Guiding the Selection and Application of Wayside Energy Storage Technologies for Rail Transit and Electric Utilities (2010)

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Guiding the Selection & Application of Wayside Energy Storage Technologies for Rail Transit and Electric Utilities Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board Page 3 of 61 Guiding the Selection & Application of Wayside Energy Storage Technologies for Rail Transit and Electric Utilities Transportation Research Board Transit Cooperative Research Program Project J-6/Task 75 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7 2 Study Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 8 3 Potential Benefits of Energy Storage ........................................................................................... 8 4 Transit Agency Needs Assessment ............................................................................................ 10 4.1 Vendor data summary ......................................................................................................... 13 5 Simulation and Modeling Approach .......................................................................................... 15 5.1 Track alignment data ........................................................................................................... 16 5.2 Train operations data ........................................................................................................... 16 5.3 Vehicle characteristics data ................................................................................................. 16 5.4 Electrical network data ....................................................................................................... 17 5.5 Energy storage device (ESD) model ................................................................................... 18 5.6 Simulation results ................................................................................................................ 19 5.7 Light rail .............................................................................................................................. 20 5.7.1 System parameters ....................................................................................................... 20 5.7.2 Train voltage support requirement ............................................................................... 20 5.7.3 ESD option ................................................................................................................... 22 5.7.4 ESD parameters ........................................................................................................... 23 5.8 Metro rail ............................................................................................................................ 24 5.8.1 System parameters ....................................................................................................... 24 5.9 Commuter rail ..................................................................................................................... 26 5.9.1 System parameters ....................................................................................................... 26 6 Economic Measures of Benefit .................................................................................................. 28 6.1 Electricity cost saving analysis – light rail ......................................................................... 28 6.2 Energy cost savings – metro rail ......................................................................................... 31 7 Guiding the Selection of Energy Storage Application ............................................................... 32 7.1 Selection of ESD power rating and energy capacity .......................................................... 32 7.1.1 Power rating ................................................................................................................. 32 7.1.2 Energy capacity ............................................................................................................ 33 7.2 Load cycles ......................................................................................................................... 34 7.2.1 Light rail ....................................................................................................................... 34 7.2.2 Metro rail (heavy rail) .................................................................................................. 35 7.2.3 Commuter rail .............................................................................................................. 36 CONTENTS

Guiding the Selection & Application of Wayside Energy Storage Technologies for Rail Transit and Electric Utilities Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board Page 4 of 61 7.2.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 37 7.3 Sensitivity analysis .............................................................................................................. 38 7.3.1 The effect of ESD power rating on voltage improvement ........................................... 39 7.3.2 The effect of headway offset on voltage improvement and system receptivity .......... 40 7.3.3 The effect of voltage limit on system receptivity ........................................................ 40 7.3.4 The effect of headway on system receptivity .............................................................. 41 7.3.5 The effect of ESD control voltage on load cycle ......................................................... 43 7.3.6 The effect of ESD rating on load cycle ........................................................................ 46 8 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 48 9 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 48 10 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... 49 11 References ................................................................................................................................ 49 Appendix A - Energy Storage Research Consortium ................................................................... 50 Appendix B - Vendor Advisory Group ......................................................................................... 51 Appendix C – Simulation Software .............................................................................................. 54 C.1 Train movement simulation ............................................................................................... 54 C.2 Electrical network simulation ............................................................................................. 56 C.3 Organization of Simulation Results ................................................................................... 58 C.4 Post-Processing of Simulation Results ............................................................................... 59 C.5 Software Validation ............................................................................................................ 61

Guiding the Selection & Application of Wayside Energy Storage Technologies for Rail Transit and Electric Utilities Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board Page 5 of 61 Figure 1-1: Electricity consumed in public transit in the U.S. ........................................................ 7 Figure 4-1: Ragone Chart for energy storage device .................................................................... 13 Figure 4-2: Sustainable discharge rate for energy capacity .......................................................... 13 Figure 4-3: Energy/power for energy storage device ................................................................... 14 Figure 4-4: Cycles/power for energy storage device .................................................................... 14 Figure 4-5: Sustainable discharge time for energy storage device ............................................... 15 Figure 5-1: Power control diagram for vehicles ........................................................................... 17 Figure 5-2: Power Control Diagram for Energy Storage Device ................................................. 18 Figure 5-3: Train voltages under A4-TPSS outage condition ...................................................... 21 Figure 5-4: Train voltages under A5-TPSS outage condition ...................................................... 21 Figure 5-5: Train voltages under A4-TPSS outage condition with storage .................................. 22 Figure 5-6: Train voltages under A5-TPSS outage condition with storage .................................. 23 Figure 5-7: Train voltages with CBH at G05B (metro rail) .......................................................... 25 Figure 5-8: Train voltages with CBH at G05B (metro rail) with storage ..................................... 25 Figure 5-9: Train voltages under CBH option .............................................................................. 26 Figure 5-10: Train voltages under substation option .................................................................... 27 Figure 5-11: Train voltages under ESD option (commuter rail, 4MW ESD) ............................... 27 Figure 7-1: ESD power rating versus system type and power rating ........................................... 33 Figure 7-2: ESD energy capacity versus system type and power rating ....................................... 33 Figure 7-3: Peak hour ESD load cycle (light rail, 5-minute headway) ......................................... 34 Figure 7-4: Off hour ESD load cycle (light rail, 15-minute headway) ......................................... 34 Figure 7-5: Peak hour ESD load cycle (metro rail, 2-minute headway) ....................................... 35 Figure 7-6: Midday ESD load cycle (metro rail, 5 minute headway) ........................................... 35 Figure 7-7: Off hour ESD load cycle (metro rail, 15-minute headway) ....................................... 36 Figure 7-8: Peak hour ESD load cycle (commuter rail) ............................................................... 36 Figure 7-9: Weekday Operating Hours Distribution .................................................................... 37 Figure 7-10: Weekend Operating Hours Distribution .................................................................. 37 Figure 7-11: Train voltages with 3MW ESD at G05B (metro rail) .............................................. 39 Figure 7-12: Train voltages with 4MW ESD at G05B (metro rail) .............................................. 40 Figure 7-13: Time-distance plot for peak hour trains under different headway offsets for westbound trains (metro rail) ........................................................................................................ 41 Figure 7-14: Minimum train voltages versus headway offsets (metro rail) .................................. 42 Figure 7-15: System receptivity versus headway offsets (metro rail) .......................................... 42 Figure 7-16: System receptivity versus voltage limits (metro rail) .............................................. 43 Figure 7-17: System receptivity versus headway (metro rail) ...................................................... 43 Figure 7-18: ESD load cycle under different control voltages (commuter rail) ........................... 44 Figure 7-19: ESD power rating vs. voltage improvement (commuter rail) .................................. 45 Figure 7-20: ESD energy capacity vs. voltage improvement (commuter rail) ............................. 46 Figure 7-21: Simulated ESD load cycles (metro rail) ................................................................... 47 Figure 7-22: Simulated ESD energy cycles (metro rail) ............................................................... 47 Figure B-1: Simulated Generic ESD Load Cycle ......................................................................... 53 Figure C-1: Speed profile for eastbound train (metro rail) ........................................................... 54 LIST OF FIGURES

Guiding the Selection & Application of Wayside Energy Storage Technologies for Rail Transit and Electric Utilities Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board Page 6 of 61 Figure C-2: Power profile for eastbound train (metro rail) ........................................................... 55 Figure C-3: Speed profile for westbound train (metro rail) .......................................................... 55 Figure C-4: Power profile for westbound train (metro rail) ......................................................... 56 Figure C-5: Power profiles for one eastbound train (metro rail) .................................................. 57 Figure C-6: Power profile for one westbound train (metro rail) ................................................... 57 Figure C-7: Rectifier load cycle plot processed in Excel ............................................................. 59 Figure C-8: ESD load cycle plot processed in Excel .................................................................... 60 Figure C-9: Train voltage plot processed in Excel ....................................................................... 60