → SKIP TO Q61 N No → ASK 60a a. If NO—Was there something else that contributed to the near miss? N YES—Traffic N YES—Distractions (e.g. cell phones, etc) N YES—Other (specify) _____________________ N NO Weather Now I’d like to ask a few questions about the weather and how it affects you. 61) Do you feel more fatigued on the job when the weather is (READ RESPONSE OPTIONS—CHECK ALL THAT APPLY): N Hot N Overcast N Humid (or muggy) N Windy N Cold N Other → Specify N Rainy N None of the above Please look at Show Card B. 62) How often does weather make you feel more fatigued on the job? (SHOW CARD B) N Every Day N Most Days N Rarely N Never Fatigue Countermeasures Now I’d like to ask you a few questions about things that might help prevent fatigue. Training 63) Is fatigue a topic covered in your organizational safety training? N Yes N No N Don’t Know 64) Does your training include material on how to get a good night’s sleep and reduce or avoid fatigue on the job? N Yes N No N Don’t Know napping 65) Do you ever take naps on your lunch break? N Yes → ASK Q66 N No → SKIP TO Q67 If “Yes” TAKE NAPS, ask the following: 66) Where do you usually nap on your lunch break? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY) N In personal vehicle N In worksite building/trailer

90 N Outside N Off site N Other, please specify: __________________________ Caffeine I have just a few more questions for you. 67) Here is a list of some caffeinated beverages (SHOW CARD—LIST OF CAFFEINATED BEVERAGES); do you drink any beverages containing caffeine on days that you work? N Yes N No→ SKIP TO Q69 68) On days that you work, how many caffeinated beverages do you drink? __________ caffeinated bevs. Regarding the caffeinated beverages you drink on working days. . . . YES NO DK a. Do you bring your own to the work site? b. Are they available on site? c. Are they available nearby? Physical Exercise 69) Does your job have the flexibility to change tasks and move around to reduce fatigue? N Yes N No 70) When you feel fatigued on the job, do you get up and move around to restore alertness? N Yes N No Those are all the questions I have for you, do you have any questions for me? ANSWER QUESTIONS IF THEY HAVE ANY. Thank you for taking the time to participate in our survey. GIVE RESPONDENT THANK YOU MONEY. SMe interview Guide Scheduling, Productivity 1. What kinds of crews do you have scheduled for this job (e.g., crew size, occupation/task groups)? 2. What kinds of shifts do you schedule on this job (e.g., days, afternoons/evening, nights, weekends; 5 × 8, 4 × 10, other)? 3. (How long are shifts) and what time do they start? 4. Which of these shift structures do you use most often or for the most employees? 5. Do workers usually have consistent shifts? 6. How far in advance do workers get their schedules? 7. Describe the process you use for scheduling work crews (e.g., how far in advance, who is involved in scheduling, what forms or software used). 8. What kinds of things do you consider when you make up a schedule? (site deliveries, time constraints, hours-of- service rules for crews) 9. On this project, are there penalties built in for not meeting certain deadlines? How does this affect crew schedules? 10. What kinds of complaints do you get from workers about their schedules? 11. What’s the biggest challenge in scheduling work crews? 12. Please describe contract terms that would lead you to use “accelerated” scheduling (e.g., longer shifts than usual, nights, continuous weekends). 13. Please describe advance planning you do for any permit- ting required for lane closures or other work. How does this affect work scheduling? 14. How do extended schedules/overtime affect worker pro- ductivity? What do you do when you notice that workers are becoming less productive? 15. How does worker turnover affect productivity? Affect safety? Is scheduling an issue in worker turnover? 16. Do you engage in any team-building exercises with your work crews? (If yes): Please describe. How does team- building affect worker productivity? Worker safety? Rapid Renewal Projects 17. A “rapid renewal project” is usually defined as one that minimizes the impact of construction on traffic flow, especially during peak periods, by conducting work dur- ing off-peak hours, using continuous weekend construc- tion or extended nighttime operations and conducting work in zones adjacent to traffic. Does your project sound like a rapid renewal project? How is this project similar to a rapid renewal project? How is it different?

91 18. What term would you use to describe a rapid renewal project? 19. How would you describe a “traditional” road construc- tion project (ask about bidding, contract elements, worker scheduling). How are rapid renewal projects that you have worked on different from traditional projects? 20. Would you say that most of the projects you have worked on are traditional or rapid renewal projects? Do you pre- fer one kind of project over the other? Why or why not? Work Zone 21. Describe the physical layout of your work zone. 22. Describe the work zone safety practices that are usually used. 23. Are there any special work zone safety practices that are used during rapid turnaround projects? During night shifts? During extended shifts? Please describe. 24. Which, if any, of these work zone safety practices do you think have an effect on job performance (productivity)? Do you think they help with worker fatigue? Training 25. Describe the kinds of things that are covered in safety training for workers on this job site. 26. Does training include information on how to get a good night’s sleep? About how to reduce or avoid fatigue on the job? Countermeasures 27. When do workers usually take breaks? 28. Do workers on this job site ever take naps on their breaks? Where do they go to nap? 29. Is there a place on the worksite (or nearby) where work- ers can get coffee or other caffeinated beverages? Are these beverages available at any time when people are working? Workplace Injuries 30. What are some typical kinds of injuries that happen on road construction sites? 31. In your experience, are injuries more likely to occur on projects with extended or night-shift work? (Why or why not?) 32. Do you think fatigue can be a factor in these injuries (and how)? 33. What are the effects of workplace injuries? (on the crew, on the schedule, on costs) 34. Can you describe a specific example from this worksite or from another job? Other, Possibly for DOT or Union Personnel 35. What are the typical contract elements that might affect how contractors schedule their work (and therefore, their crews)? 36. Please describe permitting requirements and procedures for contractors and subcontractors for lane closures or other work. 37. What state and federal agencies must be consulted for a project like this one? How do their rules affect work plan- ning and worker scheduling? 38. What safety training and procedures does the state require? The federal government? 39. What, if any, are the state rules about worker schedules on road construction projects (shifts, hours-of-service, breaks)?