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xi Table 92: Recommended Gradation for OGFC.............................................................. 169 Table 93: Costs (net present value) and Effect of the Three Noise Abatement Techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 174 Table 94: Models Relating Hydraulic Conductivity to Structural Design of Porous Pavements ....................................................................................................................... 181 Table 95: Properties of One Porous Mix and Two Unbound Aggregates ...................... 183 Table 96: Properties of One Porous Mix and Two Unbound Aggregates ...................... 183 Table 97: Typical Winter Maintenance Techniques for F-Mix ...................................... 189 Table 98: Measurement Methods and Equations............................................................ 192 Table 99: OGFC Properties ............................................................................................ 193 Table 100: Test Matrix.................................................................................................... 195 Table 101: Materials and Mixes Used in This Study...................................................... 202 Table 102: Tests for Different Properties ....................................................................... 203 Table 103: Composition of Mix Design Blends ............................................................. 211 Table 104: Composite Blends and Mixture Properties ................................................... 211 Table 105: Summary of Deicing/Anti-icing Techniques................................................ 213 Table 106: Summary of Friction Numbers Measured on the Test Lane and Control Lane ......................................................................................................................................... 214 Table 107: Properties of Materials and Information on Mix Design.............................. 221 Table 108: Results of Mix Design .................................................................................. 222 Table 109: Conclusions from Comparison of SHRP Model Predicted Versus Measured Temperatures................................................................................................................... 227 Table 110: Conclusions from Comparison of LTPP Model Predicted Versus Measured Temperatures................................................................................................................... 228 Table 111: Materials and Mixes Used by Watson et al .................................................. 229 Table 112: Tests for Different Properties ....................................................................... 231 Table 113: Materials and Mixes ..................................................................................... 234 Table 114: Mix Design Information ............................................................................... 238 Table 115: Mix Design Information Continued.............................................................. 239 Table 116: Mix Design Information Continued.............................................................. 239 Table 117: Description of Pavement Structure and Construction .................................. 240 Table 118: Details of Tests Conducted........................................................................... 241 Table 119: Typical Percolation Speed of Porous Asphalt in France .............................. 245 Table 120: Reduction in Noise Levels at Various Locations ......................................... 250
xii Table 121: Aggregate Grading Used in This Investigation ............................................ 252 Table 122: Materials, Mix Design and Test Results....................................................... 257 Table 123: Results of All Sound Measurements............................................................. 259 Table 124: Results of Surface Texture Measurement..................................................... 259 Table 125: Results of Friction Measurement.................................................................. 260 Table 126: Variability of Test data from OGFC Projects (25 projects, 319 data points)265 Table 127: Specification Limits for OGFC .................................................................... 266 Table 128: Pay Table for Small Production.................................................................... 267 Table 129: General Climatic Statistics for the Netherlands............................................ 269 Table 130: Recommend Spreading Rates ....................................................................... 269 Table 131: OGFC Placement Temperatures ................................................................... 277 Table 132: OGFC Temperature Limits........................................................................... 278 Table 133: NCAT Recommended Aggregate Properties................................................ 282 Table 134: NCAT's recommended Gradation Requirements ......................................... 282 Table 135: Specifications for Selecting Optimum Asphalt Binder Content................... 282 Table 136: TxDOT Master Gradation Band and Binder Content................................... 283 Table 137: Summary of Design Requirements in Australia ........................................... 285 Table 138: Typical Reported OGFC Mixture Service Life ............................................ 291 Table 139: Gradation Requirements in Switzerland....................................................... 294 Table 140: Gradation Requirements in Japan................................................................. 295
