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Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design (2013)

Chapter: References

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90 REFERENCES Algermissen, S.P., Open-File Report 82-1033 Probabilistic Estimates of Maximum Acceleration and Velocity in Rock in the Contiguous United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1982. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design, 3rd ed., AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 2010. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, 2nd ed., AASHTO, Wash- ington, D.C., 2011. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th ed., AASHTO, Washington, D.C., 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc- tures, ASCE, Reston, Va., 2005a. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE/SEI 43-05 Seismic Design Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilities, ASCE, Reston, Va., 2005b. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE 41-06 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, ASCE, Res- ton, Va., 2006. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc- tures, ASCE, Reston, Va., 2010. Ascheim, M. and E. Black, “Yield Point Spectra for Seismic Design and Rehabilitation,” Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2000, pp. 317–336. Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC 6 Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges, ATC, Berkeley, Calif., 1981. Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC 32 Improved Seis- mic Design Criteria for California Bridges: Provisional Recommendations, ATC, Redwood City, Calif., 1996. Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC 40 Seismic Evalu- ation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, ATC, Redwood City, Calif., 1996. Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC 58-1 FEMA-Spon- sored Workshop on Communicating Earthquake Risk, ATC, Redwood City, Calif., 2002. Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC 58-2 Preliminary Evaluation of Methods for Defining Performance, ATC, Redwood City, Calif., 2003. Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC 58 Seismic Perfor- mance Assessment of Buildings Volume 1—Methodology 75% Draft, Redwood City, Calif., 2011. Argothy, V., Perceptions of Acceptable Levels of Perfor- mance of Different Elements in the Built Environment in the Event of a Major Earthquake, University of Delaware Disaster Research Center, Newark, Del., 2003. Aviram, A., K. Mackie, and S. Bozidar, Guidelines for Non- linear Analysis of Bridge Structures in California, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, Calif., 2008. Basoz, N. and A.S. Kiremidjian, Evaluation of Bridge Dam- age Data from the Loma Prieta and Northridge, Califor- nia Earthquakes, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, N.Y., 1998. Berry, M.P. and M.O. Eberhard, Performance Models for Flexural Damage in Reinforced Concrete Columns, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berke- ley, Calif., 2003. Berry, M.P. and M.O. Eberhard, Performance Modeling Strategies for Modern Reinforced Concrete Bridge Col- umns, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,Berkeley, Calif., 2007. Berry, M.P., D.E. Lehman, and L.N. Lowes, “Lumped Plas- ticity Models for Performance Simulation of Bridge Col- umns,” ACI Structural Journal, 2008, pp. 270–279. Blandon, C., Seismic Analysis and Design of Pile Supported Wharves, Rose School, Pavia, Italy, 2007. Boulanger, R., C. Curras, B. Kutter, D. Wilson, and A. Abghari, “Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction Exper- iments and Analysis,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 9, 1999, pp. 750–759. Bozorgnia, Y. and V. Bertero, Earthquake Engineering— From Engineering Seismology to Performance Based Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2004. Broderick, B.M., A.S. Elnashai, N.N. Ambraseys, J.M. Barr, R.G. Goodfellow, and E.M. Higazy, The Northridge (California) Earthquake of 17 January 1994: Observa- tions, Strong Motion and Correlative Response Analyses, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1994.

91 Brown, J. and S.K. Kunnath, Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns, Multidisciplinary Center for Earth- quake Engineering Research, Buffalo, N.Y., 2000. Browning, J., “Proportioning of Earthquake-Resistant RC Building Structures,” Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 127, No. 2, 2001, pp. 145–151. Budek, A., G. Benzoni, and M. Priestley, An Analytical Study of the Inelastic Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Pile-Columns in Cohesionless Soil, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 1995. Budek, A., G. Benzoni, and M. Priestley, Analytical Studies on the Inelastic Seismic Response of Solid and Hollow Prestressed Piles, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 1997. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Toll Road Seismic Retrofit Project—Vincent Thomas Bridge— Design Criteria, Caltrans–Moffatt and Nichol Engi- neeers, Sacramento, Feb. 1996. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Memo to Designers 20-11 Establishing Bridge Seismic Design Criteria, Caltrans, Sacramento, 1999. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), West Approach Project Specific Seismic Design Criteria— Memorandum for San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge Project, Caltrans, Sacramento, May 2002. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Seismic Design Criteria—Version 1.4, Caltrans, Sacramento, 2006a. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Visual Catalog of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Damage, Struc- ture Maintenance and Investigations, Caltrans, Sacra- mento, 2006b. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Memo to Designers 20-16 Seismic Safety Peer Review, Caltrans, Sacramento, 2009. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Seismic Design Criteria—Version 1.6. Calif., Caltrans, Sacra- mento, 2010a. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Memo to Designers 20-1 Seismic Design Methodology, Cal- trans, California Department of Transportation, Sacra- mento, 2010b. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Antioch Toll Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project—Final Design Report, Caltrans, Sacramento, Mar. 2011. Chai, Y.H., “Flexural Strength and Ductility of Extended Pile-Shafts I: Analytical Model,” Journal of Structural Engineering, 2002, Vol. 128, No. 5, pp. 586–594. Charney, F.A., “Unintended Consequences of Modeling Damping in Structures,” Journal of Structural Engineer- ing, 2008, Vol. 134, No. 4, pp. 581–592. Chen, W.F. and L. Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1999. Chenouda, M. and A. Ayoub, “Inelastic Displacement Ratios of Degrading Systems,” Journal of Structural Engineer- ing, 2008, Vol. 134, No. 6, pp. 1030–1045. Chopra, A., Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applica- tions to Earthquake Engineering, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2007. Chopra, A.K. and R.K. Goel, “Capacity-Demand-Diagram Methods Based on Inelastic Design Spectrum,” Earth- quake Spectra, 1999, pp. 637–656. Chopra, A.K. and R.K. Goel, “Direct Displacement Based Design: Use of Inelastic Design Spectra Versus Elastic Design Spectra,” Earthquake Spectra, 2001, pp. 47–64. Chopra, A.K. and R.K. Goel, “A Modal Pushover Analysis Procedure for Estimating Seismic Demands for Build- ings,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynam- ics, 2002, pp. 561–582. Christopoulos, C. and A. Filiatrault, Principles of Passive Supplemental Damping and Seismic Isolation, IUSS Press, Pavia, Italy, 2007. Christopoulos, C., S. Pampanin, and N. Priestley, “Seismic Design and Response of Buildings Including Residual Deformations,” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004. Clough, R.W. and J. Penzien, Dynamics of Structures, Com- puters and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, Calif., 1995. Coffin, L., “A Study of the Effects of Cyclic Thermal Stresses on a Ductile Metal,” American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1954, pp. 931–950. Cohagen, L.S., J.B. Pang, J.F. Stanton, and M.O. Eberhard, A Precast Concrete Bridge Bent Designed to Recenter after an Earthquake, Washington State Department of Trans- portation, Seattle, 2009. Cooper, J.D., I.M. Friedland, I.G. Buckle, R.B. Nimis, and N. McMullin Bobb, “The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons Learnes in Seismic-Resistant Bridge Design,” Public Roads, Vol. 58, No. 1, 1994, pp. 26–36. Coria, C., Direct Displacement— Based Design: Compari- son Between the Equivalent Stiffness Method and the Inelastic Design Spectra, University of California– Berkeley, 2010. Cornell, C., “Engineering Seismic Risk Analysis,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 58, 1968, pp. 1583–1606.

92 Deierlein, G.G., A.M. Reinhorn, and M.R. Willford, Nonlin- ear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 2010. Dowell, R., F. Seible, and M.N. Priestley, “Performance Limit States of Box Girder Bridge Superstructures Under Longitudinal Seismic Excitation,” Proceedings of the National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways, FHWA, San Diego, Calif., 1995. Eberhard, M.O. and M.P. Berry, “A Practical Performance Model for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns,” Pro- ceedings from Caltrans Bridge Research Conference, Sacramento, Calif., 2005. El-Bahy, A., S. Kunnath, W. Stone, and A. Taylor, “Cumula- tive Seismic Damage of Circular Bridge Columns: Vari- able Amplitude Tests,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 5, 1999, pp. 711–719. Eurocode, Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance—Part 2. Seismic Design of Bridges, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2008. Fajfar, P., “Capacity Spectrum Method Based on Inelastic Demand Spectra,” Earthquake Engineering and Struc- tural Dynamics, 1999, pp. 979–993. Fajfar, P., “A Nonlinear Analysis Method for Performance Based Seismic Design,” Earthquake Spectra, Aug. 2000, pp. 573–592. Fajfar, P. and H. Krawinkler, “Conclusions and Recommen- dations,” Performance Based Seismic Design Concepts and Implementation, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, Calif., 2004, pp. xiv–xvii. Fardis, M.N. and V.G. Bardakis, “Displacement Based Seis- mic Design of Concrete Bridges,” 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing, China, 2008. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 283—Performance-Based Seismic Design of Buildings— An Action Plan, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 1996. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 273—NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 1997. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Action Plan for Performance-Based Seismic Design, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2000a. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 350—Recommended Seismic Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2000b. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 351—Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel Moment-Frame Build- ings, FEMA, Washington D.C., 2000c. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 352—Recommended Post-Earthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Build- ings, FEMA, Washington D.C., 2000d. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 353—Recommended Specifications and Quality Assurance Guidelines for Steel-Moment Frame Construction for Seis- mic Applications, FEMA, Washington D.C., 2000e. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 356—Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, FEMA, Washing- ton, D.C., 2000f. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 440—Improvements of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2005. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA 445—Next-Generation Performance-Based Seismic Design Guidelines, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2006. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), FEMA P-749—Earthquake-Resistant Design Concepts: An Intro- duction to the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures, FEMA and Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C., 2010. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Hazus FEMA's Methodology for Estimating Potential Losses from Hazards, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2012 [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/hazus/. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Seismic Retrofit- ting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1—Bridges, FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, McLean, Va., 2006. FIB, Bulletin 45: Practitioners' Guide to Finite Element Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Interna- tional Federation of Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Swit- zerland, 2008. Filippou, F.C. and A. Issa, Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames Under Cyclic Load Reversals, Univer- sity of California at Berkeley, 1988. Filippou, F.C., A. D’Ambrisi, and A. Issa, Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Subas- semblages, University of California at Berkeley, 1992. Fischinger, M., D. Beg, T. Isakovic, M. Tomazevic, and R. Zarnic, “Perfromance Based Assesment—from General Methodologies to Specific Implementations,” Perfor- mance Based Seismic Design Concepts and Implementa- tion, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, Calif., 2004, pp. 293–308. Goel, R.K., “Approximate Seismic Displacement Capacity of Piles in Marine Oil Terminals,” Earthquakes and Structures, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp. 129–146.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 440, Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design (PBSD) summarizes the current state of knowledge and practice for PBSD. PBSD is the process that links decision making for facility design with seismic input, facility response, and potential facility damage.

The goal of PBSD is to provide decision makers and stakeholders with data that will enable them to allocate resources for construction based on levels of desired seismic performance.

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