Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes Handbook, Third Edition: Chapter 16, Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities (2012)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

(396), Muir Woods Shuttle brochure (391), Stagecoach brochure (388), WTG tote bag (358), Golden Gate Bike to Transit Guide (351), Seniors Transit Guide (338), 511 Service Guide (305), 511 Rideshare Guide (298), bike light (284), Marin County Safe Routes to School brochure (205), transit tickets (164), Tuesday evening guided walks (52 total, 6 events), Saturday walks and rides (42 total, 7 events), Thursday evening classes and workshops (10 total, 6 events), Tuesday evening guided bicycle rides (1 total, 4 events). Aside from the 30 percent of events that had no participants, individual event participation ranged from one to 14 persons. Sources. Overall observations including judgment of relative intervention intensities and program assignment to approach categories (utilizing categories set forth in Horst and Brög, 2010) are by the Handbook authors. • Tools of Change, “Seattle Neighborhoods In Motion.” Case study. Prepared by Cullbridge Marketing and Communications on behalf of Health Canada and Natural Resources Canada. http://www.toolsofchange.com/en/case-studies/detail/186/ (Website accessed November 2, 2010). • Alta Planning + Design, “Way to Go Sausalito—Program Report & Evaluation” (May, 2009b). • City of Portland, “Eastside Hub Target Area Program Comprehensive Evaluation Report—Options for Portland Transportation.” Office of Transportation, Portland, OR (the following web address applies to all Portland reports) http://www.portlandonline.com/trans- portation/index.cfm?c=43819 (December, 2005a). • Portland Office of Transportation, “Appendix A— Eastside Hub Target Area Program Measurement Tools and Results Report.” Portland, OR (December, 2005). • Portland Office of Transportation, “Appendices—SmartTrips Northeast Hub.” Portland, OR (December, 2006). • Portland Office of Transportation, “Appendices—SmartTrips Southeast.” Portland, OR (December, 2007). • Portland Bureau of Transportation, “Appendices— SmartTrips Southwest.” Portland, OR (February, 2009). • City of Portland, “SmartTrips North/ Northwest.” Final Report. Bureau of Transportation, Portland, OR (March, 2010). • Hofbauer, D., Socialdata America Ltd. Personal Interview (July 3, 2007). • Whatcom Council of Governments, “Whatcom Smart Trips—A Transferable Model of Vehicle Trip Reduction for US Cities.” Bellingham, WA (October, 2010). • Horst, S., and Brög, W., “Neighborhood Smart Trips: How Individualized Marketing Can Work in Your Community.” PowerPoint notes (Horst only) and slides. Session 54, Pro Walk/Pro Bike® 2010 Chattanooga (September 13–16, 2010). • Horst, S., Whatcom Council of Governments. Telephone and personal interviews (December 2, 20, and 22, 2010b). REFERENCES Special Note: This “References” listing includes only Primary sources cited in this chapter. A num- ber of the chapter’s summary tables start with a “Study (Date)” column that provides either the primary source(s) for information in corresponding rows or, where applicable, secondary source(s). The secondary (original) source is listed first, if there is one, and a dash (“—”) separates the author(s) and the date instead of having the date in parentheses. For example, in the case of the fourth entry in summary Table 16-1, there is a secondary source. It is indicated in the “Study (Date)” column as “Painter—1996” while the primary sources are identified as “Cao, Mokhtarian, and Handy (2007) and Heath et al. (2006).” In some tables this information is provided instead in the “Source” entry under the table. In any case, where there is a secondary source, the primary source(s) will need to be consulted for full secondary source bibliographic information, as well as for further background. Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., and van Knippenberg, A., “Habit and Information Use in Travel Mode Choices.” Acta Psychologica, Vol. 96, Issue 1–2 (1997). AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.” Washington, DC (2001). 16-442

AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), “Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities.” Washington, DC (1999). AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), “Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities.” Washington, DC (2004). Abdel-Aty, M., and Abdelwahab, H., “Calibration of Nested-Logit Mode-Choice Models for Florida.” Final Report. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL. http://www.fsutmsonline.net/images/uploads/reports/FDOT_BC415rpta.pdf (November, 2001). Aboelata, M. J., Mikkelsen, L., Cohen, L., Fernandes, S., Silver, M., and Parks, L. F., The Built Environment and Health—11 Profiles of Neighborhood Transformation. Prepared for National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, by Prevention Institute, Oakland, CA (July, 2004). Abrahams, H., Has the Goodwill Bridge Induced Walking and Cycling Trips for Commuting to Brisbane’s Central Business District? Post Graduate Dissertation. University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia (October, 2002). Agrawal, A. Weinstein, and Schimek, P., “Extent and correlates of walking in the USA.” Transportation Research Part D, Vol. 12, Issue 8 (December, 2007). Alan M. Voorhees & Associates, Inc., “Traffic Forecast—Proposed Interim RF&P Railroad Commuter Demonstration Project.” Prepared for Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (January, 1968). Alliance for Biking & Walking, “Bicycling and Walking in the United States: 2010 Benchmarking Report.” Washington, DC. http://peoplepoweredmovement.org/site/index. php/site/member services/alliance_2010_benchmarking_report_information_findings (2010). Alta Planning + Design, “Fundamentals of Bicycle Boulevard Planning & Design.” Prepared for Initiative for Bicycle & Pedestrian Innovation, Portland State University, OR, http://www.ibpi. usp.pdx.edu/guidebook.php (July, 2009a). Alta Planning + Design, “National Bicycle and Pedestrian Project—Summary Report.” Portland, OR (December 18, 2008). Alta Planning + Design, “Way to Go Sausalito—Program Report & Evaluation” (May, 2009b). American Public Health Association, “Backgrounder—The Hidden Health Costs of Transportation.” http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B96B32A2-FA00-4D79-99AB-F0446 C63B254/0/TheHidden HealthCostsofTransportationBackgrounder.pdf (February, 2010). American Public Transportation Association, “2010 Public Transportation Fact Book.” Washington, DC http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf (April, 2010). American Public Transit Association, “SunLine Bike Racks Attract New Riders.” Passenger Transport. Newsletter of American Public Transit (now Transportation) Association, Washington, DC (February 10, 1997). 16-443

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Berke, E. M., Koepsell, T. D., Moudon, A. V., Hoskins, R. E., and Larson, E. B., “Association of the Built Environment With Physical Activity and Obesity in Older Persons.” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 97, No. 3 (March, 2007b). Berry, B. J. L., Geography of Market Centers and Retail Distribution. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1967). Besser, L. M., and Dannenberg, A. L., “Walking to Public Transit: Steps to Help Meet Physical Activity Recommendations.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 29, Issue 4 (November, 2005). Bhatia, R., and Wier, M., “’Safety in Numbers’ re-examined: Can we make valid or practical infer- ences from available evidence?” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 43, Issue 1 (January, 2011). Bicycle Federation of America, “Case Study No. 18—Analyses of Successful Provincial, State, and Local Bicycle and Pedestrian Programs in Canada and the United States.” National Bicycling And Walking Study. Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (1993). Bikestation. “Bikestation© Long Beach.” http://www.bikestation.org/longbeach/index.asp (Website accessed August 15, 2003). Bikesummer ’99, “SF’s Valencia Street: Two Lanes Better Than Four.” Bikesummer ’99 Zine (1999). Birk, M., A Tale of Portland Bridges. Alta Planning + Design, Portland, Oregon. (Accessed May 10, 2010 as BIKESAFE Bicycle Countermeasure Selection System Case Study #2) http://www.bi- cyclinginfo.org/bikesafe/case_studies.cfm [2003]. Birk, M., and Geller, R., “Bridging the Gaps: How the Quality and Quantity of a Connected Bikeway Network Correlates with Increasing Bicycle Use.” TRB 85th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers CD-ROM. Washington, DC (January 22–26, 2006). Boarnet, M. G., Anderson, C. L., Day, K., McMillan, T., and Alfonzo, M., “Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School Legislation—Urban Form Changes and Children’s Active Transportation to School.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, Vol. 28, Issue 2, Supplement 2 (February, 2005a). Boarnet, M. G., Day, K., Anderson, C., McMillan, T., and Alfonzo, M., “California’s Safe Routes to School Program—Impacts on Walking, Bicycling, and Pedestrian Safety.” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Summer, 2005b). Booz Allen Hamilton, “International Approaches to Tackling Transport Congestion—Paper 5 (Final): Walking and Cycling.” Prepared for the Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission, Australia. http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/0/DEED6E489 A0E8F33CA2571470008CE9B?OpenDocument (April, 2006). Bowker, J. M., Bergstrom, J. C., Gill, J., and Lemanski, U., The Washington & Old Dominion Trail: An Assessment of User Demographics, Preferences, and Economics. Final Report. Prepared for the Virginia Department of Conservation by the Southern Forest Research Station, the University of Georgia, and the National Park Service (December 9, 2004). 16-445

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