Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
67 APPENDIX B Phase I Survey Responses: Responses to Questionnaire
Dear State Geotechnical or Bridge Engineer: The Transportation Research Board is preparing a synthesis on âDeveloping Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data.â This is being done for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), under the sponsorship of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration. Practices vary widely nationwide for developing production pile driving criteria from test pile data obtained from static load testing, rapid load testing, or high strain dynamic testing with (or without) signal matching analysis. This synthesis will gather and synthesize the current practices various states use. We request your assistance in completing this survey, which is being sent to all State Departments of Transportation. Your cooperation in completing the questionnaire will help ensure the success of this effort. We request that this questionnaire be completed and returned by April 28, 2010. Note that if your state is not using test pile programs to develop production pile driving criteria, you will only need to respond to questions 1 - 9. When it is completed, please save it and email it to our consultant Dan Brown at dbrown@danbrownandassociates.com If you have any questions about the survey, you may contact Dr. Brown at 423-942-6861. 68
69 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 70
71 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 72
73 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 74
75 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 76
77 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 78
79 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 80
81 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 82
83 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 84
85 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 86
87 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 88
89 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 90
91 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 92
93 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 94
95 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 96
97 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 98
99 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 100
101 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 102
103 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 104
105 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 106
107 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 108
109 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 110
111 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 112
113 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 114
115 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 116
117 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 118
119 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 120
121 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 122
123 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 124
125 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 126
127 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 128
129 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 130
131 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 132
133 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 134
135 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 136
137 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 138
139 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 140
141 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 142
143 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 144
145 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 146
147 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 148
149 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 150
151 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 152
153 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 154
155 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 156
157 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 158
159 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 160
161 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 162
163 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 164
165 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 166
167 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 168
169 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 170
171 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 172
173 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 174
175 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 176
177 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 178
179 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 180
181 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 182
183 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 184
185 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 186
187 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 204
205 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 206
207 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 208
209 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 210
211 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 212
213 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 214
215 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 216
217 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 218
219 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 220
221 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 222
223 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 224
225 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 226
227 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 228
229 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 230
231 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 232
233 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 244
245 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 246
247 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 248
249 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 250
251 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 252
253 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 254
255 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 256
257 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 258
259 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 260
261 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 262
263 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 264
265 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 266
267 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 268
269 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 270
271 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 272
273 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 274
275 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 276
277 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 278
279 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 280
281 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 282
283 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time. 284
285 : A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag.
1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain 286
287 5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f.
6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions). 288
289 8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria?
10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain. 290
291 13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation?
16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles? 292
293 20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview?
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 354
355 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 356
357 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 358
359 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 360
361 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 362
363 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 364
365 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 366
367 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 368
369 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 370
371 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 394
395 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 396
397 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 398
399 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 400
401 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 402
403 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 404
405 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 406
407 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 408
409 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 410
411 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 412
413 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 414
415 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 416
417 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 418
419 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 420
421 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 422
423 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 424
425 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 426
427 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 428
429 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 430
431 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 432
433 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 434
435 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 436
437 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 438
439 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 440
441 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 442
443 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 444
445 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 446
447 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 448
449 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 450
451 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 452
453 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 454
455 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 456
457 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 458
459 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 460
461 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 462
463 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 464
465 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 466
467 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 468
469 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 470
471 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 472
473 Thank you for completing this survey on Synthesis Topic 41-10, Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data. Please provide your name and contact information below and complete the questionnaire that follows. Name Title Agency Address Email Phone Definition of terms For purposes of this questionnaire, the following definitions of terms are provided: : A specific set of requirements used to define the conditions which must be met during the installation of a production pile. Usually involves some combination of minimum embedment and/or driving resistance, the latter related to specific installation equipment. : Numerical model of the specific pile, soil conditions, and installation equipment, used to evaluate behavior of the pile and driving equipment for a specific project. : A closed form equation, such as the Gates or Engineering News formulas, used to relate pile hammer characteristics and driving resistance to the axial static resistance of the pile. : A measure of the resistance to penetration of the pile during driving. May be expressed as blows per foot (b/f or blow count), blows per inch (bpi), or set per blow (inches). : An analysis of the maximum driving resistance and the installation equipment in order to evaluate whether a hammer and driving system will likely install the pile in a satisfactory manner. : The last few blows during the installation of a driven pile. : A hammer blow or series of hammer blows applied to a pile after a period of time ranging from hours to days during which the pile is not actively driven. Restrike blows are applied in order to provide a measure of setup or relaxation after the initial driving of the pile. : An increase in the nominal axial resistance of a pile that develops over time.
: A reduction in the axial pile resistance after a period of time. : The first few restrike blows after a period of setup. : A measure of the behavior of the pile during one or more hammer blows in which instrumentation on the pile is used to obtain measurements of strain and acceleration. The Pile Driving Analyzer® (PDA) is a commonly used apparatus for dynamic monitoring. : The procedure for using dynamic monitoring to test deep foundations and determine static axial resistance is described by ASTM Standard D 4945-00. : The use of numerical modeling of the pile and pile driving system, back- calibrated to the results of a high strain dynamic test to determine static axial resistance. The CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) is an example of a computer code used for signal matching. : The application of a force pulse to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-7383-08. The Statnamic® (STN) loading device is a commonly used method for performing a rapid load test. : The application of a static force to perform a load test of a deep foundation element as described by ASTM Standard D-1143. : A pile which will become part of the permanent foundation for the structure. : A pile which installed prior to installation of production piles in order to aid in the determination of pile length variations across the site. Probe piles are typically not incorporated into the permanent structure. : A pile which is installed for the primary purpose of performing a test of the pile including the behavior during installation and/or during subsequent testing to determine the axial resistance. A test pile may or may not be incorporated into the permanent foundation as a production pile. : The resistance of a pile to static axial compression loading at the strength limit state. : The maximum amount of axial resistance which must be overcome in order to install the pile to the minimum pile penetration and to achieve the nominal bearing resistance. In addition to the nominal bearing resistance, the axial resistance which must be overcome may include axial resistance within zones of soil that may be removed by scour or that may be subject to downdrag. 474
475 1. What is your general geographic area (location & extent) of practice? (e.g. Louisiana, Missouri, New Orleans district, etc.) 2. Please estimate (to the best of your ability) approximately how many of the following occur within your agency on an annual basis: a. Number of projects with driven pile foundations b. Number of individual driven piles installed c. Lineal feet of driven piles installed 3. Please provide your best estimate of the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency requires contractor to submit an installation plan for driven piles which includes the following: a. No submittal required b. List of pile driving equipment only c. List of pile driving equipment plus wave equation analysis d. Specific information regarding the driving sequence e. Other information specific related to pile driving criteria, please explain 4. Please provide your best estimate the percentage of driven piles (e.g., out of the total number of driven piles used for transportation structures on an annual basis) for which your agency evaluates the suitability of the proposed hammer and driving system as follows: a. No evaluation is performed b. Specified hammer energy included in specifications c. Evaluate using a pile driving formula (please specify which formula is used) d. Evaluate using a wave equation analysis e. Other, please explain
5. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which the predominate method your agency uses as a criteria for installation of production piles is the following: a. Drive the pile to a specified tip elevation b. Drive the pile to practical refusal c. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a pile driving formula d. Drive the pile to a specified driving resistance (blow count) based upon a wave equation analysis (WEAP or similar) e. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to high strain dynamic measurements (such as with a PDA or similar device) f. Drive the pile to driving resistance (blow count) based upon correlation to the driving resistance of another pile which had previously been subjected to static or rapid load test measurements g. A combination of both e. and f. 476
477 6. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize restrike measurements to verify axial resistance or driving resistance on production piles after soil setup: a. Would not use restrike measurements because piles would be driven to the required driving resistance or practical refusal, for example, because the piles are designed to provide resistance from end bearing on rock or a hard layer b. Would not use restrike measurements because piles are installed to a specified tip elevation without regard to driving resistance c. Would restrike a few selected piles on the project to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance, but not necessarily one at every foundation location d. Would restrike at least one pile at each foundation location to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance if all of the piles at the foundation location do not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive e. Would restrike every pile which does not achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive to demonstrate setup through increased driving resistance f. Would restrike selected piles on the project to evaluate potential relaxation in axial resistance, even if piles were driven to achieve the required driving resistance on initial drive 7. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize dynamic monitoring (with PDA or similar) of production piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria. Please comment on factors affecting your agencyâs decision to utilize this technology (e.g., pile types and/or ground conditions).
8. Please estimate the percentage of driven pile projects for which your agency would utilize testing of pre-production (test or probe) piles prior to establishment of final production pile driving criteria as follows: a. Would not perform any load tests on pre-production piles b. Would install pre-production (probe) piles without dynamic monitoring c. Would install pre-production test piles with dynamic monitoring (PDA or similar) only d. Would install pre-production test piles for static or rapid load testing only e. Would install pre-production test piles with both c. and d. 9. If your agency does not use a test pile program to develop production pile driving criteria, what additional procedures are used by your agency to establish production pile driving criteria? 478
479 10. On what percentage of projects would the following types of tests be performed or required or utilized by your agency in order to determine the axial resistance of a test pile? a. High strain dynamic testing only (PDA or similar) b. High Strain dynamic testing with signal matching only (CAPWAP or similar) c. Static load tests only d. Rapid load tests (Statnamic or similar) only e. Combinations of the above f. Other (please explain) 11. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on pile type? If so, please explain. 12. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on ground conditions (e.g., end bearing vs. friction piles, rock vs. soil, sandy soil profiles vs. cohesive soil profiles, etc)? If so, please explain.
13. Does your agency make modifications to the prescribed number and types of pile tests described above based on economics/project size? If so, please explain. 14. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? Under what circumstances and with what frequency would signal matching computations (e.g., CAPWAP or similar) be performed on these measurements? 15. If your agency uses high strain dynamic testing: a. Are restrike measurements typically performed, and what factors are considered in deciding to perform restrike measurements? b. If so, what setup time is normally used and do you use different setup time in different soil conditions (e.g., piles in predominantly clay profiles vs. silt or sand)? c. What additional procedures are used for selecting a restrike blow for analysis (e.g., take the highest resistance, average 10 blows, etc.)? d. In interpreting restrike measurements to determine axial resistance, does your agency ever consider (or allow) the addition of base resistance from one blow with the side resistance from a different blow? If so, what factors are considered in utilizing this interpretation? 480
481 16. If only dynamic testing/signal matching is performed on selected test piles, what procedures are used by your agency to develop driving criteria for production piles using these results? 17. If your agency uses rapid load testing, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 18. If your agency uses static load tests, under what circumstances and with what frequency (on a particular project) would such tests be performed? 19. How are rapid or static load test results used in the development of driving criteria for production piles?
20. What quality assurance measures are used in combination with the driving criteria to evaluate production piles? 21. Please describe how the production pile driving criteria methods used by your agency affect the resistance factor chosen for design. 22. Would your agency be willing to respond to a telephone interview and if so, who should we contact for this interview? 482
