Alternative Aircraft Anti-Icing Formulations with Reduced Aquatic Toxicity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (2010)

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Appendix D Details on Candidate PDM FPDs Recommended for Further Evaluation

D-1 FINAL CANDIDATE FPDS FOR PDMS The following paragraphs detail information for each candidate FPD selected for experimental evaluation: 1,1,1-Trimethanolethane: Candidate 111.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 77-85-0. Its chemical formula is C5H12O3. Its melting point is 200.5°C (5). Its flash point is 320°F (6). Its Aldrich catalog price is $19.50 per kilogram. Its theoretical oxygen demand is 1.731 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic or mammalian toxicity. Xylitol: Candidate 113.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 87-99-0. Its chemical formula is C5H12O5. Xylitol is used as an artificial sweetener. Its melting point is 92.6°C (5). Because it is a room temperature solid, its flash point is considered to be high. Its Aldrich catalog price is $90.40 per kilogram (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 1.157 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic toxicity. Its rat oral LD50 is 16,500 mg/kg (11). D-Gluconic acid, δ-lactone: Candidate 147.03. This candidate’s CAS number is 90-80-2. Its chemical formula is C6H10O6. It decomposes at 160°C (6). Because it is a room temperature solid, its flash point is considered to be high. Its Aldrich catalog price is $93.70 per kilogram (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 0.988 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic or mammalian toxicity. Trimethylolpropane: Candidate 157.03. This candidate’s CAS number is 77-99-6. Its chemical formula is C6H14O3. Its melting point is 60.3°C (5). Its flash point is 341.6°F (6). Its Aldrich catalog price is $22.83 per kilogram (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 1.908 g oxygen per g chemical. Its 96 hr LC50 for sheepshead minnow is 14,400 mg/L (10). Its rat oral LD50 is 14,100 mg/kg (11). Sodium acetate: Candidate 332.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 127-09-3. Its chemical formula is C2H3NaO2. It is a room temperature solid. Its flash point is greater than 480°F (6). Its Aldrich catalog price is $72.50 (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 0.683 g oxygen per g chemical. Its 120 hr LC50 for fathead minnow is 13,330 mg/L (10). Its rat oral LD50 is 3,530 mg/kg (11). Calcium propionate: Candidate 749.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 4075-81-4. Its chemical formula is C6H10CaO4. Because it is a room temperature solid, its flash point is considered to be high. Its Aldrich catalog price is $26.50 per kilogram (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 1.117 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic toxicity. Its rat oral LD50 is 3,920 mg/kg (11). Disodium succinate: Candidate 1509.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 150-90-3. Its chemical formula is C4H4Na2O4. Because it is a room temperature solid, its flash point is considered to be high. Its Aldrich catalog price is $58.50 per kilogram (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 0.592 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic or mammalian toxicity.

APPENDIX D D-2 L-Tartaric acid dipotassium salt: Candidate 1592.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 921-53- 9. Its chemical formula is C4H4K2O6. Because it is a room temperature solid, its flash point is considered to be high. Its Aldrich catalog price is $105.20 per kilogram (6). Its theoretical oxygen demand is 0.283 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic or mammalian toxicity. Tripotassium citrate: Candidate 1829.01. This candidate’s CAS number is 6100-05-6. Its chemical formula is C6H5K3O7. Because it is a room temperature solid, its flash point is considered to be high. Its Aldrich catalog price is $133.50 per kilogram (6). The theoretical oxygen demand is 0.392 g oxygen per g chemical. Quantitative values could not be found for its aquatic or mammalian toxicity.