Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements (2020)

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Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 33 4 Measurement Campaign Introduction Measurements were conducted between November 2017 and April 2019 to collect acoustic data during the operation of the Antares 230, Falcon 9, Delta IV Heavy, and Falcon Heavy rockets for the missions described in Table 2. These measurements were designed to follow the community noise measurement protocol provided in Section 3. These acoustic measurements were conducted at three locations: Mid- Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), and Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Acoustic data were obtained for launch and landing operations when applicable. Table 2. Description of Events for Which Acoustic Data Were Collected Rocket Class Mission Location Event(s) Date Orbital ATK Antares 230 Medium OA-8E MARS Pad 0A Launch 12 Nov 2017 SpaceX Falcon 9 Medium-Heavy CRS-15 CCAFS SLC-40 Launch 29 Jun 2018 ULA Delta IV Heavy Heavy Parker Solar Probe CCAFS SLC-37B Launch 12 Aug 2018 SpaceX Falcon Heavy Super-Heavy Arabsat-6A KSC LC-39A Launch & Landing 11 Apr 2019 Measurements of these four events strengthen the measurement database by providing a diverse set of data in relation to the types of vehicles and operations. The four vehicles span a range of thrust classes, from medium to super-heavy, as shown in Figure 12. The events also span a range of mission and operation types, including cargo resupply missions to the International Space Station (OA-8E and CRS-15), a research mission (Parker Solar Probe), a communications satellite positioning (Arabsat-6A), and first stage return-to- landing (Arabsat-6A). Collectively, over 250 acoustic recordings collected from 70 sites over the four measurements provide a solid foundation for future propulsion noise model development and validation efforts. Additionally, sonic boom measurements of the Falcon Heavy’s return- to-landing operation will be instrumental in validating the sonic boom model for this new operation type. Figure 12. Vehicle classes and thrusts.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 34 The following sections summarize the data collection and products associated with the measurement campaign.  A description of the instrumentation used to collect acoustic and weather data during the measurement campaign is provided in Section 4.2. Relevant specifications are described for the acoustic data recorders, pressure sensors, and weather data acquisition systems.  Documentation of the four rocket measurements is presented in Section 4.3, including descriptions of the event, measurement layout, acoustic data summary, and weather data summary.  The deliverables associated with the ACRP 02-81 measurement campaign are described in Section 4.4, which describes the contents and organization of the data products delivered under this effort. Measurement Instrumentation The acoustic environments of commercial space operations are challenging to capture because of their expansive region of influence and the need for specialized instrumentation to obtain the broadband, high- amplitude noise produced by spacecraft propulsion and the low-frequency, impulsive nature of sonic booms. The instrumentation systems developed for this effort are portable, self-triggered, and capable of capturing the full spectrum of data required. The components of the acoustic and weather instrumentation systems are described in more detail in Section 4.2.1 and Section 4.2.2, respectively. 4.2.1 Acoustic data acquisition Acoustic data are acquired via one or more pressure sensors (i.e., microphones) connected to a data recorder. The types of data recorders and pressure sensors deployed during the measurement campaign are described in Section 3.3.1 and Section 3.3.2, respectively. Extensive component testing of the instrumentation and software was performed in both the laboratory and in-situ to ensure proper functioning of the system’s performance while unattended in any weather. An example acoustic measurement setup is shown in Figure 13. Figure 13. Example acoustic measurement setup.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 35 Acoustic Pressure Sensors Class 1 precision microphones from GRAS Sound & Vibration A/S (GRAS) and PCB Electronics (PCB) were deployed during the measurement campaign. Nominal microphone specifications for each model are described in Table 3. The frequency range and dynamic range covered by the various microphones enabled the high-amplitude noise produced by spacecraft propulsion and the low-frequency and impulsive noise of sonic booms to be recorded. The PCB 378A07 and GRAS 47AC microphone models in particular provide the low-frequency range desired to accurately record sonic booms. Table 3. Microphone Specifications Frequency Range Dynamic Range Model Diameter Type (± 2 dB) Lower Limit† Upper Limit‡ Sensitivity GRAS 40AE 1/2" Pressure 3.15 Hz -20 kHz 17 dB(A) 138 dB 50 mV/Pa GRAS 40BD 1/4” Pressure 4 Hz - 70 kHz 44 dB(A) 166 dB 1.6 mV/Pa GRAS 40BE 1/4” Free 4 Hz - 80 kHz 35 dB(A) 160 dB 4 mV/Pa GRAS 46AO 1/2" Pressure 3.15 Hz - 20 kHz 25 dB(A) 150 dB 12 mV/Pa GRAS 46BG 1/4” Pressure 3.15 Hz - 70 kHz 60 dB(A) 184 dB 0.25 mV/Pa GRAS 47AC 1/2" Free 0.09 Hz - 20 kHz 22 dB(A) 148 dB 8 mV/Pa PCB 377B02 1/2" Free 3.15 Hz - 20 kHz 15 dB(A) 147 dB 50 mV/Pa PCB 377B11 1/2" Pressure 3.15 Hz - 10 kHz 14 dB(A) 146 dB 50 mV/Pa PCB 377B20 1/2" Random 3.15 Hz - 12.5 kHz 15 dB(A) 144 dB 50 mV/Pa PCB 377C13 1/2" Pressure 3.15 Hz - 20 kHz 18 dB(A) 162 dB 12.6 mV/Pa PCB 378A07 1/2" Free 0.13 Hz - 20 kHz 20 dB(A) 136 dB 5.8 mV/Pa † GRAS pre-amplifier inherent noise and PCB pre-amplifier dynamic range lower limit ‡ GRAS upper limit with CCP pre-amplifier and PCB 3% distortion limit All microphones were outfitted with windscreens to ensure reliable noise monitoring against substantial weather variations (e.g., rain and wind) and bird spikes to prevent birds from landing on the windscreen. As displayed in Figure 14, three types of windscreens were used in the measurements: GRAS AM0052 windscreens were typically used for tripod-mounted ¼” microphones, Larson Davis EPS2106 windscreens were typically used for tripod-mounted ½” microphones, and custom windscreens were used for measurements on the ground using inverted microphones. Ground microphones were mounted to a convex circular plastic ground plate covered in a water-wicking film. The custom ground measurement system is the first of its kind for high-fidelity outdoor acoustic recordings. In addition to reducing wind self-noise, the custom system allowed for a simpler and more efficient measurement setup as the equipment could be deployed for extended periods in unfavorable weather conditions such as rainstorms.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 36 Figure 14. Three types of microphone windscreens. Both ground and elevated microphones were deployed to allow for future study of the ground effects. Ground measurements were less affected by ground interference and wind and thus were more desirable. The ground plate system was still in development at the time of the first measurement (Antares 230), which contained fewer ground measurements; however, subsequent measurements included ground measurements at all measurement locations. Ground microphones were placed with their diaphragms directed at the ground (inverted) and at a height equivalent to one-half the microphone diameter above the ground [12]. Elevated microphones were mounted to tripods at heights from 1.5 to 7.3 meters (5 to 24 feet) above ground level. A majority of the elevated microphones were oriented so that the line from the source (location of vehicle on the launch pad) to the microphone formed a 90° angle with the axis of the microphone (i.e., grazing orientation). As the rocket is a moving source, a grazing orientation minimizes directivity changes with the motion of the source. Other orientations were deployed to evaluate the effect of microphone orientation on the measurements, including pointing the microphone at the source (estimated location of the vehicle at its maximum emission point) or pointing the microphone toward the sky. The microphones used in this measurement campaign become directional at frequencies around 5-6 kHz, and the directional effects increase with increasing frequency. Since the acoustic energy of rocket noise sources measured is concentrated at frequencies below 5 kHz where the frequency response is flat, changes in microphone orientation did not result in significant changes in measured sound pressure levels. Therefore, microphone corrections are not applied to the recorded levels. If frequencies greater than 5 kHz are of great interest, future analysis should consider microphone corrections based on angle of incidence as a function of the rocket’s position in the trajectory.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 37 Data Recorders The pressure fluctuations incident on the microphones are digitized via dynamic signal acquisition (DSA) recorders. Three types of data recorders were deployed during the measurement campaign: National Instruments (NI) CompactDAQ Systems, NI PXI Systems, and Larson Davis Class 1 Sound Level Meters (SLM’s). This section provides an overview of each system’s relevant technical specifications. An NI CompactDAQ system and SLM were co-located at one or more locations during each of the four measurements in order to compare results from the two systems. To protect the systems from weather elements (e.g., heat) and insects/wildlife, the data recorders were housed in Pelican Cases equipped with vents and fans to encourage airflow and prevent overheating within the enclosed case. To comply with safety requirements, the systems were designed for unattended usage. During each site visit, the systems’ clocks were synchronized to GPS time in the local time zone; however, there is the potential for clock drift when the systems are unattended prior to the launch event. National Instruments Systems NI C Series (CompactDAQ) and/or PXI DSA devices were deployed to power the pressure sensors and collect pressure signatures from the events. A CompactDAQ or PXI platform chassis controlled the timing, synchronization, and data transfer between the input module and external host (i.e., PC). The NI DSA devices deployed during the measurement campaign and their key performance specifications are detailed in Table 4. With 24-bit analog inputs and IEPE constant-current signal conditioning, the devices are ideal for making precision measurements. Data are acquired using custom-built NI LabVIEW-based software, which provides the capability to tailor the setup, monitoring, and data verification. Setup controls provide selectable sensor type, sensitivity, gains, conditioning, calibration, and monitoring on an individual channel basis. Experimental setup is aided by real-time multiple-channel monitoring of time histories, overall and peak levels, and ANSI-compliant full and fractional octave analysis. Data acquisition control and monitoring are performed using a daylight- readable tablet/laptop computer running Windows Desktop (Figure 15). The recordings were level triggered to allow for unattended usage. The pressure time histories were post-processed to generate overall and OTO band acoustic metrics. Table 4. NI Dynamic Signal Acquisition Modules DSA Device Model Name No. of Channels Sampling Rate Bit Rate IEPE Noise at Max Sample Rate AC Cutoff Frequency (-3 dB) Dynamic Range NI-9232 3 102.4 kHz 24 4 mA 251 μVrms 0.1 Hz 102 dB NI-9233 4 50 kHz 24 2 mA 80 μVrms 0.5 Hz 96 dB NI-9234 4 51.2 kHz 24 2 mA 50 μVrms 0.5 Hz 102 dB NI-9250 2 102.4 kHz 24 2 mA 13.2 μVrms 0.43 Hz 114 dB PXI-4462 4 204.8 kHz 24 10 mA 2.8 μVrms 3.4 Hz 118 dB PXI-4496 16 204.8 kHz 24 4 mA 5 μVrms 0.5 Hz 114 dB

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 38 Figure 15. NI CompactDAQ system with LabVIEW interface. Larson Davis Sound Level Meters The SLM models deployed during the measurement campaign are sophisticated data recorders, precisely calibrated, and capable of high-fidelity sound capture over extended periods. Experimental setup is aided by real-time monitoring of acoustic data on the SLM’s large high-resolution screen. An overview of the Larson Davis LD-831 and LxT SLM models, along with the selection of acoustic metrics recorded by each meter, is presented in Table 5. Acoustic metrics include overall (A-weighted, C-weighted, and unweighted equivalent sound levels (Leq)), peak levels, and ANSI-compliant full and fractional octave analysis. Both the LD-831 and LxT models are fully compliant with IEC 61672-1:2013 and ANSI S1.4/S1.43 standards for Class 1 integrating SLM’s. The Larson Davis SLM’s sample the pressure fluctuations from the microphone at a 48 kHz sampling rate. The SLM’s internal processing is used to covert the pressure time-history raw data to acoustic metrics on a 1-second (at a minimum) time basis on the SLM flash drive. Data were collected continuously during the events. Table 5. Overview of Larson Davis SLM’s and Acoustic Metrics OTO Band Leq Peak Manufacturer Model Class dB dBA dBC dB dB Larson Davis LD-831 1      Larson Davis LD-LxT 1   

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 39 4.2.2 Weather data acquisition Two types of weather sensors were used for obtaining meteorological conditions during launch and landing events: Kestrel 4500BT and Onset USB Microstation. The specifications of the weather sensors are presented in Table 6, and photographs are shown in Figure 16. Both types of sensors logged wind speed and direction, temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity. Each sensor is waterproof for extended observations in any weather. The weather sensors were placed near key acoustic sites to supplement the ground and balloon weather data obtained from the range. Table 6. Weather Sensors Manufacturer/Model Wind Speed Wind Direction Temperature Barometric Pressure Relative Humidity Kestrel 4500 BT      Onset USB Microstation Davis Anemometer (S-WCF-M003)   Temperature/Humidity Sensor (S-THB-M002)   Figure 16. Weather data acquisition systems: Kestrel 4500 BT (left) and Onset USB Microstation (right).

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 40 Measurement Documentation The ACRP 02-81 measurement campaign followed the guidelines for conducting community and near-field measurements of commercial space operations propulsion noise and sonic booms as detailed in the community noise measurement protocol provided in Section 3. Our team used advanced measurement techniques and state-of-the-art instrumentation to successfully measure the acoustic environments from the four vehicles shown in Figure 17:  Orbital ATK Antares 230, which will help represent medium-class rockets within the database;  SpaceX Falcon 9, which has the highest launch cadence of any currently operational launch vehicle and will help represent medium-heavy-class rockets within the database;  United Launch Alliance (ULA) Delta IV Heavy, which is the largest existing hydrogen-burning rocket and will help represent heavy-class rockets within the database; and  SpaceX Falcon Heavy, which has the highest payload capacity of any currently operational launch vehicle, will help represent super-heavy-class rockets within the database, and provided the opportunity to measure launch propulsion noise, landing propulsion noise, and landing sonic booms. Figure 17. Rockets measured under the ACRP 02-81 measurement campaign: (clockwise) Orbital ATK Antares 230, SpaceX Falcon 9, SpaceX Falcon Heavy, and ULA Delta IV Heavy.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 41 Table 7 presents a summary of the vehicle, engine, and mission parameters of each of the four tests. The vehicle and engine parameters are from FAA’s Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation [13], unless otherwise noted. The actual vehicle and engine parameters pertaining to the specified mission may deviate slightly from the publicly available data provided in Table 7. Acoustic recordings collected under this measurement campaign provide a wealth of high-fidelity data that spans a range of rocket classes, engine configurations, propellants, and mission types. Table 7. Summary of Vehicle, Engine, and Mission Specifications for Each Measurement Vehicle Orbital ATK Antares 230 SpaceX Falcon 9 ULA Delta IV Heavy SpaceX Falcon Heavy Class Medium Medium-Heavy Heavy Super-Heavy Length 40.5 m 65 m† 71.6 m 70 m No. Cores 1 1 3 3 Core Diameter 3.9 m 3.7 m 5.1 m 3.7 m Fairing Diameter 3.9 m 3.7 m 5.0 m 5.2 m Weight 530,000 kg 549,054 kg 733,000 kg 1,420,788 kg 1st Stage Engines NPO Energomash RD-181 SpaceX Merlin-1D Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-68A SpaceX Merlin-1D No. 2 9 (1 Falcon Core) 3 (3 CCB's) 27 (3 Falcon Cores) Propellant LOX/Kerosene LOX/Kerosene LOX/LH2 LOX/Kerosene Nozzle Diameter 1.31 m 0.86 m 1.25 m 0.86 m Engine Thrust 1,824 kN 845 kN 3,136 kN 845 kN Total Thrust 3,648 kN 7,607 kN 9,408 kN 22,819 kN Mission Orbital ATK CRS-8E (OA-8E) SpaceX CRS-15 Parker Solar Probe Arabsat 6A Type ISS resupply ISS resupply Heliophysics Communications Satellite Orbit Low Earth Low Earth Heliocentric Geostationary Operator NASA SpaceX NASA Applied Physics Laboratory King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology Launch Date 12 November 2017 12:19 UTC 29 June 2018 09:42 UTC 12 August 2018 07:31 UTC 11 April 2019 22:35 UTC Launch Site MARS Pad 0A CCAFS SLC-40 CCAFS SLC-37B KSC LC-39A Landing Site -- Pacific Ocean -- CCAFS LZ-1 & LZ-2 † Falcon 9 vehicle length derived from lengths provided on SpaceX’s website [14]

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 42 Measurement sites were selected to lie along two primary radials that were approximately perpendicular and directly opposite of the nominal launch (or landing) trajectory heading. Additional sites located outside of these radials were selected to refine community noise contours at key community locations and increase the spatial resolution to allow for future examination of effects such as wind. The actual measurement site locations were selected while taking into account geographic restrictions such as the local landscape (e.g., ocean and marshlands) and property restrictions. BRRC worked with site personnel (NASA and Air Force) to coordinate access to sites within facility boundaries and select community locations. Additionally, in the case of the Antares 230 launch, BRRC coordinated with community members to obtain access to sites located on private property. In addition to protocol specifications, some measurement sites included multiple recorders and/or microphones to allow for comparisons between the data collected from different data recorders or different microphone models, heights, and orientations. Consistent documentation of each event is provided in Sections 4.3.1 through 4.3.4, which describe the vehicle and mission, measurement layout and instrumentation, and acoustic and weather data collected.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 43 4.3.1 Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E Event Description The Orbital ATK Antares 230 rocket lifted off at 7:19:51 AM EST from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) Pad 0A on 12 November 2017 (Figure 18). The Antares 230 rocket, with the Cygnus spacecraft onboard, was launched as part of NASA’s eighth cargo resupply mission (OA-8E) to the International Space Station (ISS). A schematic of the Antares 230 vehicle is presented in Figure 19. The Antares 230 is a medium-class launch vehicle whose first stage uses two NPO Energomash RD-181 engines with LOX/Kerosene propellant to generate a total thrust of 3,648 kN (820,000 lbf). A summary of the Antares 230 vehicle, engine, and mission parameters is provided in Table 8. A typical mission profile from the Antares User’s Guide [15] is displayed in Figure 20. The actual mission profile will vary. Figure 18. OA-8E launch of Antares 230 from Pad 0A (credit: Michael James, BRRC).

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 44 Figure 19. Antares 230 vehicle [13]. Table 8. Antares 230 Vehicle, Engine, and Mission Specifications Vehicle Orbital ATK Antares 230 Class Medium Length 40.5 m No. Cores 1 Core Diameter 3.9 m Fairing Diameter 3.9 m Weight 530,000 kg 1st Stage Engines NPO Energomash RD-181 No. 2 Propellant LOX/Kerosene Nozzle Diameter 1.31 m Engine Thrust 1,824 kN Total Thrust 3,648 kN Mission Orbital ATK CRS-8E (OA-8E) Type ISS resupply Orbit Low Earth Operator NASA Launch Date 12 November 2017 12:19 UTC Launch Site MARS Pad 0A Figure 20. Antares 230 typical mission profile to LEO from the Antares User’s Guide [15]. Actual mission profile will vary.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 45 Measurement Layout Acoustic measurements were conducted at 19 unique locations in and around NASA Wallops as shown in Figure 21. Measurement site details are presented in Table 9, including each site’s name, relation to the launch pad, and coordinates. Photos of each measurement site are displayed in Figure 22 and Figure 23. Figure 21. Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E launch acoustic measurement layout.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 46 Table 9. Acoustic Measurement Site Name and Location Descriptions for the Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E Event Location Name Short Name Distance, km Bearing† Latitude‡ Longitude‡ Z-65 Z65 0.2 35° 37.835345° -75.486381° X-5 X05 1.0 36° 37.840820° -75.481336° UAV Runway UAV 1.1 218° 37.826428° -75.495126° South Beach Dune SBDUNE 1.9 219° 37.820683° -75.501097° Scout Pad SCTPAD 2.0 40° 37.847750° -75.473186° Seawall and Bypass BYPASS 2.8 40° 37.853528° -75.466900° Arbuckle Neck Road ARBNRD 2.8 304° 37.847604° -75.513816° Old Ferry Dock OFDOCK 3.5 287° 37.842901° -75.525762° V-26 V26 4.1 42° 37.861164° -75.457009° Bogues Bay BOGBAY 4.4 347° 37.872318° -75.498566° Pettit-Metompkin Road PTMTRD 4.9 285° 37.845622° -75.541762° North Beach Trail NBTRL 6.0 44° 37.872463° -75.440344° Kegotank Elementary School KEGOES 7.2 291° 37.856671° -75.564653° MARS UAS Strip UAS 7.3 42° 37.882829° -75.432673° Atlantic Virginia Fire Co ATLVFC 7.6 348° 37.900910° -75.506361° Nelsonia NLSNIA 7.8 259° 37.820322° -75.574346° Glenn Drive GLNDR 9.1 227° 37.777968° -75.563321° Bethel Church Road BETHRD 10.0 286° 37.859039° -75.596609° Chincoteague CHNCTG 19.1 44° 37.957447° -75.336684° † Bearing is the angle in degrees (clockwise) between True North and the direction from the pad to the measurement site. ‡ For locations with co-located systems, the coordinates are provided for the NI system. The precise location of SLM’s co-located with NI systems may be found in the file header of the associated recording.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 47 Figure 22. Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E photos of measurement sites with NI CompactDAQ and/or PXI systems.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 48 Figure 23. Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E photos of measurement sites with SLM’s.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 49 Acoustic Data Summary A summary of the acoustic data collected during the Orbital ATK Antares 230 OA-8E launch event is presented in Table 10. The table is ordered according to the measurement site’s distance from the launch pad (closest to farthest). In addition to the measurement site’s distance, the channel number, recorder model, microphone model, and microphone height and orientation are provided. The acoustic data presented in Table 10 include the unweighted, A-weighted, and C-weighted maximum one-second equivalent sound level (Max Leq,1s) and sound exposure levels (SEL). Note, the overall acoustic metrics collected by LD-LxT’s are limited to A-weighted values (see Table 5); thus, unweighted and C-weighted table entries are empty. The time-history acoustic data are provided for each channel with the data deliverables, as described in Section 4.4. Table 10. Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E Acoustic Data Summary Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA Z-65 0.2 01 NI-9232 GRAS 40BD 0.0 [Inverted] 145.7 144.2 131.6 153.1 151.4 139.3 Z-65 0.2 02 NI-9232 GRAS 40BD 1.5 [Grazing] 145.0 142.9 132.3 152.4 150.0 139.6 Z-65 0.2 03 NI-9232 GRAS 40BE 7.3 [Sky] 143.8 141.8 132.5 151.3 149.2 139.7 X-5 1.0 04 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 131.0 129.0 117.0 141.1 138.4 126.7 UAV Runway 1.1 05 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 113.7 -- -- 124.6 South Beach Dune 1.9 06 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 107.0 -- -- 119.2 Scout Pad 2.0 07 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 123.8 120.9 108.5 135.6 132.5 119.7 Seawall and Bypass 2.8 08 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 121.5 118.7 105.6 133.1 130.0 115.9 Arbuckle Neck Road (NI) 2.8 09 NI-9232 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 121.1 118.1 105.5 133.4 130.2 115.1 Arbuckle Neck Road (NI) 2.8 10 NI-9232 PCB 378A07 1.5 [Source] 120.6 117.5 105.3 132.9 129.6 115.0 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 11 PXI-4462 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 120.7 117.8 105.6 133.0 129.9 115.2 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 12 PXI-4462 PCB 378A07 1.5 [Source] 120.8 117.8 105.9 133.1 129.9 115.9 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 13 PXI-4496 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 120.9 118.0 105.6 133.2 130.1 115.6 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 14 PXI-4496 GRAS 40AE 1.5 [Source] 120.7 117.6 105.7 133.0 129.7 115.7 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 15 PXI-4462 GRAS 40BE 3.7 [Grazing] 120.1 116.7 104.8 132.4 129.1 115.8 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 16 PXI-4462 GRAS 40BE 3.7 [Grazing] 119.7 116.3 104.8 132.0 128.8 115.7 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 17 PXI-4462 GRAS 40BE 3.7 [Grazing] 120.0 116.6 104.8 132.3 129.0 115.7 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 18 PXI-4462 GRAS 40BE 3.7 [Grazing] 120.7 117.8 104.9 133.0 130.0 115.8

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 50 Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 19 PXI-4496 GRAS 40BD 7.3 [Grazing] 117.8 114.9 103.9 130.7 128.1 115.9 Arbuckle Neck Road (PXI) 2.8 20 PXI-4496 GRAS 40BE 7.3 [Source] 118.3 115.5 104.1 131.2 128.7 116.2 Old Ferry Dock 3.5 21 NI-9233 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 119.3 117.0 101.7 132.1 129.2 113.8 Old Ferry Dock 3.5 22 NI-9233 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 119.1 116.8 100.2 132.0 129.1 112.9 Old Ferry Dock 3.5 23 NI-9233 GRAS 46AO 1.5 [Grazing] 119.0 116.0 100.6 131.4 128.0 112.0 Old Ferry Dock 3.5 24 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 117.2 114.3 101.6 130.6 127.2 112.2 Old Ferry Dock 3.5 25 NI-9233 GRAS 46AO 7.3 [Grazing] 116.6 113.5 102.2 129.6 126.8 113.9 V-26 4.1 26 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 103.7 -- -- 111.4 Bogues Bay 4.4 27 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 117.7 116.1 103.2 130.5 128.0 113.7 Bogues Bay 4.4 28 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 1.5 [Grazing] 116.8 114.7 100.1 129.4 126.2 111.0 Bogues Bay 4.4 29 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 3.7 [Grazing] 115.4 113.1 100.2 127.9 124.5 111.1 Bogues Bay 4.4 30 NI-9234 GRAS 40AE 7.3 [Source] 113.0 111.9 101.3 125.9 124.3 111.6 Pettit-Metompkin Road 4.9 31 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 115.9 112.2 97.4 128.6 125.2 108.6 Pettit-Metompkin Road 4.9 32 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 1.5 [Grazing] 115.4 111.2 98.5 128.1 124.2 107.5 Pettit-Metompkin Road 4.9 33 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 3.7 [Grazing] 114.2 109.3 99.5 126.8 122.5 107.9 Pettit-Metompkin Road 4.9 34 NI-9234 GRAS 40AE 7.3 [Source] 112.6 108.3 97.8 125.5 121.8 108.0 North Beach Trail 6.0 35 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 96.3 -- -- 105.1 Kegotank Elementary School 7.2 36 NI-9233 GRAS 40AE 1.5 [Sky] 112.6 109.9 93.4 124.8 121.0 102.3 Kegotank Elementary School 7.2 37 NI-9233 GRAS 40AE 1.5 [Grazing] 112.5 109.8 93.2 124.8 121.0 102.1 Kegotank Elementary School 7.2 38 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 112.8 109.8 91.6 124.5 121.1 102.0 Kegotank Elementary School 7.2 39 NI-9233 PCB 377B11 3.7 [Grazing] 111.6 108.1 92.8 123.8 119.5 102.5 Kegotank Elementary School 7.2 40 NI-9233 GRAS 40AE 7.3 [Source] 110.1 107.0 94.1 122.4 118.3 103.4 MARS UAS Strip 7.3 41 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 93.5 -- -- 103.4 Atlantic Virginia Fire Co 7.6 42 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 94.8 -- -- 103.7 Nelsonia 7.8 43 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 111.1 106.6 88.8 123.7 119.1 96.9

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 51 Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA Glenn Drive 9.1 44 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 1.5 [Sky] -- -- 81.4 -- -- 93.2 Bethel Church Road 10.0 45 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 108.1 104.0 85.4 121.1 117.0 94.9 Chincoteague 19.1 46 LD-831 PCB 377B02 1.5 [Sky] 107.1 104.6 80.4 119.6 115.6 90.0

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 52 Weather Data Summary To document the weather conditions during the launch event, surface and atmospheric weather data were collected. Surface weather stations were set up by BRRC at three of the acoustic measurement sites to collect wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity. The average surface weather conditions during the first minute of the launch event are presented in Table 11. Table 11. Surface Weather Observations for Orbital ATK Antares 230, OA-8E. Location Name Height Wind Speed Wind Direction rel. to true north Temperature Relative Humidity Bogues Bay 1.5 m 0.2 m/s 187° 1 °C 76% Old Ferry Dock 1.5 m 1.0 m/s 35° 2 °C 68% Pettit-Metompkin Road 1.5 m 0.5 m/s 355° 1 °C 73% Atmospheric data above the surface were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive v2 (IGRA2). Typically, Wallops Island radiosonde data are reported twice daily at 12:00 am and 12:00 pm. Radiosonde data are provided in Figure 24 for the two nearest sampling times before and after the launch. Figure 24. OA-8E pre-launch (blue) and post-launch (red) atmospheric profiles from the IGRA2 database.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 53 4.3.2 SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 Event Description On Friday, 29 June 2018, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket successfully launched its fifteenth Commercial Resupply Services mission (CRS-15) at 5:42:42 AM EDT from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida (Figure 25). The Dragon spacecraft separated from Falcon 9’s second stage on its way to the International Space Station filled with more than 5,900 pounds of supplies and payloads. Both Falcon 9 and the Dragon spacecraft for the CRS-15 mission are flight proven, having supported previous missions in April 2018 and July 2016, respectively. Schematics of the Falcon 9 vehicle and its engine configuration are presented in Figure 26. The Falcon 9 Block 4 is a medium-heavy-class launch vehicle whose first stage uses a cluster of nine Merlin engines with LOX/Kerosene propellant to generate a total thrust of 7,028 kN (1,580,000 lbf). A summary of the Falcon 9 vehicle, engine, and mission parameters is provided in Table 12. A typical mission profile from the Falcon User’s Guide [16] is displayed in Figure 27. The actual mission profile will vary. Figure 25. CRS-15 launch of Falcon 9 from SLC-40 (credit: Michael James, BRRC).

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 54 Figure 26. Falcon 9 vehicle and engine configuration [14]. Table 12. Falcon 9 Vehicle, Engine, and Mission Specifications Vehicle SpaceX Falcon 9 Class Medium-Heavy Length 65 m No. Cores 1 Core Diameter 3.7 m Fairing Diameter 3.7 m Weight 549,054 kg 1st Stage Engines SpaceX Merlin-1D No. 9 (1 Falcon Core) Propellant LOX/Kerosene Nozzle Diameter 0.86 m Engine Thrust 845 kN Total Thrust 7,607 kN Mission SpaceX CRS-15 Type ISS resupply Orbit Low Earth Operator SpaceX Launch Date 29 June 2018 09:42 UTC Launch Site CCAFS SLC-40 Landing Site Pacific Ocean Figure 27. Falcon 9 mission profile from the Falcon User’s Guide [16]. Actual mission profile will vary.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 55 Measurement Layout Acoustic measurements were conducted at 14 unique locations within NASA Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC’s) boundaries as shown in Figure 28. Measurement site details are presented in Table 13, including each site’s name, relation to the launch pad, and coordinates. Photos of each measurement site are displayed in Figure 29 and Figure 30. Figure 28. SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 launch acoustic measurement layout.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 56 Table 13. Acoustic Measurement Site Name and Location Descriptions for the SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 Event Location Name Short Name Distance, km Bearing† Latitude‡ Longitude‡ Pump House 7 PUMP7 1.3 354° 28.573337° -80.578487° SLC-41 SLC41 2.1 348° 28.580360° -80.581598° UCS 15 UCS15 3.4 300° 28.577783° -80.607428° E Schwartz Rd ESCHWZ 3.9 271° 28.562952° -80.616562° UCS 12 UCS12 4.5 345° 28.601405° -80.589032° Static Test Viewing Site STATVS 5.1 229° 28.532226° -80.616653° KSC Landfill LNDFIL 5.5 271° 28.563036° -80.633810° LC-39A LC39A 5.9 338° 28.611410° -80.599396° NASA Causeway CSWY 7.0 190° 28.499815° -80.589733° W Schwartz Rd WSCHWZ 7.8 271° 28.563123° -80.656773° LC-39B LC39B 7.9 330° 28.624153° -80.617465° 10th St & Banana River Dr 10THST 8.0 222° 28.508350° -80.632497° UCS 4 UCS04 9.6 333° 28.639239° -80.621687° UCS 1 UCS01 13.2 215° 28.464221° -80.653947° † Bearing is the angle in degrees (clockwise) between True North and the direction from the pad to the measurement site. ‡ For locations with co-located systems, the coordinates are provided for the NI system. The precise location of SLM’s co-located with NI systems may be found in the file header of the associated recording.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 57 Figure 29. SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 photos of measurement sites with NI CompactDAQ systems.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 58 Figure 30. SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 photos of measurement sites with SLM’s.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 59 Acoustic Data Summary A summary of the acoustic data collected during the SpaceX Falcon 9 CRS-15 launch event is presented in Table 14. The table is ordered according to the measurement site’s distance from the launch pad (closest to farthest). In addition to the measurement site’s distance, the channel number, recorder model, microphone model, and microphone height and orientation are provided. The acoustic data presented in Table 14 include the unweighted, A-weighted, and C-weighted maximum one-second equivalent sound level (Max Leq,1s) and sound exposure levels (SEL). Note, the overall acoustic metrics collected by LD-LxT’s are limited to A-weighted values (see Table 5); thus, unweighted and C-weighted table entries are empty. The time-history acoustic data are provided for each channel with the data deliverables, as described in the Section 4.4. Table 14. SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 Acoustic Data Summary Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA Pump House 7 1.3 01 NI-9234 GRAS 40BD 0.0 [Inverted] 131.5 129.0 117.3 142.6 139.5 126.9 Pump House 7 1.3 02 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 131.7 129.2 117.6 142.8 139.6 127.2 Pump House 7 1.3 03 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 1.5 [Source] 130.5 127.2 114.9 141.6 137.5 125.1 Pump House 7 1.3 04 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 3.7 [Source] 129.3 125.7 114.9 140.5 136.2 125.5 SLC-41 2.1 05 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 113.7 -- -- 123.5 SLC-41 2.1 06 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 126.6 124.5 113.0 139.0 135.9 122.9 SLC-41 2.1 07 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 126.4 124.1 112.5 138.8 135.6 122.5 SLC-41 2.1 08 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 1.5 [Grazing] 125.7 122.7 111.0 137.8 133.8 120.1 SLC-41 2.1 09 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 3.7 [Grazing] 123.9 120.7 110.6 136.2 132.1 120.2 UCS 15 3.4 10 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 124.0 121.7 110.1 136.4 133.3 119.2 UCS 15 3.4 11 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 124.1 121.8 108.8 136.5 133.3 118.4 UCS 15 3.4 12 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 1.5 [Grazing] 123.6 121.0 106.3 135.8 131.9 116.5 UCS 15 3.4 13 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 3.7 [Grazing] 122.6 119.8 106.2 134.7 130.7 116.7 E Schwartz Rd 3.9 14 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 105.5 -- -- 116.0 UCS 12 4.5 15 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 100.6 -- -- 112.4 Static Test Viewing Site 5.1 16 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 102.5 -- -- 113.3 KSC Landfill 5.5 17 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 101.8 -- -- 112.1 LC-39A 5.9 18 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 114.1 112.2 100.3 128.5 125.6 110.4 NASA Causeway 7.0 19 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 118.4 115.8 97.5 131.1 127.7 108.5

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 60 Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA NASA Causeway 7.0 20 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 0.0 [Inverted] 118.7 115.9 98.7 131.4 127.9 108.7 NASA Causeway 7.0 21 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 118.2 115.1 100.5 130.8 126.8 108.1 NASA Causeway 7.0 22 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 3.7 [Grazing] 117.4 114.0 98.3 129.8 125.6 108.1 W Schwartz Rd 7.8 23 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 114.9 111.5 95.9 128.1 124.2 106.6 LC-39B 7.9 24 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 96.9 -- -- 107.2 10th St & Banana River Dr 8.0 25 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 96.5 -- -- 106.0 UCS 4 9.6 26 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 111.8 108.8 92.2 126.5 122.8 103.3 UCS 1 13.2 27 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 111.0 106.9 88.0 123.9 118.7 97.0

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 61 Weather Data Summary To document the weather conditions during the launch event, surface and atmospheric weather data were collected. Surface weather stations were set up by BRRC at three of the acoustic measurement sites to collect wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity. The average surface weather conditions collected by BRRC during the first minute of the launch event are presented in Table 15. Additionally, Table 15 includes KSC/CCAFS surface weather observations at time of launch collected at the NASA’s weather station at LC-39A (28.608 °N, 80.604 °W). Sky conditions were gathered from both the Shuttle Landing Facility (28.61489 °N, 80.69437 °W) and the CCAFS Skid Strip (28.46767 °N, 80.56683°W). Table 15. Surface Weather Observations for SpaceX Falcon 9, CRS-15 Location Name Height Wind Speed Wind Direction rel. to true north Temperature Relative Humidity NASA Causeway 1.5 m 1.8 m/s 209° 26 °C 87% UCS 15 1.5 m 0.1 m/s 166° 23 °C 95% Pump House 7 1.5 m < 0.1 m/s -- -- -- NASA Site† 1.8 m -- -- 25 °C 92% 3.7 m 1.0 m/s 190° -- -- 16.5 m 3.1 m/s 200° 25 °C 87% † Barometric Pressure: 1015.2 MB, Skies: Few clouds (1-2 oktas) at 2,500’ & Scattered clouds (3-4 oktas) at 28,000’, Lapse Rate: 0.7°F Atmospheric data above the surface were obtained from NOAA IGRA2. Typically, Cape Canaveral radiosonde data are reported twice daily at 12:00 am and 12:00 pm. Radiosonde data are provided in Figure 31 for the two nearest sampling times before and after the launch. Figure 31. Atmospheric profile from IGRA2 database before and after the launch of CRS-15.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 62 4.3.3 ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe Event Description The United Launch Alliance (ULA) Delta IV Heavy successfully launched NASA’s Parker Solar Probe on its mission to “touch the Sun” on Sunday, 12 August 2018 at 3:31 AM EDT from Space Launch Complex 37B (SLC-37B) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida (Figure 32). Schematics of the Delta IV Heavy vehicle and its engine configuration are presented in Figure 33. The Delta IV Heavy is a heavy-class launch vehicle whose first stage uses three Common Booster Cores (RS-68A engines) with LOX/LH2 propellant to generate a total thrust of 8,673 kN (1,950,000 lbf). A summary of the Delta IV Heavy vehicle, engine, and mission parameters is provided in Table 16. A typical mission profile from the Delta IV Launch Services User’s Guide [17] is displayed in Figure 34. The actual mission profile will vary. Figure 32. Parker Solar Probe launch of Delta IV Heavy rocket from SLC-37B (credit: Michael James).

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 63 Figure 33. Delta IV Heavy vehicle [13] and engine configuration [17]. Table 16. Delta IV Heavy Vehicle, Engine, and Mission Specifications Vehicle ULA Delta IV Heavy Class Heavy Length 71.6 m No. Cores 3 Core Diameter 5.1 m Fairing Diameter 5.0 m Weight 733,000 kg 1st Stage Engines Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-68A No. 3 (3 CCB's) Propellant LOX/LH2 Nozzle Diameter 1.25 m Engine Thrust 3,136 kN Total Thrust 9,408 kN Mission Parker Solar Probe Type Heliophysics Orbit Heliocentric Operator NASA Applied Physics Laboratory Launch Date 12 August 2018 07:31 UTC Launch Site CCAFS SLC-37B Landing Site -- Figure 34. Delta IV Heavy sequence of events for a GTO mission (eastern range) from the Delta IV Launch Services User’s Guide [17]. Actual mission profile will vary.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 64 Measurement Layout Acoustic measurements were conducted at 19 unique locations in and around KSC and CCAFS as shown in Figure 35. Measurement site details are presented in Table 17, including each site’s name, relation to the launch pad, and coordinates. Photos of each measurement site are displayed in Figure 36 and Figure 37. Figure 35. ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe launch acoustic measurement layout.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 65 Table 17. Acoustic Measurement Site Name and Location Descriptions for the ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe Event Location Name Short Name Distance, km Bearing† Latitude‡ Longitude‡ SLC-37B SLC37B 0.3 207° 28.528379° -80.566097° SLC-34 SLC34 1.0 161° 28.522363° -80.561071° CCAFS Bldg 42910 B42910 1.0 280° 28.532887° -80.574938° SLC-47 SLC47 2.0 354° 28.548955° -80.566445° SLC-20 SLC20 2.3 160° 28.512047° -80.556626° Titan III & Loop Rd TITAN 2.8 280° 28.535545° -80.592512° UCS 8 UCS08 4.1 351° 28.567961° -80.570709° SLC-15 SLC15 4.2 159° 28.496194° -80.549313° Static Test Viewing Site STATVS 5.1 271° 28.532283° -80.616676° SLC-41 SLC41 5.8 343° 28.580984° -80.581455° SLC-12 SLC12 5.9 160° 28.481464° -80.543795° E Schwartz Rd ESCHWZ 6.0 306° 28.562881° -80.614317° PAMS PAMS 7.7 276° 28.538642° -80.642370° SLC-1 SLC01 7.9 158° 28.464818° -80.534654° UCS 12 UCS12 8.2 343° 28.601496° -80.589087° SLC-46 SLC46 9.3 157° 28.453736° -80.528537° LC-39A LC39A 9.5 339° 28.611472° -80.599418° CCF Area CCF 9.7 311° 28.589206° -80.639222° † Bearing is the angle in degrees (clockwise) between True North and the direction from the pad to the measurement site. ‡ For locations with co-located systems, the coordinates are provided for the NI system. The precise location of SLM’s co-located with NI systems may be found in the file header of the associated recording.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 66 Figure 36. ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe photos of measurement sites with NI CompactDAQ systems.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 67 Figure 37. ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe photos of measurement sites with SLM’s.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 68 Acoustic Data Summary A summary of the acoustic data collected during the ULA Delta IV Heavy Parker Solar Probe launch event is presented in Table 18. The table is ordered according to the measurement site’s distance from the launch pad (closest to farthest). In addition to the measurement site’s distance, the channel number, recorder model, microphone model, and microphone height and orientation are provided. The acoustic data presented in Table 18 include the unweighted, A-weighted, and C-weighted maximum one-second equivalent sound level (Max Leq,1s) and sound exposure levels (SEL). Note, the overall acoustic metrics collected by LD-LxT’s are limited to A-weighted values (see Table 5); thus, unweighted and C-weighted table entries are empty. The time-history acoustic data are provided for each channel with the data deliverables, as described in the Section 4.4. Table 18. ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe Acoustic Data Summary Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA SLC-37B 0.3 01 NI-9232 GRAS 46BE-S2 0.0 [Inverted] 144.1 142.1 129.5 152.8 150.1 137.0 SLC-37B 0.3 02 NI-9232 GRAS 46BG 0.0 [Inverted] 143.1 141.4 129.2 152.0 149.4 136.8 SLC-37B 0.3 03 NI-9232 GRAS 40BD 1.5 [Grazing] 141.5 139.6 127.7 150.4 147.4 135.8 SLC-34 1.0 04 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 131.4 129.0 119.5 143.2 140.1 128.8 SLC-34 1.0 05 NI-9234 GRAS 40BD 0.0 [Inverted] 131.6 129.2 119.8 143.3 140.3 129.1 SLC-34 1.0 06 NI-9234 GRAS 40BD 1.5 [Grazing] 130.3 127.8 115.5 142.3 138.4 126.2 CCAFS Bldg 42910 1.0 07 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 132.4 130.6 118.9 143.6 140.5 126.2 CCAFS Bldg 42910 1.0 08 NI-9234 GRAS 46BE-S2 0.0 [Inverted] 132.6 130.8 118.9 143.9 140.8 126.4 CCAFS Bldg 42910 1.0 09 NI-9234 GRAS 40BD 1.5 [Grazing] 131.5 129.4 118.4 142.5 139.3 126.1 SLC-47 2.0 10 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 112.5 -- -- 122.1 SLC-20 2.3 11 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 113.1 -- -- 123.3 Titan III & Loop Rd 2.8 12 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 125.7 124.5 107.2 136.7 133.8 118.3 Titan III & Loop Rd 2.8 13 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 125.9 124.6 107.3 136.9 133.9 118.2 Titan III & Loop Rd 2.8 14 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 108.4 -- -- 118.3 Titan III & Loop Rd 2.8 15 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 1.5 [Grazing] 125.2 123.8 108.9 135.7 132.3 116.9 UCS 8 4.1 16 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 102.6 -- -- 113.9 SLC-15 4.2 17 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 117.9 116.3 106.0 132.4 129.5 115.8 SLC-15 4.2 18 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 118.1 116.4 106.2 132.7 129.6 115.9 SLC-15 4.2 19 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 1.5 [Grazing] 116.9 114.8 102.9 131.5 127.9 112.9

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 69 Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA Static Test Viewing Site 5.1 20 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 100.5 -- -- 110.8 SLC-41 5.8 21 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 113.1 111.6 98.5 126.7 124.3 108.6 SLC-12 5.9 22 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 100.2 -- -- 111.0 E Schwartz Rd 6.0 23 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 115.3 113.8 101.1 129.2 126.1 110.4 PAMS 7.7 24 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 111.3 108.1 94.6 126.4 122.4 104.9 SLC-1 7.9 25 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 93.5 -- -- 104.9 UCS 12 8.2 26 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 93.7 -- -- 105.0 SLC-46 9.3 27 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 91.0 -- -- 103.4 LC-39A 9.5 28 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 110.2 107.5 90.7 125.5 121.5 101.8 CCF Area 9.7 29 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 90.7 -- -- 102.7

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 70 Weather Data Summary To document the weather conditions during the launch event, surface and atmospheric weather data were collected. Surface weather stations were set up by BRRC at two of the acoustic measurement sites to collect wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity. The average surface weather conditions collected by BRRC during the first minute of the launch event are presented in Table 19. Additionally, Table 19 includes KSC/CCAFS surface weather observations at time of launch collected at the NASA’s weather station at LC-39A (28.608 °N, 80.604 °W). Sky conditions were gathered from both the Shuttle Landing Facility (28.61489 °N, 80.69437 °W) and the CCAFS Skid Strip (28.46767 °N, 80.56683°W). Table 19. Surface Weather Observations for ULA Delta IV Heavy, Parker Solar Probe Location Name Height Wind Speed Wind Direction rel. to true north Temperature Relative Humidity SLC-15 1.5 m 0.9 m/s 253° 24 °C 94% Titan III & Loop Rd 1.5 m 1.9 m/s 237° 26 °C 92% NASA Site† 1.8 m -- -- 25 °C 92% 3.7 m 1.5 m/s 242° -- -- 16.5 m 3.1 m/s 242° 25 °C 80% †Barometric Pressure: 1016.2 MB, Skies: 10% at 6,000 feet, Lapse Rate: 0.3°F Atmospheric data above the surface were obtained from NOAA IGRA2. Typically, Cape Canaveral radiosonde data are reported twice daily at 12:00 am and 12:00 pm. Radiosonde data are provided in Figure 38 for the two nearest sampling times before and after the launch. Figure 38. Atmospheric profile from IGRA2 database before and after the launch of Parker Solar Probe.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 71 4.3.4 SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Event Description The SpaceX Falcon Heavy launched the Arabsat-6A satellite from Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Thursday, 11 April 2019 at 6:35 PM EDT (Figure 39). Following booster separation, Falcon Heavy’s two side boosters landed at SpaceX’s Landing Zones 1 and 2 (LZ-1 and LZ-2) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at approximately 7:02 PM EDT. Falcon Heavy’s center core landed on the “Of Course I Still Love You” drone ship, which was stationed in the Atlantic Ocean. Schematics of the Falcon Heavy vehicle and its engine configuration are presented in Figure 40. The Falcon Heavy is a super-heavy-class launch vehicle whose first stage uses three Falcon 9 nine-engine cores whose 27 Merlin engines together generate more than 5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff with LOX/Kerosene propellant. A summary of the Falcon Heavy vehicle, engine, and mission parameters is provided in Table 20. A typical mission profile from the Falcon User’s Guide [16] is displayed in Figure 41. The actual mission profile will vary. Figure 39. Arabsat-6A launch of Falcon Heavy rocket from LC-39A (left) and landing of the Falcon Heavy’s two side boosters at LZ-1 and LZ-2 (credit: SpaceX).

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 72 Figure 40. Falcon Heavy vehicle [18] and engine configuration [16]. Table 20. Falcon Heavy Vehicle, Engine, and Mission Specifications Vehicle SpaceX Falcon Heavy Class Super-Heavy Length 70 m No. Cores 3 Core Diameter 3.7 m Fairing Diameter 5.2 m Weight 1,420,788 kg 1st Stage Engines SpaceX Merlin-1D No. 27 (3 Falcon Cores) Propellant LOX/Kerosene Nozzle Diameter 0.86 m Engine Thrust 845 kN Total Thrust 22,819 kN Mission Arabsat-6A Type Communications Satellite Orbit Geostationary Operator King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology Launch Date 11 April 2019 22:35 UTC Launch Site KSC LC-39A Landing Site CCAFS LZ-1 & LZ-2 Figure 41. Falcon Heavy mission profile as provided in the Falcon User’s Guide [16]. Actual mission profile may vary.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 73 Measurement Layout Acoustic measurements were conducted at 24 unique locations in and around KSC and CCAFS as shown in Figure 42. Measurement site details are presented in Table 21, including each site’s name, relation to the launch and landing pads, and coordinates. Photos of each measurement site are displayed in Figure 43 and Figure 44. Figure 42. SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A launch and landing acoustic measurement layout.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 74 Table 21. Acoustic Measurement Site Name and Location Descriptions for the SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Event Location Name Measured From LC-39A Measured From LZ-1 & LZ-2 Short Name Distance, km Bearing† Distance, km Bearing† Latitude‡ Longitude‡ LC-39A LC39A 0.5 280° 15.0 334° 28.609287° -80.609112° UCS 12 UCS12 1.6 118° 13.5 340° 28.601687° -80.589271° LC-39B Access Rd East LC39B 2.0 325° 16.7 335° 28.623571° -80.615960° UCS 17 UCS17 3.6 258° 15.9 323° 28.601875° -80.640187° UCS 4 UCS04 3.8 333° 18.5 335° 28.639249° -80.621671° UCS 3 UCS03 4.7 141° 10.3 343° 28.575479° -80.573936° SLC-40 SLC40 6.1 153° 8.6 338° 28.559349° -80.575875° K6-1847 K61847 6.1 229° 14.2 312° 28.573088° -80.651240° UCS 6 UCS06 6.4 270° 18.3 317° 28.608593° -80.669146° UCS 9 UCS09 7.0 331° 21.7 334° 28.663510° -80.638880° EFMN EFMN 7.5 151° 7.3 341° 28.549154° -80.566572° A Ave NE AAVENE 8.0 227° 14.3 304° 28.559119° -80.663940° SLF Center Point SLF 8.4 274° 20.1 314° 28.614163° -80.689413° Patrol Road PTRLRD 8.9 171° 6.6 315° 28.528929° -80.590863° LC-34 LC34 10.4 156° 4.3 336° 28.522239° -80.561213° DOAMS DOAMS 12.2 329° 26.9 333° 28.702713° -80.668760° Community Park CMPARK 13.8 172° 4.1 267° 28.485278° -80.585416° SLC-14 SLC14 14.3 157° 0.5 310° 28.489929° -80.547377° Central Control Rd CTRLRD 14.6 164° 2.0 255° 28.482246° -80.562717° Skid Strip SKID 16.3 164° 2.6 215° 28.467324° -80.558768° SLC-46 SLC46 18.7 156° 3.9 158° 28.453713° -80.528408° SLC-30 SLC30 18.7 173° 6.2 215° 28.441195° -80.580311° SLC-29 SLC29 20.0 175° 7.6 213° 28.428936° -80.585622° NOTU Port NOTU 21.4 179° 9.8 215° 28.415089° -80.601067° † Bearing is the angle in degrees (clockwise) between True North and the direction from the pad to the measurement site. ‡ For locations with co-located systems, the coordinates are provided for the NI system. The precise location of SLM’s co-located with NI systems may be found in the file header of the associated recording.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 75 Figure 43. SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A photos of measurement sites with NI CompactDAQ systems.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 76 Figure 44. SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A photos of measurement sites with SLM’s.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 77 Acoustic Data Summary A summary of the acoustic data collected during the SpaceX Falcon Heavy Arabsat-6A event is presented in Table 22 through Table 24. The Falcon Heavy mission includes three separate acoustic events: launch propulsion noise, landing sonic booms, and landing propulsion noise. In an effort to capture high-fidelity acoustic data from all three events, microphones were selected so that their sensitivities were optimized for one or more of the three events. For example, three of the four microphones placed at LC-39A (the launch pad location) were optimized for the launch event by selecting microphones with low sensitivity. The fourth microphone (CH02) was optimized for the landing event noise, which was generated much farther away, by selecting a more sensitive microphone to capture the lower levels of the landing propulsion noise and with extended low-frequency response for the sonic boom events. Thus, the high- sensitivity microphone of CH02 overloaded while trying to capture the high levels generated during the launch event, as expected. Therefore, launch data is not provided for CH02 in the launch data summary below (Table 22) or the time-history text file deliverables. Despite each microphone’s optimization for a specific event, the vast majority of the microphones were able to capture high-fidelity acoustic data for all three events. The acoustic data summary for the launch propulsion noise, landing propulsion noise, and landing sonic booms are presented in Table 22, Table 23, and Table 24; respectively. The tables are ordered according to the measurement site’s distance from the launch or landing pad (closest to farthest). In addition to the measurement site’s distance, the channel number, recorder model, microphone model, and microphone height and orientation are provided. The acoustic data presented in Table 22 and Table 23 include the unweighted, A-weighted, and C-weighted maximum one-second equivalent sound level (Max Leq,1s) and sound exposure levels (SEL). Note, the overall acoustic metrics collected by LD-LxT’s are limited to A-weighted values (see Table 5); thus, unweighted and C-weighted table entries are empty. The time- history acoustic data are provided for each channel with the data deliverables, as described in the Section 4.4. The sonic boom data presented in Table 24 include the peak overpressure and the unweighted and C-weighted SEL for the two side boosters. To accurately capture sonic booms, PCB 378A07 and GRAS 47AC microphones were specifically selected for their extended low-frequency response, results are omitted for all other microphones.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 78 Table 22. SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Acoustic Data Summary of Launch Propulsion Noise Event Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA LC-39A 0.5 01 NI-9234 GRAS 46BE-S2 0.0 [Inverted] 145.0 142.0 127.0 152.7 148.7 134.7 LC-39A 0.5 02† NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- -- -- -- -- LC-39A 0.5 03 LD-831 GRAS 46BE-S2 0.0 [Inverted] 145.0 142.8 127.3 151.9 149.2 134.6 LC-39A 0.5 04 NI-9234 GRAS 40BD 1.5 [Grazing] 143.0 139.8 125.2 150.4 146.2 133.1 UCS 12 1.6 05 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 0.0 [Inverted] 133.8 129.8 115.4 144.1 139.9 125.3 UCS 12 1.6 06 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 133.4 129.7 115.3 143.8 139.7 125.3 UCS 12 1.6 07 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 1.5 [Grazing] 133.2 129.3 116.4 143.4 138.7 124.3 LC-39B Access Rd East 2.0 08 LD-831 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 130.8 127.2 113.1 141.9 138.0 122.6 UCS 17 3.6 09 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 0.0 [Inverted] 123.6 119.5 105.1 136.4 131.0 115.1 UCS 17 3.6 10 NI-9234 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 123.8 119.6 105.0 136.7 131.1 115.1 UCS 17 3.6 11 NI-9232 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 123.8 119.7 105.1 136.8 131.2 115.1 UCS 17 3.6 12 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 105.8 -- -- 115.7 UCS 17 3.6 13 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 1.5 [Grazing] 123.0 118.6 104.6 135.4 128.8 114.1 UCS 17 3.6 14 NI-9232 GRAS 40BE 1.5 [Grazing] 123.0 118.6 104.6 135.4 128.8 114.1 UCS 17 3.6 15 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 3.7 [Grazing] 123.5 119.1 105.0 136.2 129.7 113.8 UCS 4 3.8 16 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 106.6 -- -- 117.8 UCS 3 4.7 17 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 123.1 119.2 104.0 135.8 131.0 113.7 UCS 3 4.7 18 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 123.2 119.3 103.6 136.0 131.1 113.6 UCS 3 4.7 19 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 1.5 [Grazing] 122.2 117.6 103.6 134.8 129.2 113.0 SLC-40 6.1 20 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 106.5 -- -- 113.0 K6-1847 6.1 21 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 96.0 -- -- 107.0 UCS 6 6.4 22 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 102.4 -- -- 112.9 UCS 9 7.0 23 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 100.2 -- -- 110.9 EFMN 7.5 24 NI-9250 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 117.2 114.8 98.8 131.1 126.1 108.8 EFMN 7.5 25 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 117.2 114.9 99.0 131.2 126.1 108.9 A Ave NE 8.0 26 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 95.0 -- -- 103.5

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 79 Location Name Distance, km Channel Number Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max Leq,1s SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA SLF Center Point 8.4 27 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 116.5 112.4 96.2 129.4 123.9 106.1 Patrol Rd 8.9 28 NI-9250 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 116.3 113.8 95.1 130.7 125.4 104.3 Patrol Rd 8.9 29 NI-9250 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 116.3 113.8 95.2 130.8 125.4 104.4 LC-34 10.4 30 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 114.1 109.5 94.6 127.9 122.3 103.9 LC-34 10.4 31 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 114.6 109.9 94.9 128.7 122.7 104.2 LC-34 10.4 32 NI-9232 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 114.6 109.8 94.8 128.7 122.6 104.1 LC-34 10.4 33 NI-9232 PCB 377B11 0.0 [Inverted] 114.6 109.7 94.2 128.5 122.5 103.6 LC-34 10.4 34 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 95.9 -- -- 104.3 LC-34 10.4 35 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 1.5 [Grazing] 114.1 109.2 91.7 128.1 121.6 101.1 LC-34 10.4 36 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 3.7 [Grazing] 113.2 107.9 89.7 126.9 120.0 100.5 DOAMS 12.2 37 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 92.1 -- -- 102.1 Community Park 13.8 38 NI-9250 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 111.6 107.8 88.2 125.9 118.1 94.9 Community Park 13.8 39 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 111.5 107.9 88.3 126.0 118.1 95.0 SLC-14 14.3 40 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 110.6 105.3 86.4 125.3 117.8 95.5 SLC-14 14.3 41 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 111.1 105.7 86.5 126.2 118.2 95.7 SLC-14 14.3 42 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 110.8 105.2 82.3 125.6 117.4 92.0 Central Control Rd 14.6 43 NI-9250 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 110.4 106.0 88.6 124.5 117.0 95.0 Central Control Rd 14.6 44 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 110.6 106.1 88.5 125.3 117.1 94.9 Skid Strip 16.3 45 LD-831 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 109.7 105.1 85.7 123.3 115.8 92.2 SLC-46 18.7 46 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 109.1 103.0 79.9 123.6 115.2 88.2 SLC-46 18.7 47 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 109.4 103.2 80.1 124.6 115.5 88.4 SLC-46 18.7 48 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 109.2 102.8 77.4 123.8 114.6 85.9 SLC-30 18.7 49 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 74.0 -- -- 86.0 SLC-29 20.0 50 NI-9250 PCB 377B11 0.0 [Inverted] 106.0 101.7 79.7 122.0 113.5 87.9 SLC-29 20.0 51 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 106.2 101.9 79.8 122.8 113.6 88.0 NOTU Port 21.4 52 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 71.7 -- -- 82.1 † Microphone optimized for landing event, launch data results removed.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 80 Table 23. SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Acoustic Data Summary of Landing Propulsion Noise Event Location Name Distance, km Global Channel Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max OASPL SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA SLC-14 0.5 40† NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- -- -- -- -- SLC-14 0.5 41† NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- -- -- -- -- SLC-14 0.5 42† NI-9234 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] -- -- -- -- -- -- Central Control Rd 2.0 43† NI-9250 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- -- -- -- -- Central Control Rd 2.0 44† NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- -- -- -- -- Skid Strip 2.6 45 LD-831 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 127.5 119.9 105.4 128.6 124.5 112.5 SLC-46 3.9 46 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 115.5 113.1 95.7 123.1 120.5 102.9 SLC-46 3.9 47 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 115.8 113.3 95.9 123.5 120.7 103.2 SLC-46 3.9 48 NI-9234 PCB 377B11 1.5 [Grazing] 115.2 112.6 96.5 122.6 119.5 102.9 Community Park 4.1 38 NI-9250 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 119.9 115.0 97.4 124.2 120.3 104.5 Community Park 4.1 39 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 119.9 115.0 97.4 124.2 120.2 104.5 LC-34 4.3 30 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 117.5 114.9 102.0 122.9 120.8 108.3 LC-34 4.3 31 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 118.0 115.3 102.5 123.4 121.2 108.8 LC-34 4.3 32 NI-9232 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 118.0 115.2 102.4 123.3 121.1 108.7 LC-34 4.3 33 NI-9232 PCB 377B11 0.0 [Inverted] 117.9 115.2 102.1 123.3 121.2 108.7 LC-34 4.3 34 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 101.6 -- -- 107.9 LC-34 4.3 35 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 1.5 [Grazing] 117.3 114.3 98.9 122.7 120.3 105.7 LC-34 4.3 36 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 3.7 [Grazing] 116.1 112.6 99.4 121.3 118.6 105.8 SLC-30 6.2 49 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 87.0 -- -- 93.6 Patrol Rd 6.6 28 NI-9250 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 115.1 112.2 92.6 120.9 118.2 99.0 Patrol Rd 6.6 29 NI-9250 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 115.1 112.1 92.8 120.9 118.1 99.2 EFMN 7.3 24 NI-9250 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 109.8 106.2 86.2 116.2 113.0 92.7 EFMN 7.3 25 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 109.9 106.2 86.3 116.4 113.0 92.7 SLC-29 7.6 50 NI-9250 PCB 377B11 0.0 [Inverted] 106.8 103.0 86.4 112.5 108.2 91.6 SLC-29 7.6 51 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 107.1 103.2 86.6 113.1 108.3 91.8

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 81 Location Name Distance, km Global Channel Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max OASPL SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA SLC-40 8.6 20 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 88.6 -- -- 92.9 NOTU Port 9.8 52 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 75.7 -- -- 82.4 UCS 3 10.3 17 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 0.0 [Inverted] 103.0 99.3 77.8 109.8 105.7 84.7 UCS 3 10.3 18 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 103.3 99.4 77.9 110.3 105.8 84.9 UCS 3 10.3 19 NI-9234 PCB 377C13 1.5 [Grazing] 102.1 98.0 76.0 109.0 104.3 82.5 UCS 12 13.5 05 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 0.0 [Inverted] 101.7 98.1 79.9 108.0 103.6 85.8 UCS 12 13.5 06 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 101.4 97.9 80.0 108.1 103.4 85.8 UCS 12 13.5 07 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 1.5 [Grazing] 101.8 98.2 80.0 108.7 103.7 85.8 K6-1847 14.2 21 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 71.3 -- -- 78.6 A Ave NE 14.3 26 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 67.2 -- -- 74.8 LC-39A 15.0 01 NI-9234 GRAS 46BE-S2 0.0 [Inverted] 104.8 100.3 73.3 109.4 104.0 86.2 LC-39A 15.0 02 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 103.7 99.2 72.2 108.6 102.9 78.4 LC-39A 15.0 03 LD-831 GRAS 46BE-S2 0.0 [Inverted] 102.1 98.4 71.9 107.1 103.3 78.3 LC-39A 15.0 04 NI-9234 GRAS 40BD 1.5 [Grazing] 102.9 98.5 71.4 107.4 102.2 85.6 UCS 17 15.9 09 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 0.0 [Inverted] 95.6 90.7 73.9 104.8 98.5 86.5 UCS 17 15.9 10 NI-9234 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 96.1 90.8 74.0 105.9 98.6 86.3 UCS 17 15.9 11 NI-9232 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 96.4 90.9 74.1 107.8 98.6 86.8 UCS 17 15.9 12 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- -- -- -- -- UCS 17 15.9 13 NI-9234 GRAS 40BE 1.5 [Grazing] 95.1 89.1 70.8 105.2 96.6 84.0 UCS 17 15.9 14 NI-9232 GRAS 40BE 1.5 [Grazing] 95.1 89.1 71.2 105.8 96.7 86.0 UCS 17 15.9 15 NI-9234 GRAS 46AO 3.7 [Grazing] 95.7 90.1 71.6 106.0 97.8 84.5 LC-39B Access Rd East 16.7 08 LD-831 PCB 377C13 0.0 [Inverted] 100.7 96.1 72.9 106.0 101.7 79.9 UCS 6 18.3 22 LD-LxT PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 65.0 -- -- 75.4 UCS 4 18.5 16 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 67.5 -- -- 78.0 SLF Center Point 20.1 27 LD-831 PCB 377B02 0.0 [Inverted] 90.2 84.2 61.2 96.6 90.7 68.7

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 82 Location Name Distance, km Global Channel Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Max OASPL SEL dB dBC dBA dB dBC dBA UCS 9 21.7 23 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 77.1 -- -- 83.4 DOAMS 26.9 37 LD-LxT PCB 377B20 0.0 [Inverted] -- -- 67.2 -- -- 77.0 † Data removed as the sonic boom generated from the second booster and the landing propulsion noise overlap in time. Table 24. SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Acoustic Data Summary of Landing Sonic Boom Event 1st Booster Sonic Boom 2nd Booster Sonic Boom Location Name Distance, km Global Channel Recorder Model Microphone Model Height, m [orientation] Peak SEL Peak SEL psf dB dBC psf dB dBC SLC-14† 0.5 41 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 7.7 133.3 122.0 -- -- -- Central Control Rd† 2.0 44 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 6.9 130.5 119.3 -- -- -- SLC-46 3.9 47 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 5.8 129.8 119.1 5.3 129.4 118.6 Community Park 4.1 39 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 4.8 127.8 116.8 5.0 128.2 117.4 LC-34 4.3 31 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 5.8 129.1 118.7 6.1 129.5 119.4 Patrol Rd 6.6 29 NI-9250 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 5.2 126.6 117.0 5.4 127.0 117.8 EFMN 7.3 25 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 3.7 125.2 114.5 3.2 125.3 114.0 SLC-29 7.6 51 NI-9250 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 3.3 125.7 114.3 3.4 125.7 114.5 UCS 3 10.3 18 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 3.0 123.2 112.5 3.3 123.6 113.5 UCS 12 13.5 06 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 2.3 120.4 109.9 2.3 120.5 110.2 LC-39A 15.0 02 NI-9234 PCB 378A07 0.0 [Inverted] 2.2 120.9 109.6 2.1 121.2 110.1 UCS 17 15.9 10 NI-9234 GRAS 47AC 0.0 [Inverted] 1.7 120.3 106.9 1.8 120.6 108.0 † Data removed as the sonic boom generated from the second booster and the landing propulsion noise overlap in time.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 83 Weather Data Summary To document the weather conditions during the launch and landing events, surface and atmospheric weather data were collected. Surface weather stations were set up by BRRC at four of the acoustic measurement sites to collect wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity. The average surface weather conditions collected by BRRC during the first minute of the launch and last minute of the landing events are presented in Table 26 and Table 26, respectively. Additionally, Table 25 and Table 26 include KSC/CCAFS surface weather observations at time of launch and landing collected at the NASA’s weather station at LC-39A (28.608 °N, 80.604 °W). Sky conditions were gathered from both the Shuttle Landing Facility (28.61489 °N, 80.69437 °W) and the CCAFS Skid Strip (28.46767 °N, 80.56683°W). Table 25. Surface Weather Observations SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Launch Location Name Height Wind Speed Wind Direction rel. to true north Temperature Relative Humidity LC-39B 1.5 m 0.8 m/s 86.5° -- -- SLC-14 1.5 m 1.7 m/s 85.8° 27 °C 73% SLC-30 1.5 m 1.3 m/s 84.9° -- -- UCS 17 1.5 m 2.0 m/s 77.2° 26 °C 73% NASA Site† 1.8 m -- -- 26 °C 72% 3.7 m 2.6 m/s 90° -- -- 16.5 m 3.1 m/s 100° 26 °C 72% † Barometric Pressure: 1012.6 MB, Skies: Few clouds (1-2 oktas) at 3,000’ & few clouds (1-2 oktas) at 8,000’, Lapse Rate: 0.2°F Table 26. Surface Weather Observations SpaceX Falcon Heavy, Arabsat-6A Landing. Location Name Height Wind Speed Wind Direction rel. to true north Temperature Relative Humidity LC-39B 1.5 m 0.6 m/s 72.0° -- -- SLC-14 1.5 m 1.5 m/s 77.3° 26 °C 74.0% SLC-30 1.5 m 1.4 m/s 103.4° -- -- UCS 17 1.5 m 2.3 m/s 73.1° 26 °C 72.4% NASA Site† 1.8 m -- -- 26 °C 72% 3.7 m 3.1 m/s 100° -- -- 16.5 m 3.1 m/s 100° 26 °C 72% † Barometric Pressure: 1012.6 MB, Skies: Few clouds (1-2 oktas) at 3,000’ & few clouds (1-2 oktas) at 8,000’, Lapse Rate: 0.2°F

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 84 Atmospheric data above the surface were obtained from NOAA IGRA2. Typically, Cape Canaveral radiosonde data are reported twice daily at 12:00 am and 12:00 pm. Radiosonde data are provided in Figure 45 for the two nearest sampling times before and after the launch/landing. Figure 45. Atmospheric profile from IGRA2 database before and after the launch of Arabsat-6A.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 85 Data Products and Deliverables The acoustic, weather, and trajectory data products and deliverables for ACRP Project 02-81 are detailed in Section 4.4.1, Section 4.4.2, and Section 4.4.3, respectively. The ACRP 02-81 deliverables include digital files of the acoustic time-history data and atmospheric profile (radiosonde) data. The data are organized into directories as indicated in Table 27. Table 27. File Structure in the Accompanying ACRP 02-81 Deliverables Folder Name No. Files Description of Contents ANTARES230_CRS-8E(OA-8E)- ATMOSPHERICPROFILES 2 Radiosonde data text files before and after Antares 230 OA-8E launch. ANTARES230_CRS-8E(OA-8E)- LAUNCHNOISE 46 Acoustic time-history data text files during the Antares 230 OA-8E launch propulsion noise event. DELTAIVHEAVY_PARKERSOLARPROBE- ATMOSPHERICPROFILES 2 Radiosonde data text files before and after Delta IV Heavy Parker Solar Probe launch. DELTAIVHEAVY_PARKERSOLARPROBE- LAUNCHNOISE 29 Acoustic time-history data text files during the Delta IV Heavy Parker Solar Probe launch propulsion noise event. FALCON9_CRS-15- ATMOSPHERICPROFILES 2 Radiosonde data text files before and after Falcon 9 CRS-15 launch. FALCON9_CRS-15- LAUNCHNOISE 27 Acoustic time-history data text files during the Falcon 9 CRS-15 launch propulsion noise event. FALCONHEAVY_ARABSAT6A- ATMOSPHERICPROFILES 2 Radiosonde data text files before and after Falcon Heavy Arabsat-6A launch/landing. FALCONHEAVY_ARABSAT6A- LANDINGNOISE 50 Acoustic time-history data text files during the Falcon Heavy Arabsat-6A landing propulsion noise event. FALCONHEAVY_ARABSAT6A- LAUNCHNOISE 51 Acoustic time-history data text files during the Falcon Heavy Arabsat-6A launch propulsion noise event.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 86 4.4.1 Acoustic data A summary of the acoustic data collected during each launch/landing event is presented in Section 4.3. The ACRP 02-81 deliverables include time-history acoustic data stored in digital files that conform to a standard file format. Each file represents a single event recorded at one microphone position. The files were trimmed to ensure the acoustic data capture the noise event. File naming convention All digital files are stored in a single folder and have the following naming convention: [MISSION]_[EVENT]_CH**_[LOCATION]_**R_***D_***G.txt Elements in the name are identified as follows:  [MISSION] – mission name (i.e., OA8E, CRS15, PARKER, ARABSAT6A)  [EVENT] – event type (i.e., LAUNCHNOISE, LANDINGNOISE)  CH** – global channel number  [LOCATION] – recorder location short name  Sensor Location • **R – position: Radius, km • ***D – position: angle, degrees • ***G – microphone height (cm above ground) File header description The contents of each file are identified in the standard header information provided within the file using the ANSI/ASA S12.75 standard header format. This header includes all pertinent test information: measurement event details, data recorder and microphone information, and location of the data channel. Table 28 provides a description of the header fields, and Figure 46 shows an example of the header format. Table 28. Description of Header Fields Header Field Name Description Header Size Number of header rows. Vehicle Name Name of vehicle. Mission Name Name of mission. Mission Type Type of mission (e.g., ISS resupply, communications satellite) Mission Operator Operator of mission. Mission Customer Customer of mission. Launch Date Date of mission launch. Launch Time (UTC Zulu) Time of mission launch in UTC Zulu. Event Description Description of event measured (i.e., launch noise, landing noise, landing boom) Event Site Site of event (i.e., launch site or landing site) Project Project under which the measurements were conducted. Organization Organization that performed acoustic measurement. Recorder Location Name of recorder location. Recorder Location Short Name Abbreviated name of recorder location. Samples Total Number of data samples.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 87 Header Field Name Description Run Notes Measurement notes related to run (i.e., mission). Ch Number Measurement channel number. Ch Description Description of measurement channel microphone size and type. Transducer Model Transducer (microphone) make and model. Transducer SN Transducer (microphone) serial number. Meas Sens (mV/Pa) Transducer (microphone) sensitivity in mV/Pa, as measured in field. Orientation Orientation of microphone (i.e., inverted, grazing, source, sky) Windscreen Use of windscreen (YES or NO) Grid Use of microphone grid (YES or NO) Preamp Model Pre-amplifier make and model. Preamp SN Pre-amplifier serial number. Recorder Model Acoustic data acquisition (recorder) make and model. Coordinates Coordinate system. Datum Datum of coordinate system. Latitude Geodetic latitude in degrees. Longitude Longitude in degrees. Microphone Height AGL m Height of microphone above ground level in meters, where zero represents one-half the microphone diameter for inverted microphones. CH Notes Measurement notes related to data recorded on the specified channel. QC Note Additional notes related to quality checks. Data file content and format The data file format consists of the header (lines 1-35), a blank line (line 36), five lines of descriptive column headings (lines 37-41), and acoustic data (lines 42-N). The data content for propulsion noise includes the time histories for four metrics: unweighted, A-weighted, and C-weighted one-second equivalent sound levels (Leq,1s) and OTO band levels. A description of each data column is presented in Table 29. The data are stored in ASCII text as displayed in Figure 47. Examples of the acoustic metrics are displayed in Figure 48 and Figure 49. Table 29. Description of Propulsion Noise Data Format Columns Description 1-12 Time in UTC zulu 13-19 Unweighted Leq,1s 20-26 A-weighted Leq,1s 27-33 C-weighted Leq,1s 34-40 OTO band level for band 8 (6.3 Hz center frequency) ⋮ ⋮ 279-285 OTO band level for band 43 (20 kHz center frequency)

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 88 ;HEADER SIZE...................: 34 ;VEHICLE NAME..................: FALCON HEAVY ;MISSION NAME..................: ARABSAT 6A ;MISSION TYPE..................: COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ;MISSION OPERATOR..............: SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES CORP. ;MISSION CUSTOMER..............: ARABSAT ;LAUNCH DATE...................: 11 APRIL 2019 ;LAUNCH TIME (UTC ZULU).......: 22:35:00.000 ;EVENT DESCRIPTION.............: LAUNCH NOISE ;EVENT SITE....................: LC-39A, KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL ;PROJECT.......................: ACRP PROJECT 02-81 ;ORGANIZATION..................: BLUE RIDGE RESEARCH AND CONSULTING, LLC ;RECORDER LOCATION.............: SLC-14 ;RECORDER LOCATION SHORT NAME..: SLC14 ;SAMPLES TOTAL.................: 315 ;RUN NOTES.....................: NONE ;CH NUMBER.....................: 40 ;CH DESCRIPTION................: 1/2" MICROPHONE PRES-FIELD ;TRANSDUCER MODEL..............: PCB 377C13 ;TRANSDUCER SN.................: 176464 ;MEAS SENS (mV/Pa).............: 13.782 ;ORIENTATION...................: INVERTED ;WINDSCREEN....................: YES ;GRID..........................: YES ;PREAMP MODEL..................: PCB 426E01 ;PREAMP SN.....................: 132780 ;RECORDER MODEL................: NI-9234 ;COORDINATES...................: GEOGRAPHIC ;DATUM.........................: WGS 84 ;LATITUDE......................: 28.489929 ;LONGITUDE.....................: -80.547377 ;MICROPHONE HEIGHT AGL M.......: 0.0 ;CH NOTES......................: CONTINUOUS LOW-LEVEL MECH TONAL NOISE 40 HZ ;QC NOTE.......................: NONE Figure 46. Acoustic data file header format.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 89 -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- LEQ, dB ONE-THIRD OCTAVE-BAND LEVEL, dB TIME -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- UTC ZULU dB dBA dBC 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ... ************ ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ****** ... AMBIENT 60.0 43.1 50.6 39.8 35.9 34.1 33.9 36.0 37.8 38.2 39.3 44.7 ... 22:35:26.575 60.0 43.0 49.3 44.2 37.0 33.2 33.7 35.7 40.0 40.6 40.9 42.6 ... 22:35:27.575 60.7 42.7 51.8 38.2 34.1 30.6 31.2 32.2 41.4 41.1 39.4 45.9 ... 22:35:28.575 58.0 42.7 51.6 36.0 34.8 29.5 33.5 38.7 40.6 36.2 36.3 45.3 ... 22:35:29.575 62.8 42.3 51.7 36.9 36.7 39.7 39.2 35.9 30.0 35.6 37.6 48.1 ... 22:35:30.575 57.3 42.7 49.1 48.9 42.0 31.0 31.2 34.8 39.4 38.2 35.7 40.5 ... 22:35:31.575 57.7 42.7 50.0 39.8 36.1 31.0 30.4 33.3 34.5 36.1 38.0 44.8 ... 22:35:32.575 64.9 42.8 49.9 44.5 36.9 35.1 34.9 32.7 35.6 39.4 39.2 42.3 ... 22:35:33.575 60.4 42.8 51.7 32.2 27.8 32.7 34.4 35.7 37.2 38.5 39.8 44.4 ... 22:35:34.575 56.0 42.7 51.6 31.9 34.2 30.5 32.5 34.7 38.6 35.4 42.0 45.3 ... 22:35:35.575 51.3 42.4 47.2 27.2 30.0 31.6 30.5 35.2 31.8 31.5 37.4 40.7 ... 22:35:36.575 55.1 42.5 50.4 31.8 28.8 28.3 30.8 29.6 34.0 36.6 40.9 44.0 ... 22:35:37.575 54.8 42.5 51.9 30.2 29.8 31.5 37.7 37.4 38.0 35.8 43.1 46.7 ... 22:35:38.575 56.0 42.3 49.7 31.5 24.4 29.3 33.6 34.7 38.9 37.9 39.5 44.4 ... 22:35:39.575 54.7 42.2 48.5 33.2 28.6 30.0 31.4 34.7 36.4 39.5 34.2 43.4 ... 22:35:40.575 56.1 42.4 51.1 43.7 40.6 35.8 30.3 36.4 36.2 39.2 41.7 47.4 ... 22:35:41.575 67.8 42.1 51.6 49.2 44.3 44.1 42.6 37.6 37.9 37.6 40.4 45.7 ... 22:35:42.575 65.3 42.0 49.5 53.2 46.6 37.7 33.9 38.3 41.4 40.6 41.6 45.0 ... 22:35:43.575 63.5 42.2 50.6 41.4 43.5 43.4 35.9 35.8 37.0 40.1 40.7 46.1 ... 22:35:44.575 67.0 42.7 52.4 51.7 47.0 51.4 45.6 40.9 38.1 39.8 42.3 47.0 ... 22:35:45.575 64.3 43.0 52.8 51.3 46.1 49.8 49.7 49.5 44.8 44.5 44.2 48.5 ... 22:35:46.575 67.2 42.8 52.7 58.6 56.6 54.4 49.1 43.5 47.4 46.0 44.7 44.9 ... 22:35:47.575 70.6 42.8 55.2 61.0 55.5 52.3 48.9 43.8 50.3 47.6 45.4 48.7 ... 22:35:48.575 72.8 42.8 59.7 66.4 64.7 60.2 59.7 53.8 57.0 55.9 50.5 51.5 ... 22:35:49.575 78.3 43.9 64.7 66.8 64.4 67.8 62.4 57.6 62.4 60.8 60.7 55.3 ... 22:35:50.575 80.1 45.8 67.5 66.5 65.7 64.8 64.6 62.5 64.7 63.3 60.3 58.6 ... 22:35:51.575 81.5 46.9 70.1 73.0 74.3 73.8 71.8 68.9 63.9 63.3 64.8 64.3 ... 22:35:52.575 82.8 47.7 71.5 64.9 72.1 75.8 74.7 68.4 66.2 66.9 64.2 62.8 ... 22:35:53.575 83.1 48.6 72.4 66.3 67.5 73.1 71.6 69.9 66.0 70.1 64.9 64.4 ... 22:35:54.575 82.4 49.2 72.2 72.2 77.1 75.3 69.6 72.6 67.6 66.5 65.6 65.5 ... 22:35:55.575 80.7 50.0 72.9 67.9 71.0 73.3 74.1 75.6 70.2 67.4 62.1 66.3 ... 22:35:56.575 81.2 50.7 73.1 69.5 73.2 73.9 71.5 69.1 71.0 69.0 67.3 64.6 ... 22:35:57.575 83.1 54.0 76.0 66.7 71.6 73.7 75.0 76.9 71.9 69.8 68.6 63.0 ... 22:35:58.575 86.4 56.3 78.3 76.1 74.2 76.5 79.4 80.3 71.1 74.2 70.8 70.5 ... Figure 47. Acoustic data file data format.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 90 Figure 48. Example time-history of the unweighted, C-weighted, and A-weighted Leq,1s. Figure 49. Example time-history of the OTO band levels.

Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Measurements 91 4.4.2 Weather data The surface weather conditions collected by BRRC and KSC/CCAFS for each launch/landing event are presented in Section 4.3. The ACRP 02-81 deliverables include atmospheric data above the surface (radiosonde data) obtained from NOAA IGRA2. The radiosonde data are stored in digital files that conform to a standard file format [19]. An example of the radiosonde data file is shown in Figure 50. The radiosonde data are reported twice daily at 12:00 am and 12:00 pm. Digital files of the radiosonde data are provided for the two nearest sampling times before and after the launch. #USM00074794 2019 04 12 00 9999 126 ncdc-gts ncdc-gts 284667 -805500 21 -9999 101200B-9999 254B-9999 48 90 26 10 -9999 100000 117B 236B-9999 31 90 46 20 -9999 96200 -9999 208B-9999 18 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 95800 -9999 204B-9999 16 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 94800 -9999 196B-9999 14 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 93500 -9999 188B-9999 16 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 92500 794B 184B-9999 24 105 72 20 -9999 91200 -9999 184B-9999 60 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 88400 -9999 172B-9999 70 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 87100 -9999 164B-9999 80 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 85000 1517B 146B-9999 50 160 26 20 -9999 82200 -9999 122B-9999 32 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 81900 -9999 120B-9999 31 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 77000 -9999 88B-9999 29 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 76200 -9999 92B-9999 80 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 73700 -9999 78B-9999 90 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 72900 -9999 82B-9999 130 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 70000 3132B 70B-9999 190 145 36 20 -9999 66900 -9999 56B-9999 210 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 64700 -9999 72B-9999 430 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 60800 -9999 38B-9999 470 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 58300 -9999 16B-9999 430 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 53400 -9999 -49B-9999 340 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 50000 5840B -89B-9999 260 255 26 20 -9999 49800 -9999 -91B-9999 260 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 47700 -9999 -101B-9999 280 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 40000 7530B -201B-9999 280 15 57 20 -9999 37700 -9999 -233B-9999 290 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 31800 -9999 -341B-9999 240 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 30000 9590B -379B-9999 220 340 31 20 -9999 28300 -9999 -417B-9999 180 -9999 -9999 20 -9999 26900 -9999 -443B-9999 140 -9999 -9999 10 -9999 25000 10820B -479B-9999 160 345 67 20 -9999 22900 -9999 -525B-9999 130 -9999 -9999 Figure 50. Format of radiosonde data from IGRA2 database. 4.4.3 Trajectory data Trajectory data is not eligible for public dissemination as it is controlled by International Traffic and Arms Regulations (ITAR).