Green Stormwater Infrastructure - Volume 2: Guidebook (2017)

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15 Before assessing the feasibility of implementing GSI, airports will gather several types of tech- nical, financial, and other information that will be needed for a holistic evaluation of how GSI might be incorporated into their stormwater management system. This background informa- tion will also be important when proposing a GSI project to stakeholders. It may be necessary to consult with several departments at the airport when collecting the information necessary to make a decision. An important aspect of this information-gathering step is planning for implementation of GSI BMPs. By tying GSI into airport master planning and project management at the air port, GSI can be implemented more efficiently and cost effectively than as a retrofit. GSI strategies can be: • Incorporated during project budgeting, • Integrated with other sustainability measures, • Considered as a strategy when a capital project may affect overall airport stormwater management, • Designed to function effectively with existing or planned conventional stormwater BMPs, and • Incorporated into construction activities for other capital projects. Examples of airport projects that may affect stormwater management and provide an oppor- tunity to consider GSI BMPs include: • New terminals, • Revamping of parking areas, • Runway expansions or additions, • New hangars, • New airside services buildings, and • New rental car centers. Stormwater management challenges may vary with the land uses at the facility, airport size, airport regional location, existing stormwater management infrastructure, climate, ongoing construction, and other site factors. The following guidance on the types of information that needs to be gathered includes why the information is useful, along with a short list of specific documents or other information types the airport should procure, if applicable. If appropriate, a list of additional references and sources where additional general information can be found (reference documents, websites, or literature) is also provided. S t e p 2 Gathering Information Needed to Assess and Implement Green Stormwater Infrastructure

16 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Facility Planning and Stormwater Management Documents Facility Planning and Stormwater Management Documents Why is this information needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: Understand the overall needs described in the airport’s master plan, including plans or goals for stormwater management and how GSI may fit into those plans. Understand the airport’s or city’s plan for ensuring environmental sustainability in the area. Know whether the airport’s master plan, stormwater management plan, or pollution prevention plan include the installation of particular stormwater BMPs (including GSI). Ensure all involved parties are informed about the airport’s stormwater management issues. Allow decision makers to discuss stormwater management in the context of overall facility plans with other departments (e.g., operations, budgeting, etc.). Airport-Specific Information Airport master plan. Stormwater management plan or stormwater pollution prevention plan. Airport or municipal sustainability plan. Airport maps. Schematics of airport stormwater management structures. Any other documents describing planned future development. Design documents for upcoming infrastructure projects, including stormwater management.

Gathering Information Needed to Assess and Implement Green Stormwater Infrastructure 17 Current Status of Airport Wildlife Hazard Management Current Status of Airport Wildlife Hazard Management, including wildlife hazard assessments and plans Why is this information needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: Be aware of the current status of wildlife management at the airport. Be aware of any hazardous wildlife management issues the airport has had to address in the past. Be aware of plant species and hazardous wildlife management practices, in accordance with FAA AC 150/5200-33B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports, August 28, 2007. Be prepared to coordinate discussions among airport departments and staff (safety managers, operations staff, wildlife biologists, engineering departments, environmental compliance staff, facilities managers, landscape designers, and maintenance staff) on wildlife hazard management. Be aware of both current and innovative practices in hazardous wildlife management at airports, e.g., species of concern, problem areas at the airport. Airport-Specific Information Hazardous wildlife assessments and plans for the airport. History of bird strikes, species of concern, and migration patterns. Current wildlife hazard management practices at the airport. Wildlife hazard management site visit letters. Additional References and Information Sources Materials on the FAA Wildlife Hazard Mitigation website. http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety /wildlife/. FAA AC 150/5200-33B, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On or Near Airports. http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/advisory_circular/150-5200-33B/150_5200_33b.pdf. Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports: A Manual for Airport Personnel includes a summary of applicable federal regulations. http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/wildlife/resources/media /2005_FAA_Manual_complete.pdf. ACRP materials: ACRP Report 125: Balancing Airport Stormwater and Bird Hazard Management and Bird Strike Risk Analysis and Stormwater Management Decision Tool. The Microsoft® Excel™-based tool includes modules for assessing bird strike risk. http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/172035.

18 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Permit Information Permit Information, including current permit requirements, what may be needed for future permits (e.g., NPDES) Why is this information needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: Know the permit requirements for the airport. Know the airport’s compliance history. Be aware of possible considerations for future permitting at both the federal and state level. Airport-Specific Information The airport’s NPDES/State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits, status, and permit requirements (e.g., discharge limits, numeric limits on constituent concentrations or mass). Results of monitoring and data in discharge monitoring reports (if applicable). Stormwater utility fees, if applicable. Any considerations for which local variances may be needed for GSI projects (e.g., rare species habitats and wetlands habitat). Type of infrastructure project–associated permits (both federal and state) that may be needed in the future. Local and state requirements should be accounted for. Airports should also be aware of federal permit requirements, especially if the airport receives federal funding. Additional References and Information Sources EPA website on NPDES permitting. https://www.epa.gov/npdes. ACRP Report 14: Deicing Planning Guidelines and Practices for Stormwater Management Systems. This report has a section clearly describing Clean Water Act requirements, including the various types of NPDES permits as applied to airports. http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/161758.aspx.

Gathering Information Needed to Assess and Implement Green Stormwater Infrastructure 19 Water Usage and Efficiency at the Airport Water Usage and Efficiency at the Airport to Assess the Potential to Benefit from Harvesting and Reuse Why is this information needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: Know if there would be utility in implementing a stormwater harvesting/reuse program for reducing water usage. Understand how harvested water could be best used (e.g., toilet flushing, irrigation). Airport-Specific Information Data on water billing and water usage for various airport departments and land uses. Airports may want to break down water usage according to potable vs. non-potable uses (restrooms, chillers, irrigation, car washes) if a water harvesting/reuse program is being considered. Existing assessments done on water efficiency at the airport. Master plan or sustainability plans (for plans regarding water conservation). Current activities related to water conservation (e.g., installation of water-efficient toilets). Airport infrastructure information (infrastructure needed for water harvesting and reuse to be incorporated into the airport facility? Getting the water from point of collection to point of use?) Additional References and Information Sources Regional or municipal water conservation documents or plans. Regional drought information: The U.S. Drought Monitor (http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/) provides current and historical data and maps on drought conditions in the United States. The U.S. Drought Monitor is produced through a partnership between the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

20 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Climate Zone and Precipitation Data Climate Zone and Precipitation Data Why is this information needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: Understand precipitation patterns or other climate-related factors that may affect stormwater management needs (e.g., numbers of BMPs, determination of design storm, selection of vegetation, BMP sizing, other BMP design elements, and historical data that may indicate climate trends). Airport-Specific Information Facility records on precipitation and temperature. Additional References and Information Sources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Temperature and Precipitation Maps. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/us-maps/. Summary data from local meteorological stations. NOAA Cooperative Observer Program provides links to recent and historical data from observation sites across the United States. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/coop/. Average precipitation and temperature: PRISM Climate Group. http://www.prism.oregonstate.edu /explorer/. Data available for download includes annual average total precipitation (see Figure 3), as well as the long-term averages for each month of the year. Extreme precipitation frequency: NOAA Atlas 14. http://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/index.html. This website is the most official source for extreme precipitation frequency estimates (not available for all states). Users can obtain the magnitudes of frequency for various recurrence intervals and durations (i.e., the 5-year 60-minute storm, the 100-year 2-day storm). Other climate data: Regional Climate Centers. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/rcc.html. The websites for these centers provide weather and climate data for the United States, represented in six regions. Building America climate zones: Map of climate zones developed for U.S. Department of Energy Building America Solution Center with expertise on high-performance construction. https://basc.pnnl.gov/images/building-america-climate-zone-map. The Building America climate zones are shown in Figure 4.

Gathering Information Needed to Assess and Implement Green Stormwater Infrastructure 21 Source: Cadmus (© 2015). 10m Source: Cadmus (© 2015). Figure 3. Annual precipitation map showing airport locations (scaled by number of enplanements). Figure 4. Combined map of FAA administrative regions, climate zones, and primary commercial service airports.

22 Green Stormwater Infrastructure Other Site Characteristics Other Site Characteristics Why is this info needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: ▪ Understand how the project’s site characteristics may affect the types of stormwater management issues faced by the airport (e.g., by affecting infiltration rates) and may influence the specifics of BMP design (e.g., sizing, depth, infiltration rate, media properties). Airport-Specific or Local Information ▪ Information on site soil properties (soil classification, permeability, infiltration rates). ▪ Information from prior construction or other activities that may indicate where soil may have been compacted during construction or other changes to site soils have been made. ▪ Estimates of site impervious area. ▪ Estimates or data on site runoff volumes and peak flow. ▪ Local streams or other receiving waters and their characteristics (typical stream discharge, water quality conditions). ▪ Topographic maps of the site. ▪ Local depth to water table. Additional References and Information Sources ▪ U.S. Department of Agriculture Web Soil Survey maps: – Home page. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm. – Area of Interest. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx.

Gathering Information Needed to Assess and Implement Green Stormwater Infrastructure 23 Financial Information Financial Information Why is this information needed or useful? Materials airports may want to locate and review. It may be helpful for airports to: Understand what funds are planned for infrastructure projects, including those in which GSI might be incorporated. Gather information that may help estimate general costs for proposed GSI installation. Anticipate longer-term O&M costs. Be able to explain to stakeholders how the proposed GSI project fits into the context of overall airport budgeting, both in the short term and long term. Evaluate potential cost savings associated with implementation of green infrastructure. Airport-Specific Information Available budget for stormwater management. Estimated costs for planned infrastructure projects. Other capital projects (e.g., new buildings) upon which GSI implementation might be “piggy backed.” Existing benefit–cost analyses that have been done for proposed or planned infrastructure and stormwater management projects at the facility. Funding vehicles if new funding is being pursued for infrastructure or stormwater management projects. Estimated costs if specific BMPs are already under consideration. Costs associated with any recent stormwater management projects. Additional References and Information Sources ACRP Report 120: Airport Capital Improvements: A Business Planning and Decision-Making Approach. http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/171584.aspx. EPA Green Infrastructure Cost–Benefit Resources. https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green- infrastructure-cost-benefit-resources. Center for Neighborhood Technology. Green Values® Stormwater Toolbox. http://greenvalues.cnt.org/. Center for Neighborhood Technologies. Green Values National Stormwater Management Calculator. http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php. This is a tool for comparing the performance, costs, and benefits of green infrastructure, or low impact development (LID), to conventional stormwater practices and choosing from a range of GSI BMPs to find the combination that meets the necessary runoff volume reduction goal in a cost-effective way. This tool is not specific to the needs of airports. It addresses volume reduction but not peak flow. Center for Neighborhood Technology. The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits. http://www.cnt.org/sites/default/files/publications/CNT_Value-of-Green-Infrastructure.pdf.