Survey of Laws and Regulations of Airport Commercial Ground Transportation (2008)

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22 CALIFORNIA Statewide Regulations The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) generally regulates commercial carriers in the State of California. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 5381 (2007). For more details, see the state report or visit the CPUC Web site at http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc. Case History The plaintiff car rental company challenged an access fee and appealed a judgment from the United States District Court, which held that an airport access fee did not violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. U.S. Const. art. I, § 8 cl. 3. The Appellate Court affirmed the District Court, and held that access fees do not violate the Commerce Clause as long as they apply equally to passengers without regard for their destination. Alamo Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Palm Springs, 955 F.2d 30 (9th Cir. 1992). An appellant alleged that the parking tax imposed by the respondent was preempted by the Anti- Head Tax Act, and violated the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. “The California Appellate Court held that a Transient Parking Tax (TPT) did not violate the Supremacy Clause, because it was not a tax on air commerce, was paid by the customer, and was not imposed exclusively upon airport businesses.” Therefore, there was no conflict with 49 U.S.C. § 40116. Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Auth. v. City of Burbank, 76 Cal. Rptr. 2d 297, 64 Cal. App. 4th 1217 (1998). A tour operator challenged an exclusive contract as a violation of federal antitrust laws. The District Court denied the claim, finding that there was no antitrust violation. The tour operator argued that a 10-year exclusive contract awarded to the appellee violated federal and state antitrust laws. The Appellate Court determined that an airport may replace competition with regulation amongst its ground transportation service providers and not violate federal antitrust laws so long as the regulation is performed as part of a state policy. Lorrie's Travel & Tours v. SFO Airporter, 753 F.2d 790 (9th Cir. 1985). California—Bob Hope Airport (BUR) Overview BUR is owned and operated by the Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority. The authority generally regulates ground transportation, but it does not publish any formal rules or regulations. Rather, commercial ground transportation operators must enter into a contract with the authority, and all rules are written into the contracts. Contracts are written on a case-by-case basis, and BUR does not supply standardized contracts. BUR is a semi-closed system. Contact the Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority for more information, (818) 840-8840.

23 California—Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) Overview There are several sources of regulation for commercial vehicles at LAX: 1. The Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LA DOT) regulates taxicab registration and operation within the City of Los Angeles. 2. LAX regulates commercial ground transportation with rules published under authority of the Los Angeles City Charter. The charter grants the use and control of city airports to Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA). Los Angeles, Admin. Code §§ 632, 633 (2007). 3. Common carriers are regulated by CPUC. All commercial vehicles at LAX “shall strictly comply with…[the] applicable rules, regulations and laws found in the California Public Utilities and Vehicle Codes, the Los Angeles Municipal Code, the Los Angeles Administrative Code, and any other codes that are applicable.” Airport Rules and Regulations: Commercial Vehicle Permit Program, ch. 2 § 1 (2004). 4. For information on the general regulations created by the State of California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or defined in the California Code, see the State Report for California. LAX is a semi-closed system. Local City Regulations.—LA DOT was created to oversee and manage the city’s transportation needs. It is given the necessary regulatory power under Los Angeles Admin. Code. § 22.481 (2007). Cited as: Board Order No. x § x (2007). Overview LA DOT’s Board of Taxicab Commissioners suggests rules, makes inspections, and reviews taxicab operations. Los Angeles Admin. Code § 22.488 (2007). LA DOT publishes a Taxicab Rule Book under Board Order No. 471 of the Board of Taxicab Commissioners. The rules contain numerous guidelines for taxicab operators and drivers, including equipment requirements, fare schedules, necessary documentation, in-vehicle advertising, automotive inspections, registration, and other operational limits. Board Order No. 471 § 100- 900 (2007). Penalties and Violations Violations, citations, and appeals are enforced under the provisions of § 900 of Board Order 471 (2007). LA DOT uses a progressive penalty system where penalties are increased for repeat violators. The penalties are explained in

24 Schedule III of the LA DOT regulations. Id. For every violation, a driver is entitled to a hearing in front of an administrative investigator, and drivers may appeal the investigator’s decision. Board Order No. 471 §§ 903, 906 (2007). Airport Regulations.—The Airport Permit Program’s rules are published as the Rules and Regulations of the City of Los Angeles Department of Airports Governing the Permit Program for the Operation of Commercial Vehicles Transporting Passengers at Los Angeles International Airport (2004). Cited as: Rules and Regs. § x (2004). Vehicle Registration Requirements All vehicles must be registered with: 1. California DMV. 2. At least one of the following agencies: a. CPUC, b. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), its successors,2 or c. LA DOT. Each commercial vehicle must register with the Department of Airports and obtain an operating permit, decal, and Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) tag. Rules and Regs. § II.2 (2004). Vans and Buses Rules are designed to keep bus operators working within the limits of their airport permit. Van and bus permits only allow certain, limited activities at the airport. Rules and Regs. § III (2004). Courtesy Vehicles Courtesy vehicles must meet minimum display requirements. Rules and Regs. § IV (2004). Taxicabs Taxis must comply with Board Order Number 471 of the Board of Transportation Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles. Rules and Regs. § V (2004). Taxicabs serve the airport on a rotating basis. Each vehicle’s identification number ends with an A, B, C, D or E. Every day of the year is designated as an “A day,” “B day,” etc. Only taxis with the appropriate decal may pick up passengers on that day. Id. Taxis must pay a $2.50 trip fee. Fee collections 2 The Rules and Regulations have not been updated to reflect that Congress has abolished the ICC.

25 and taxi stand operations are supervised by a private taxicab oversight organization (ATS). This fee is collected separately from the Landside Operations fees collected through the AVI system. Id. Charter Buses Charters are required to obtain trip tickets between 7:00 a.m. and midnight. Airport rules include specific documentation requirements. Rules and Regs. § VI (2004). Crew Transit Vehicles Vehicles operating under contract with air carriers transporting only company employees are not required to pay fees under the permit program. However, they must follow other airport rules. Rules and Regs. § VII (2004). Automobiles for Hire All nontaxicabs that provide prearranged rides are defined as automobiles-for-hire. Rules and Regs. § VIII (2004). Automobiles-for-hire, usually limousines or town cars, may not have top lights or external company identification. Id. Permits and Enforcements Airport rules are enforced by airport employees and airport police. Rules and Regs. § X (2004). Violations may lead to fines or suspensions. Id. The city uses impartial hearing officers—made up of law school students, attorneys, or other noncity employees—to adjudicate violations. Id. These administrative hearings are not required when a violation has been proved in a court of law. Id. The executive director may immediately suspend a permit for nonpayment, CPUC suspensions, or insurance lapse. Id. The terms and conditions of a license agreement define the city’s ability to terminate a permit. If an operator violates a term of the agreement, the city may suspend or terminate the relationship without an administrative hearing. Id. The airport uses a points system to track all nontaxicab operator violations and issue standardized suspensions. Id.

26 Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of LAX are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of Los Angeles is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). In addition, FMCSA regulations describe a specific exempt area surrounding the Los Angeles area. “Within Los Angeles; any municipality contiguous or adjacent to Los Angeles; San Pedro; Wilmington; Terminal Island Districts of Los Angeles and Long Beach; and certain parts of Los Angeles County north of a delineated boundary (see Appendix F Sec. 1 for a specific delineation).” 49 C.F.R. 339 app. F (2007). Contact Information LAX Ground Transportation Permit Unit (310) 215-5326 LAX Parking Services Section (310) 646-9070 LAX Parking Audit Section (310) 646-5706 LA DOT (800) 501-0999 CPUC—Licensing (415) 703-2063 California—Metropolitan Oakland International Airport (OAK) Overview OAK is owned and operated by the Port of Oakland. There are two sources of regulations for operators at OAK. The City of Oakland regulates taxicabs in its municipal code. The port provides regulation for all other ground transportation under a series of ordinances. OAK is a closed system. Local Port of Oakland Rules and Regulations Cited as: Ordinance No. xxxx § x (2001). Records and Permits All ground transportation services must have an Airport Operating Permit. Ordinance No. 3648 § 3 (2001). Applications must include proper documentation of business operations and vehicles, fees, and a transponder deposit. Id. Within 30 days of receiving a permit, the operator shall submit a vehicle maintenance plan to the Landside Operations Manager. Ordinance No. 3648 § 6 (2001). Vehicle Requirements Vehicles must be maintained and meet certain equipment requirements standards. Ordinance No. 3648 § 6 (2001).

27 Vehicles will be inspected prior to receiving a permit and at the discretion of the Landside Operations Manager. Id. Driver Rules Permit holders must perform drug testing and criminal background checks on their employees. Ordinance No. 3648 § 5 (2001). Drivers must carry an identification badge and maintain their personal hygiene and appearance. Ordinance No. 3648 § 7 (2001). Insurance Requirements Permit holders must carry certain levels of insurance, and provide evidence of coverage to the airport. Ordinance No. 3648 § 4 (2001). Operations A permit authorizes operations at OAK provided they are conducted in accordance with state and federal law. Ordinance No. 3648 § 5 (2001). Operations may only be conducted within the terms of an operator’s permit, within authorized operating areas, and in a vehicle carrying an airport transponder. Ordinance No. 3648 § 5 (2001). Fees Operators must pay yearly permit fees and per- trip fees. Amounts are determined by Board Ordinance and vary based on the type of vehicle and operation authorized by each permit. Ordinance No. 3648 § 8 (2001). Violations and Hearings Fines, suspensions, and permit cancellations are authorized by Ordinance No. 3648 § 8 (2001). When the Landside Operations Manager believes that a violation has occurred, the operator is sent a notice. The operator may request a hearing. Ordinance No. 3648 § 10 (2001). Hearings are administrative functions heard by three Port Hearing Officers. Their decision is final. Ordinance No. 3648 § 10 (2001). Rental Cars Off-airport rental car operators must pay an annual privilege fee and a percentage of the monthly receipts, and keep a deposit with the airport in order to pick up airport passengers from the terminal. Ordinance No. 3648 Exhibit 2 (2001). Operators must maintain certain records and keep them available for inspection by the airport staff. Failure to keep the required records or to accurately report business receipts will be grounds for a violation. Ordinance No. 3648 Exhibit 2 (2001).

28 Case History Oakland v. Burns, 46 Cal. 2d 401, 296 P.2d 333 (1956). The city sought to enjoin the transportation service provider's operation of its business on roads at an airport owned and operated by the city. The Supreme Court found that the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority did not have the power to dedicate port roads to the public because the roads were not public streets. City of Oakland Taxicab Regulations Oakland, Cal., Municipal Code tit. 5 § 5.64 (1998). Cited as: Municipal Code § x.xx.xxx. Permit Requirements Operators must obtain three permits: 1. The Fleet Operators Permit requires operators to maintain certain documents and properly supervise the fleet. Municipal Code § 5.64.040. 2. Vehicle permits must be issued to each vehicle in a fleet. Municipal Code § 5.64.050. 3. Operating permits are issued to individual vehicles that meet inspection requirements. Municipal Code § 5.64.050. Driver Rules Drivers must comply with conduct rules and maintain proper records. Municipal Code § 5.64.070. Insurance All operations must be conducted with adequate insurance coverage. Municipal Code § 5.64.090. Fares The city sets taxicab fares. Municipal Code § 5.64.100. Alien Registrants Taxicabs registered in different municipalities may drop off passengers, but may not accept new passengers without permission from the City of Oakland. Municipal Code § 5.64.130. Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of OAK are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of Oakland is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). Contact Information General Information (510) 563-3300

29 California—Ontario International Airport (ONT) Overview ONT is owned and operated by Los Angeles World Airports. The primary source of regulation is the Ontario International Airport’s Ground Transportation Rules and Regulations. ONT is a semi-closed system. Local Ontario International Airport System Ground Transportation Rules and Regulations Cited as: Rules and Regs. § x.x.x (2005). Records and Permits Commercial vehicle operators are required to be licensed by the city or be part of a concessionaire agreement with the airport and must obtain and display a city permit. Rules and Regs. § 2.01.6 (2003). Vehicle Operations Commercial vehicle operators are required to obtain and attach to the vehicle an AVI transponder. Rules and Regs § 2.01.8 (2003). Each vehicle being used by an operator must be registered with the airport and carry a common color scheme so as to be readily identifiable as a member of that operator’s fleet. Rules and Regs. § 2.22 (2003). All vehicles must be kept clean and in working condition. The vehicles are subject to inspection by the airport. Rules and Regs. § 2.26 (2003). Driver Rules Every driver must be licensed by the state, under the supervision of a permit holder, and knowledgeable of the airport Rules and Regulations. Rules and Regs. § 2.12 (2003). Drivers must wear a driver identification badge while on airport grounds. Rules and Regs. § 2.09 (2003). Drivers must maintain a clean and neat appearance. Rules and Regs. § 2.10 (2003). Suspensions and Appeals Administrative citations will be issued for any violation of the Rules and Regulations. The citations will be issued to the carrier or operator, rather than the driver. The citations may consist of suspensions or termination of license. Rules and Regs. § 9.03 05 (2003).

30 There is no right to a hearing in the event of a termination of license. Rules and Regs. § 9.05 (2003). Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of ONT are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of Ontario is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). In addition, FMCSA regulations define a special exempt area: (a) The exemption provided by section 203(b)(8) of Part II of the Interstate Commerce Act to the extent it affects transportation by motor vehicle, in interstate or foreign commerce, performed wholly within Los Angeles, Calif., or wholly within any municipality contiguous or adjacent to Los Angeles, Calif., or wholly a part of Los Angeles, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, or wholly within the zone adjacent to and commercially a part of the San Pedro, Wilmington, and Terminal Island Districts of Los Angeles and Long Beach, as defined in paragraph (c) of this section, or wholly within the zone of any independent municipality contiguous or adjacent to Los Angeles, as determined under § 372.241, or otherwise, between any point in Los Angeles County, Calif., north of the line described below, on the one hand, and, on the other, any point in Los Angeles County, Calif., south thereof is hereby removed and the said transportation is hereby subjected to all the…provisions of the [Act]: Beginning at the Pacific Ocean, and extending easterly along the northern and eastern corporate limits of Manhattan Beach to the northern corporate limits of Redondo Beach, thence along the northern and eastern corporate limits of Redondo Beach to the intersection of Inglewood Avenue and Redondo Beach Boulevard, thence along Redondo Beach Boulevard to the corporate limits of Torrance, thence along the northwestern and eastern corporate limits of Torrance to 182d Street, thence along 182d Street, Walnut, and Main Streets to Alondra Boulevard, thence along Alondra Boulevard to its intersection with Dwight Avenue, thence southerly along Dwight Avenue and an imaginary straight line extending southward to Greenleaf Boulevard, thence eastward along Greenleaf Boulevard to the northwestern corner of the corporate limits of Long Beach, thence along the northern and eastern corporate limits of Long Beach to Artesia Boulevard, thence east on Artesia Boulevard to the County line. (b) For the purpose of administration and enforcement of Part II of the Interstate Commerce Act, the zone adjacent to and commercially a part of Los Angeles and contiguous municipalities (except the San Pedro, Wilmington, and Terminal Island districts of Los Angeles and Long Beach, Calif.), in which transportation by motor vehicle in interstate or foreign commerce, not under a common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous carriage or shipment to or from a point beyond the zone, will be partially exempt from regulation under section 203(b)(8) of the act, is hereby defined to include the area of a line extending in a generally northwesterly and northerly direction from the intersection of Inglewood Avenue and Redondo Beach Boulevard along the eastern and northern corporate limits of Redondo Beach, Calif., to the eastern corporate limits of Manhattan Beach, Calif., thence along the eastern northern corporate limits of Manhattan Beach to the Pacific Ocean, thence along the shoreline of the Pacific Ocean to the western corporate limits of Los Angeles at a point east of Topanga Canyon, and thence along the western corporate limits of Los Angeles to a point near Santa Susana Pass; south of a line extending in a generally easterly direction from a point near Santa Susana Pass along the northern corporate limits of Los Angeles to the eastern corporate limits of Burbank, Calif., thence along the eastern corporate limits of Burbank to the northern corporate limits of Glendale, Calif., and thence along the northern corporate limits of Glendale and Pasadena, Calif., to the northeastern corner of Pasadena; west of a line extending in a generally southerly and southwesterly direction from the northeastern corner of Pasadena along the eastern and a portion of the southern corporate limits of Pasadena to the eastern corporate limits of San Marino, Calif., thence along the eastern corporate limits of San Marino and the eastern and a portion of the southern corporate limits of Alhambra, Calif., to the

31 western corporate limits of Monterey Park, Calif., and the western corporate limits of Montebello, Calif., thence along the western corporate limits of Montebello, Calif., to the Rio Hondo, and the Los Angeles River to the northern corporate limits of Long Beach., and north of a line extending in a generally westerly direction from the Los Angeles River along the northern corporate limits of Long Beach and thence along Greenleaf Boulevard to its intersection with an imaginary straight line extending southward from Dwight Avenue, thence north on the imaginary straight line extending southward from Dwight Avenue, and thence northerly along Dwight Avenue to Alondra Boulevard, thence west along Alondra Boulevard, Main, Walnut, and 182d Streets to the eastern corporate limits of Torrance, thence along a portion of the eastern and the northwestern corporate limits of Torrance to Redondo Beach Blvd., and thence along Redondo Beach Blvd. to Inglewood Avenue. (c) For the purpose of administration and enforcement of Part II of the Interstate Commerce Act, the zone adjacent to and commercially a part of the San Pedro, Wilmington, and Terminal Island districts of Los Angeles and Long Beach in which transportation by motor vehicle in interstate or foreign commerce, not under a common control, management, or arrangement for a continuous carriage or shipment to or from a point beyond the zone, will be partially exempt from regulation under section 203(b)(8) of the act, is hereby defined to include the area east of a line extending in a generally northerly and northwesterly direction from the Pacific Ocean along the western corporate limits of Los Angeles to 258th Street, thence along 258th Street to the eastern corporate limits of Torrance, and thence along a portion of the eastern, and along the southern and western, corporate limits of Torrance to the northwestern corner of Torrance, south of a line extending in a generally easterly direction from the northwestern corner of Torrance along the northwestern and a portion of the eastern corporate limits of Torrance to 182d Street, thence along 182d, Walnut, Main, and Alondra Boulevard to its intersection with Dwight Avenue, thence southerly along Dwight Avenue and an imaginary straight line extending southward from Dwight Avenue to Greenleaf Boulevard and thence along Greenleaf Boulevard and the northern corporate limits of Long Beach to the northeastern corner of Long Beach; west of the eastern corporate limits of Long Beach; and north of the southern corporate limits of Long Beach and Los Angeles. 49 C.F.R. 399(B) app. F (2007). Contact Information General Information (909) 937-2700 Media Relations (909) 975-5360 California—San Diego International Airport (SAN) Overview The San Diego County Regional Airport Authority (Authority) owns and operates SAN. Commercial ground operators must comply with the Authority Code and the rules of the Ground Transportation Service Manager. SAN is a semi-closed system.

32 Local Authority Code Cited as: Authority Code x.x (2002). Records and Permits Before offering regularly scheduled bus or shuttle service, an operator must obtain a ground transportation service permit. Authority Code 9.12 (2002). Individual vehicles are licensed and issued AVI tags. Id. Operators must carry certain minimum insurance. Authority Code 9.14 (2002). Driver Rules Drivers must have an airport permit and meet professional standards of conduct and abide by the operating standards of the airport. Authority Code 9.13 (2002). Suspensions and Appeals The Manager of Airport Operations is authorized to revoke or suspend permits through procedures outlined in Ordinance No. 418-R. Port Rules ch. 26 § 4 (2007). Ground Transportation Service Manager Rules Scope The Ground Transportation Service Manager issues rules and regulations as needed to promote transportation operations at SAN. The rules cover a variety of operational and procedural standards including, but not limited to, short-haul taxi operations, driver conduct rules, decal requirements, holding lots and dispatch lane procedures, AVI program rules, courtesy vehicle rules, and charter rules. Currency These rules are issued by the Ground Transportation Service Manager, not the authority, and can change quickly to deal with new circumstances. Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of SAN are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of San Diego is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007).

33 Contact Information General Information (619) 400-2400 Airport Authority (619) 400-2408 Business and Properties (619) 400-2568 Ground Transportation (619) 400-2685 California—San Francisco International Airport (SFO) Overview SFO is owned and operated by the City of San Francisco. The Mayor-appointed Airport Commission is in charge of setting airport policy, and the day-to-day operations are run by the Airport Director. SFO Airport Rules and Regulations are promulgated by San Francisco, Cal., City Charter art. IV § 4.115 (2007). SFO is a closed system. Local Airport Rules and Regulations Cited as: Airport Rules and Regs. x.x (2006). Operation of Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle operation on public airport roads is regulated by the Airport Rules. These rules require drivers to obey signage, parking restrictions, and curb markings. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4 (2006). Inspections, fees, and staging area rules are based on vehicle and operation type. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(A)(5)-(2)(12) (2006). All drivers must comply with certain operating standards, including identification requirements, AVI compliance, receipt availability, and complaint card rules. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(A)(14)(a)(18) (2006). Vehicle and Driver Enhanced Safety Program There are separate penalties for vehicle and driver violations of Rule 1.4. Each violation may be appealed, in writing, to the Manager of Airfield Operations. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.9 (2006). Commercial Operator Requirements Operators under contract with the airport to provide transportation services shall possess the following permits: 1. Charter or Passengers Stage Permit—Issued by the CPUC.

34 2. Commercial Ground Transportation Operating Permit—Issued by the airport director. The following vehicles and operators do not need permits: 1. Taxicabs, 2. Vendors providing transportation to airline crews, 3. Public agencies, and 4. Operators working under a contract with the City and County of San Francisco. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(A)(2) (2006). Operators shall register each vehicle that will operate at the airport and keep certain required records. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(A)(7) (2006) Vehicles must meet airport standards for safety, markings, and equipment. Id. The airport director will charge monthly fees based on airport trips recorded by the Airport AVI system. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(A)(5) (2006). Operators must charge passengers according to the airport rate schedule in Airport Rules and Regs. App. D (2006). Charter and Arranged Rides Charter and prearranged rides must comply with certain waybill requirements and obey staging area rules. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(A)(8)-(a)(9) (2006). Limousines Limousines picking up passengers must have a prior arrangement with the passenger and possess proper permits. All limousines may drop off passengers. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(B) (2006). Courtesy Vehicles Operators must maintain appropriate headways and comply with the rules of the airport director. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(c) (2006). Taxicabs Taxicabs must possess airport decals, an operating AVI tag, and an authorized and decaled meter. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(D) (2006). Taxicabs shall comply with all inspection and documentation requirements. Id. Driver must possess identification, a map, and

35 certain licenses, documents, receipts, and records. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(D)(4) (2006). Taxicabs registered in the City of San Francisco must have several additional documents. Id. All taxicab operations must be in compliance with airport rules regarding insurance, driver conduct, and operations. Airport Rules and Regs. 1.4.7(D)(5)-(d)(10) (2006). Fines Fines are allocated according to a predetermined schedule. Airport Rules and Regs. app. C, F (2006). City Regulations Motor Vehicles for Hire All vehicles for hire are regulated by the City Police Code. The San Francisco Taxi Commission enforces and supplements the provisions of the Code. San Francisco, Cal., Police Code § 1077 (2007). All vehicles for hire wishing to pick up passengers within the city limits must obtain a permit from the city. San Francisco Code § 1078 (2007). The Police Code regulates the following types of transportation: taxicabs, ramped taxicabs, limousines, jitney buses, sightseeing tours, motorized rickshaws, employee buses, and rental vehicles. Violations, investigations, hearings, and appeals are processed according to the administrative procedures outlined in the Police Code. San Francisco Code art. 16 (2007). Commercial Transporters Business and Tax Code art. 2 § 76.5, § 129. Commercial transporters must pay all general city business taxes. Other taxes of note: The driver of a vehicle for hire must pay a permit fee. San Francisco Code § 76.5 (2007). Limousine and sightseeing tax. San Francisco Code § 129 (2007).

36 Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of SFO are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of San Francisco is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). Contact Information General Information (800) I-FLY-SFO or (650) 821-8211 Airport Administration (650) 821-5000 Airport Commission (650) 821-5042 Parking (650) 821-7111 Police (nonemergency) (650) 877-6800 California—Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport (SJC) Overview SJC is owned and operated by the City of San Jose. The City Municipal Code is the primary source of regulation at the airport. Operators must also comply with the rules of the CPUC. SJC is a semi-closed system. Local City of San Jose Municipal Code Cited as: Municipal Code § xx.xx.xxx (2007). Records and Permits Before offering regularly scheduled bus or shuttle service, an operator must obtain an Airport Operating Permit and provide extensive documentation and insurance requirements. Municipal Code § 25.08.700 (2007). Operators must pay fees, maintain their vehicles, keep certain records, and ensure that drivers comply with airport policy. Municipal Code § 25.08.740 (2007). Taxi Operations Vehicles must be properly identified and only operate in authorized locations. Municipal Code § 25.08.740-770 (2007). Vehicles picking up passengers must use the holding area. Id. Car Rental On-site car rentals must be conducted at the consolidated facility. Municipal Code § 25.08.610-650 (2007). Operators must pay certain fees, maintain

37 appropriate records, and refrain from providing transportation from the terminal to the facility. Id. Off-airport providers must obtain a ground transportation permit. Municipal Code § 25.08.510 (2007). Suspensions and Appeals The Manager of Airport Operations is authorized to revoke or suspend permits through procedures outlined in Ordinance No. 418-R. Port Rules ch. 26 § 4 (2007). Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of SJC are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of San Jose is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). Contact Information Airport Administration (408) 501-7600 General Information (408) 277-4759 California—Sacramento International Airport (SMF) Overview SMF is owned and operated by the County of Sacramento. The primary source of regulation is the airport’s Ground Transportation Rules and Regulations. The Rules and Regulations are created by the airport under authority from Chapter 11.09 of the Sacramento County Code. SMF is a semi-closed system. Local Sacramento County Airport System Ground Transportation Rules and Regulations Cited as: System Rules and Regs. § x.x (2005). Records and Permits Before offering regularly scheduled bus or shuttle service, an operator must obtain an Airport Operating Permit by meeting extensive documentation and insurance requirements. System Rules and Regs. §§ 2.5, 6, 14.1, 19.3 (2005). Operators must maintain permits and participate in the airport’s AVI system. System Rules and Regs. §§ 18, 19 (2005). Vehicle Operations Vehicles must be properly identified, registered,

38 and inspected. System Rules and Regs. § 3 (2005). Pickup and drop-off locations are closely regulated. Operators may only operate in certain designated locations. System Rules and Regs. §§ 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.2, 12.2, 13.2 (2005). Driver Rules Drivers must meet professional standards of conduct and abide by the operating standards of the airport as defined in System Rules and Regs. § 4.4 (2005). Suspensions and Appeals The Manager of Airport Operations is authorized to create a schedule of fines and punishment for operator and driver misconduct. System Rules and Regs. § 17 (2005). Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of SMF are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of Sacramento is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). Contact Information General Information (916) 929-5411 Airport Administration (916) 874-0719 Media Relations (916) 874-0780 California—John Wayne Orange County International Airport (SNA) Overview SNA is owned and operated by Orange County. The primary source of regulation is the County Code. SNA is a semi-closed system. Local Orange County Cited as: Orange County Code art. 4 § x-x-xx (2007). Records and Permits Before offering any commercial service, an operator must enter into an agreement with the Airport Board of Supervisors. Orange County Code art. 4 § 2-1 (2007). Car Rentals Operators must have an agreement with the Airport Board of Supervisors. Orange County Code art. 4 § 2-1 (2007).

39 Taxicab and Commercial Carriers Board agreements limit operators to certain commercial conduct and rates. Orange County Code art. 4 § 2-1-42 (2007). Courtesy Vehicles Courtesy vehicles must have an airport permit. Orange County Code art. 4 § 2-1-43, 45 (2007). Federal Jurisdiction Vehicles carrying passengers with immediate prior or subsequent movement by air and staying within a 25-mi radius of SNA are exempt from FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 372.117 (2007). Transportation within the municipal limits of unincorporated Orange County is exempt. 49 U.S.C.S. § 13506 (2007). Contact Information Airport Information (949) 252-5200 Lost and Found (949) 252-5000 Business Development (949) 252-5233 Media Relations (949) 252-5182