Application of LADAR in the Analysis of Aggregate Characteristics (2012)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 724 Application of LADAR in the Analysis of Aggregate Characteristics Linbing Wang Wenjuan Sun Evan M. Lally Anbo Wang Virginia Polytechnic institute and state uniVersity Blacksburg, VA Cristian Druta Virginia tech transPortation institute Blacksburg, VA Erol Tutumluer uniVersity of illinois at urbana-chamPaign Champaign, IL Subscriber Categories Highways  •  Geotechnology  •  Materials TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 www.TRB.org  Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 724 Project 04-34 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-25845-6 Library of Congress Control Number 2012944201 © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 4-34. The authors would like to extend their sincere gratitude to the project panel, including Ervin L. Dukatz, Jr. (Chair), William G. Eager, G. P. Jayaprakash, Julie E. Kliewer, Richard C. Meininger, Alan C. Robords, and William H. Skerritt for their advice, input, and provision of aggregates for this study. We also want to extend our thanks to Cris Harris, Yang Lu, Yu Zhou, Ashley Stanford, Yinning Zhang, and Yue Hou for their efforts. The authors would also like to acknowledge the generous help and strong support from Richard C. Meininger for coordinating the use of the AIMS II at FHWA, and the supplying of aggregates for the project by Alan C. Robords. Sincere thanks are also extended to Yuanjie Xiao for scanning some of the aggregate particles using the UIAIA system, and to Ed Harrigan and Alan Robords for their assistance in collecting relevant information on the aggregates analyzed in this project. Finally, the authors would like to express their appreciation of the panel’s invaluable detailed review comments and suggestions for the draft report. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 724 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer Anthony Avery, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Doug English, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 04-34 PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of General Materials Ervin L. Dukatz, Jr., Mathy Construction, Onalaska, WI (Chair) William G. Eager, Lafarge Aggregates Southeast, Alpharetta, GA Julie E. Kliewer, Arizona DOT, Phoenix, AZ Alan C. Robords, Michigan DOT, Lansing, MI William H. Skerritt, New York State DOT, Albany, NY Richard C. Meininger, FHWA Liaison G. P. Jayaprakash, TRB Liaison

F O R E W O R D By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board This report describes a LADAR-based system for measurement of aggregate character- istics over a wide range of particle size. Thus, the report will be of immediate interest to materials engineers in state departments of transportation and industry. NCHRP Project 4-34, “Application of LADAR in the Analysis of Aggregate Character- istics,” was conducted by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, with participation by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The objective of the project was to develop and evaluate a laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system capable of precise and accurate measurement of the aggregate char- acteristics of shape, volume, angularity, surface texture, specific surface area, and volu- metric gradation. Ideally, the final system would be applicable to aggregate in three size categories—coarse (2 in. to #4), fine (#4 to #200), and microfine (P200)—and suitable for routine use in research, central, and field laboratories for Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete mixture design and quality assurance. The project, which developed new equipment and computer algorithms, proved techni- cally challenging. The project team developed a prototype Fourier transform interferometry (FTI) system with fully functional hardware and software. The system can characterize aggregate shape, angularity, texture, surface area, and volume of a wide range of aggregate sizes with high accuracy. Assembly and operation of the FTI system consisting of a charge- coupled device (CCD) camera, a fringe source, a sample platform, and a software package are fully documented in the report. The accuracy and precision of the prototype FTI system are comparable to or better than those of other systems now available to automatically measure aggregate characteristics, but its current range of aggregate size—¾ in. to #50—is narrower than desired. Extending this size range is possible in the future by using a CCD camera with a larger field of view and increasing the system resolution through appropriate selection of the equipment com- ponents. The report fully documents the research to develop and validate the prototype FTI system and includes three appendixes: • Appendix B: The FTI System Components • Appendix C: Initial Efforts for the Particle Mounting System • Appendix D: Test Protocol in AASHTO Format In addition, seven appendixes are available for download from the NCHRP Project 4-34 web page at http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=867:

• Appendix A: Literature Review • Appendix E: Photographs of Coarse Aggregates in Set 1 • Appendix F: FTI Analysis Results • Appendix G: Histogram and Normal Quantile Plot of Aggregates in Set 1 • Appendix H: Manual Measurements of Aggregates in Set 1 • Appendix I: AIMS II Analysis Results • Appendix J: UIAIA Analysis Results

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1  Introduction 1 1.1 Project Background 2 1.2 Objectives and Scope 2 1.3 Report Outline 4 Chapter 2   Fourier Transform Interferometry  Aggregate Image System 4 2.1 System Layout and Geometry 4 2.2 Image Collection System 5 2.3 FTI Aggregate Image Analysis Program 5 2.3.1 Main Program 7 2.3.2 Error Correction Program 9 2.3.3 Output Data Format 9 2.4 Accuracy and Resolution 9 2.4.1 Calibration 11 2.4.2 Flat Target Accuracy and Resolution 11 2.5 Safety Concern 13 Chapter 3   Aggregate Shape, Angularity,  and Texture Analysis Methods 13 3.1 Shape 13 3.2 Angularity and Texture 15 3.3 Surface Area, Volume, and Dimensions 15 3.3.1 Surface Area and Volume Calculation 17 3.3.2 Aggregate Visualization 17 3.3.3 Aggregate Dimension Analysis 20 Chapter 4   FTI Results 20 4.1 Verification of FTI Results to Manual Measurements of Particles with Standard Shapes 21 4.2 FTI Results of Coarse Aggregates in Set 1 22 4.2.1 Shape 27 4.2.2 Angularity 32 4.2.3 Texture 34 4.3 FTI Results of Coarse Aggregates in Set 2 37 4.3.1 Graphical Presentation of Angularity 38 4.3.2 Graphical Representation of Texture 38 4.4 FTI Analysis of Fine Aggregates 42 Chapter 5   Statistical Analysis 42 5.1 Analysis of Variance 42 5.1.1 ANOVA for Coarse Aggregates in Set 1 42 5.1.2 ANOVA for Coarse Aggregates in Set 2 45 5.2 Unpaired t-Test Analysis

55 Chapter 6   Discussion 55 6.1 Comparison Between the FTI Results and Manual Measurements 55 6.2 Angularity and Texture Comparison of the FTI Results to AIMS II and UIAIA Results 61 6.3 Assessments of Sensitivity of Angularity and Texture Change 62 6.4 Comparison of Angularity for Fine Aggregates Between the FTI and AIMS II Results 63 6.5 Crushing Effect on Aggregate Morphological Characteristics Using the FTI system 66 6.6 Feature Comparisons of the FTI System to the Other Aggregate Imaging Systems 68 Chapter 7   Conclusions 68 7.1 General Conclusions 69 7.2 Recommendations 69 7.3 Implementation Plan and Cost Assessment 69 7.3.1 Implementation Plan 70 7.3.2 Cost Assessment 71 References 72 Appendix A   Literature Review 73 Appendix B   The FTI System Components 75 Appendix C   Initial Efforts for the Particle Mounting System 80 Appendix D   Test Protocol in AASHTO Format 86 Appendix E   Photographs of Coarse Aggregates in Set 1 86 Appendix F   FTI Analysis Results 86 Appendix G   Histogram and Normal Quantile Plot  of Aggregates in Set 1 86 Appendix H   Manual Measurements of Aggregates in Set 1 86 Appendix I   AIMS II Analysis Results 86 Appendix J   UIAIA Analysis Results Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.