References
Amaral, S., Bhalotra, S., and Prakash, N. (2021). Gender, Crime and Punishment: Evidence from Women Police Stations in India. The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series dp-309. Boston, MA: Boston University, Department of Economics.
Andersen, H.A., and Mueller-Johnson, K. (2018). The Danish crime harm index: How it works and why it matters. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 2(1-2), 52–69.
Andersson, C., and Kazemian, L. (2018). Reliability and validity of cross-national homicide data: A comparison of UN and WHO data. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 42(4), 287–302.
Ariel, B., Farrar, W.A., and Sutherland, A. (2015). The effect of police body-worn cameras on use of force and citizens’ complaints against the police: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(3), 509–535.
Arriola, L.R., Dow, D.A., Matanock, A.M., and Mattes, M. (2021). Policing institutions and post-conflict peace. Journal of Conflict Resolution, May. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211013088.
Barnes, G.C., Williams, S., Sherman, L.W., Parmar, J., House, P., and Brown, S.A. (2020). Sweet Spots of Residual Deterrence: A Randomized Crossover Experiment in Minimalist Police Patrol. Soc ARCiV. https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/kwf98.
Basford, L., Sims, C., Agar, I., and Harinam, V. (2021). Effects of one-a-day foot patrols on hot spots of serious violence and crime harm: A randomized crossover trial. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 5(4).
Bayley, D.H. (1985). Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Bayley, D.H. (2006). Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad. Oxford University Press.
Bergmann, A., Ojeda, A.R., Forné, C.S., Correa, C.P., Marques, D., Velasquez, H.A., Cano, I., Muñoz, J.C., Ávila, K., Rueda, M.S., Nunes, S.B., and Husek, T. (2019). Monitor of Use of Lethal Force in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, and Venezuela. Open Society Foundations. https://www.monitorfuerzaletal.com/Executive-Monitor-English.pdf.
Bingham, T. (2011). The Rule of Law. Penguin UK.
Bittner, E. (1974). A theory of police: Florence nightingale in pursuit of Willie Sutton. In The Potential for Reform of Criminal Justice, (Ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Black, D.J. (1970). Production of crime rates. American Sociological Review, 733–748.
Blair, R., and Morse, B. (2021). Policing and the legacies of wartime state predation: Evidence from a survey and field experiment in Liberia. Journal of Conflict Resolution.
Blair, R., and Weintraub, M. (2020). Mano Dura: An Experimental Evaluation of the Plan Fortaleza Program in Cali, Colombia. https://osf.io/95cz3.
Blair, R., and Weintraub, M. (2021). Military policing exacerbates crime and human rights abuses: A randomized controlled trial in Cali, Colombia. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3925245.
Bland, M.P., Leggetter, M., Cestaro, R., and Sebire, J. (2021). Fifteen minutes per day keeps the violence away: A crossover randomized controlled trial on the impact of foot patrols on serious violence in large hot spot areas. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 5(3).
Bordua, D., and Reiss, A. (1966). Command, control, and charisma: Reflections on police bureaucracy. American Journal of Sociology, 72(1), 68–76.
Borges, M., Gans-Morse, J., Makarin, A., Nickow, A., Prasad, M., Watters, V., Mannah-Blankson, T., and Zhang, D. (2017). Combatting Corruption Among Civil Servants: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on What Works. USAID Research and Innovations Grants Working Paper Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development.
Bottoms, A.E., and Tankebe, J. (2017). Police Legitimacy and the Authority of the State. Hart Publishing Limited.
Bove, V., and Gavrilova, E. (2017). Police officer on the frontline or a soldier? The effect of police militarization on crime. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(3), 1–18.
Bradford, B., and Quinton, P. (2014). Self-legitimacy, police culture and support for democratic policing in an English constabulary. British Journal of Criminology, 54(6), 1023–1046.
Bradford, B., Quinton, P., Myhill, A., and Porter, G. (2014). Why do ‘the law’ comply? Procedural justice, group identification and officer motivation in police organizations. European Journal of Criminology, 11(1), 110–131.
Braga, A.A., and Bond, B.J. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46(3), 577–608.
Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D.L. (2006). Problem-oriented policing: The disconnect between principles and practice. Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives, 133–154. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D.L. (2012). The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 49(3), 323–358.
Braga, A.A., Turchan, B., Papachristos, A.V., and Hureau, D.M. (2019). Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 15(3), e1046.
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1993). Environment, routine and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime. Advances in Criminological Theory, 5, 259–294.
Broidy, M., and Prenzler, T. (2020). The New Zealand police early intervention system: A review of implementation and impact issues. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 22(3), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355720931891.
Brooks, L. (2008). Volunteering to be taxed: Business improvement districts and the extra-governmental provision of public safety. Journal of Public Economics, 92(1-2), 388–406.
Carrington, K., Guala, N., Puyol, M.V., and Sozzo, M. (2020). How women’s police stations empower women, widen access to justice and prevent gender violence. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 9(1), 42–67.
Chalmers, I. (2003). Trying to do more good than harm in policy and practice: The role of rigorous, transparent, up-to-date evaluations. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 589(1), 22–40.
Chan, J., Brereton, D., Legosz, M., and Doran, S. (2001). E-policing: The Impact of Information Technology on Police Practices. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Criminal Justice Commission.
Cheng, C., and Long, W. (2018). Improving police services: Evidence from the French quarter task force. Journal of Public Economics, 164, 1–18.
Cheng, T. (2020). Input without influence: The silence and scripts of police and community relations. Social Problems, 67(1), 171–189.
Cheung, A.Y. (2019). Measuring the Measures: Rule of Law Indices and Abusive Legalism. https://doi.org/10.31228/osf.io/8r5zb.
Clarke, R.V. (Eds.). (1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: Harrow & Heston.
Clarke, R.V.G., and Felson, M. (1993). Routine Activity and Rational Choice 5. Transaction Publishers.
Cook, P.J., and MacDonald, J. (2011). Public safety through private action: An economic assessment of bids. The Economic Journal, 121(552), 445–462.
Dammert, L., and Bailey, J. (2005). Reforma policial y participación military en el combate a la delincuencia. Fuerzax Armadas y Sociedad, 19(1), 133–152.
Dell, M. (2015). Trafficking networks and the Mexican drug war. American Economic Review, 105(6), 1738–1779.
Dudfield, G., Angel, C., Sherman, L.W., and Torrence, S. (2017). The “power curve” of victim harm: Targeting the distribution of crime harm index values across all victims and repeat victims over 1 year. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 1(1), 38–58.
Eck, J.E. and Rosenbaum, D.P. (1994). The new police order: Effectiveness, equity, and efficiency in community policing. The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises, 3–26. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Eck, J.E., and Spelman, W. (1987). Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
Eck, J.E., and Wartell, J. (1998). Improving the management of rental properties with drug problems: A randomized experiment. Crime Prevention Studies, 9, 161–185.
Eck, J.E., and Weisburd, D.L. (1995). Crime places in crime theory. Crime and Place: Crime Prevention Studies, 1–34. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and the Police Executive Research Forum.
Engel, R.S., and Worden, R.E. (2003). Police officers’ attitudes, behavior, and supervisory influences: An analysis of problem solving. Criminology, 41(1), 131–166.
Espinosa, V., and Rubin, D.B. (2015). Did the military interventions in the Mexican drug war increase violence? The American Statistician, 69.
Fariss, C., Kenwick, M., and Reuning, K. (2020). Latent Human Rights Protection Scores Version 4. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/RQ85GK.
Faull, A. (2010). ‘When I see them I feel like beating them’: Corruption and the South African police service. South African Crime Quarterly, 34, 33–40.
Flores-Macías, G. (2018). The consequences of militarizing anti-drug efforts for state capacity in Latin America: Evidence from Mexico. Comparative Politics, 51(1), 1–20.
Flores-Macías, G.A., and Zarkin, J. (2019). The militarization of law enforcement: Evidence from Latin America. Perspectives on Politics, 1–20.
______. (2020). The Consequences of Militarization for Human Rights: Evidence from Mexico. Working Paper, Cornell University.
______. (2021). Militarization and perceptions of law enforcement in the developing world: Evidence from a conjoint experiment in Mexico. British Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 1377–1397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000259.
Gerber, T.P., and Mendelson, S.E. (2008). Public experiences of police violence and corruption in contemporary Russia: A case of predatory policing? Law & Society Review, 42(1), 1–44.
Gill, C., Weisburd, D.L., Telep, C.W., Vitter, Z., and Bennett, B. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 399–428.
Gladwell, M. (2019). Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know About the People We Don’t Know. Penguin UK.
Goldstein, H. (1979). Improving policing: A problem-oriented approach. Crime & Delinquency, 25(2), 236–258.
______. (1990). Problem-Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.
González, Y.M. (2020). Authoritarian Police in Democracy: Contested Security in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Greene, J.R. (2000). Community Policing in America: Changing the Nature, Structure, and Function of the Police, 3. https://www.ncjrs.gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_3/03g.pdf.
Greene, J.R., and Mastrofski, S. (Eds.). (1988). Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality. New York: Praeger.
Gunderson, A., Cohen, E., Schiff, K.J., Clark, T.S., Glynn, A.N., and Owens, M.L. (2021). Counterevidence of crime-reduction effects from federal grants of military equipment to local police. Nature Human Behaviour, 5.
Hagan, J., and Haugh, T. (2011). Ethnic cleaning as euphemism, metaphor, criminology, and law. In L.N. Sadat (Eds.), Forging a Convention for Crime against Humanity and Law, 202–222. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harris, C.J., and Worden, R.E. (2014). The effect of sanctions on police misconduct. Crime & Delinquency, 60(8), 1258–1288.
Harris, M.C., Park, J., Bruce, D.J., and Murray, M.N. (2017). Peacekeeping force: Effects of providing tactical equipment to local law enforcement. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(3), 291–313.
Heaton, P. (2010). Hidden in Plain Sight: What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation.
Herbert, S. (2006). Tangled up in blue: Conflicting paths to police legitimacy. Theoretical Criminology, 10(4), 481–504.
Hills, A. (2012). Lost in translation: Why Nigeria’s police don’t implement democratic reforms. International Affairs, 88(4), 739–755.
Hills, A. (2020). The dynamics of prototypical police forces: Lessons from two Somali cities. International Affairs, 96(6), 1527–1546.
Hiltz, N., Bland, M., and Barnes, G.C. (2020). Victim-offender overlap in violent crime: Targeting crime harm in a Canadian suburb. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 4(3), 114–124.
Hinkle, J.C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C.W., and Petersen, K. (2020). Problem-oriented policing for reducing crime and disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(2), e1089. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1089.
House, P.D., and Neyroud, P.W. (2018). Developing a crime harm index for Western Australia: The WACHI. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 2(1), 70–94.
Jones, G.J. (2018). Enhancing Patrol Management Strategy and Deployment Efficiency of Police Managers by Utilizing Automated Vehicle Locator (AVL) Technology. Ph.D. Dissertation. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. NY: Macmillan.
Karim, S. (2019). Restoring confidence in post-conflict security sectors: Survey evidence from Liberia on female ratio balancing reforms. British Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 799–821.
Karim, S., Gilligan, M.J., Blair, R., and Beardsley, K. (2018). International gender balancing reforms in postconflict countries: Lab-in-the-field evidence from the Liberian national police. International Studies Quarterly, 62(3), 618–631.
Kärrholm, F., Neyroud, P. and Smaaland, J. (2020). Designing the Swedish crime harm index: An evidence-based strategy. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 1–19.
Koper, C.S. (1995). Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 649–672.
Koper, C.S., Lum, C., and Willis, J.J. (2014). Optimizing the use of technology in policing: Results and implications from a multi-site study of the social, organizational, and behavioural aspects of implementing police technologies. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 8(2), 212–221.
Koper, C.S., Lum, C., Willis, J.J., Woods, D.J., and Hibdon, J. (2015). Realizing the Potential of Technology in Policing: A Multi-Site Study of the Social, Organizational, and Behavioral Aspects of Implementing Policing Technologies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/realizing-potential-technology-policing-multisite-study-social.
Lewin K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science. London: Harper Row.
Lowande, K. (2021). Police demilitarization and violent crime. Nature Human Behaviour, 5.
Lum, C. (2009). Translating Police Research into Practice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/evidence-based-policing-translating-research-practice.
Lum, C., and Koper, C.S. (2017). Evidence-Based Policing: Translating Research into Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lum, C., Koper, C.S., and Willis, J. (2017). Understanding the limits of technology’s impact on police effectiveness. Police Quarterly, 20(2), 135–163.
Lum, C., Koper, C.S., Wilson, D.B., Stoltz, M., Goodier, M., Eggins, E., Higginson, A., and Mazerolle, L. (2020). Body-worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 16(3), e1112.
Macbeth, E., and Ariel, B. (2019). Place-based statistical versus clinical predictions of crime hot spots and harm locations in Northern Ireland. Justice Quarterly, 36(1), 93–126.
Macintyre, S., Prenzler, T., and Chapman, J. (2008). Early intervention to reduce complaints: An Australian Victoria Police Initiative. Policing: An International Journal of Police Science and Management, 10(2), 238–250.
Masera, F. (2019). Police safety, killings by the police and the militarization of us law enforcement. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3342922.
Masera, F. (2021). Violent crime and the overmilitarization of U.S. policing. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewaa021.
Mastrofski, S.D., Willis, J.J., and Kochel, T.R. (2007). The challenges of implementing community policing in the United States. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 1(2), 223–234.
Mazerolle, L., Eggins, E., Higginson, A., and Stanko, B. (2017). Evidence-based policing as a disruptive innovation: The Global Policing Database as a disruption tool. Advances in Evidence-Based Policing, Crime Science Series, 117–138. London: Routledge.
Mazerolle, L., Price, J., and Roehl, J. (2000). Civil remedies and drug control: A randomized field trial in Oakland, CA. Evaluation Review, 24(2), 212–241.
McCoy, T. (2021). Rio police were ordered to limit favela raids during the pandemic. They’re still killing hundreds of people. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/20/brazil-police-rio-jacarezinho-favela-raid/.
Miller, A.R., and Segal, C. (2018). Do female officers improve law enforcement quality?: Effects on crime reporting and domestic violence. The Review of Economics Studies, 86(5), 2220–2247.
Miller, W.R. (1977). Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830–1870. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Moncada, E. (2016). Cities, Business, and the Politics of Urban Violence in Latin America. Stanford University Press.
Muggah, R., Garzón, J.C., and Suárez, M. (2018). Mano Dura: 2018. The Costs and Benefits of Repressive Criminal Justice for Young People in Latin America. Igarapé Institute.
Mummolo, J. (2018). Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37).
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). (2018). Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Research Council. (1993). Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
______. (2004). Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
______. (2005). Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Neyroud, P.W. (2017). Learning to Field Test in Policing: Using an Analysis of Completed Randomised Controlled Trials Involving the Police to Develop a Grounded Theory on the Factors Contributing to High Levels of Treatment Integrity in Police Field Experiments. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge.
Neyroud, P. (2021). Policing “Landscapes” for the Rule of Law and Public Protection: A Review of the Available Evidence on Organizational Policies, Structures, and Human Resources. Paper prepared for the Committee on the Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-24-2021/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors-workshop-1-public-session-1.
O’Connor, D. (2021). Translation of the Rule of Law. Presentation to the Committee on the Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-25-2021/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors-workshop-1-public-session-2.
O’Donnell, G. (2004). The quality of democracy: Why the rule of law matters. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 32–46.
Oliver, W.M. (2017). August Vollmer: The Father of American Policing. Carolina Academic Press.
Olken, B.A. (2007). Monitoring corruption: Evidence from a field experiment in Indonesia. Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), 200–249.
Orlikowski, W.J., and Gash, D.C. (1994). Technological frames: Making sense of information technology in organizations. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), 12(2), 174–207.
Owens, E., and Ba, B.A. (2021). The economics of policing and public safety. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 35(4), 3-28.
Perova, E., and Reynolds, S.A. (2017). Women’s police stations and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Brazil. Social Science & Medicine, 174, 188–196.
Pion-Berlin, D., and Carreras, M. (2017). Armed forces, police and crime-fighting in Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 9(3), 3–26.
Prenzler, T., and Sinclair, G. (2013). The status of women police officers: An international review. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 41(2), 115–131.
Rajah, V.K. (2012). Panel discussion: Measuring the rule of law. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 331–356. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24872215.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. (1971). The Police and the Public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Robey, D., Boudreau, M.C., and Rose, G.M. (2000). Information technology and organizational learning: A review and assessment of research. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 10(2), 125–155.
Rothwell, S. (2021). Immediate Phone Service vs. Intended Police Visits: Caller Satisfaction and Cost-Effectiveness in a Randomised Trial. [Unpublished masters thesis]. Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge.
Sampson, R.J. (2011). The community. Crime and Public Policy (2nd ed.), 210–236. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sanders, C., and Condon, C. (2017). Crime analysis and cognitive effects: The practice of policing through flows of data. Global Crime, 18(3), 237–255.
Sanders, C., and Sheptycki, J. (2017). Policing, crime and ‘big data’; towards a critique of the moral economy of stochastic governance. Crime, Law and Social Change, 68(1), 1–15.
Scheffer, D. (2011). Crimes against humanity and the responsibility to protect. Forging a Convention for Crime against Humanity and Law, 305–322. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sherman, L.W. (1978). Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. University of California Press.
______. (1990). Police crackdowns: Initial and residual deterrence. Crime and Justice, 12, 1–48.
______. (1998). Evidence-Based Policing. Ideas in American Policing Series. Washington, DC: Police Foundation. https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Sherman-1998-Evidence-Based-Policing.pdf.
______. (2011). Professional Policing and Liberal Democracy: The 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal Lecture. London: The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. https://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/franklinfinal2011.pdf.
______. (2012). Developing and Evaluating Citizen Security Programs in Latin America: A Protocol for Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. Washington, DC: IADB.
______. (2013). The rise of evidence-based policing: Targeting, testing, and tracking. Crime and Justice, 42(1), 377–451.
______. (2015). Reducing Deadly Force in U.S. Policing: A View from England and Wales. Statement to the Presidential Task Force on 21st Century Policing, Washington, DC. https://www.cambridge-ebp.co.uk/research-1.
______. (2021). The Cambridge Police Executive Programme: A global reach for pracademics. In E. Piza and B. Welsh (Eds.), The Globalization of Evidence-Based Policing: Innovations in Bridging the Research-Practice Divide. London: Routledge.
Sherman, L.W., Buerger, M., and Gartin, P. (1989). Beyond Dial-A-Cop: A Randomized Test of Repeat Call Address Policing (RECAP). Washington, DC: Crime Control Institute. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d809efd96f5c906aaf61f3d/t/5f9270e7497b39456c8272d2/1603432683699/Sherman+RECAP+report+89.pdf.
Sherman, L.W., Gartin, P., and Buerger, M. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27–56.
Sherman, L., Neyroud, P.W., and Neyroud, E. (2016). The Cambridge crime harm index: Measuring total harm from crime based on sentencing guidelines. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 10(3), 171–183.
Shjarback, J.A. (2015). Emerging early intervention systems: An agency-specific pre-post comparison of formal citizen complaints of use of force. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 9(4), 314–325.
Shjarback, J.A. (2021). Early intervention systems. In R.G. Dunham, G.P. Alpert, and K.D. McLean (Eds.), Critical Issues in Policing: Contemporary Readings (8th ed.), 655–667. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Skogan, W.G. (2006). Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police. Policing and Society, 16(2), 99–126.
______. (2019). Community policing. In D. Weisburg and A. Braga (Eds.), Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives, (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Soares, R.R., and Viveiros, I. (2017). Organization and information in the fight against crime: An evaluation of the integration of police forces in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association, 17(2), 29–63.
Sutherland, J., and Mueller-Johnson, K. (2019). Evidence vs. professional judgment in ranking “power few” crime targets: A comparative analysis. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 3(1), 54–72.
Tankebe, J. (2010). Identifying the correlates of police organizational commitment in Ghana. Police Quarterly, 13(1), 73–91.
Taylor, B., Koper, C., and Woods, D. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(2), 149–181.
Terrill, W., and Ingram, J.R. (2016). Citizen complaints against the police: An eight city examination. Police Quarterly, 19(2), 150–179.
Trinkner, R., Tyler, T.R., and Goff, P.A. (2016). Justice from within: The relations between a procedurally just organizational climate and police organizational efficiency, endorsement of democratic policing, and officer well-being. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(2), 158–172.
Trojanowicz, R.C., Kappeler, V.E., Gaines, L.K., Bucqueroux, B., and Sluder, R. (1998). Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective, (2nd ed.) Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
Tyler, T.R. (1990). Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
U.S. Department of State. (2016). INL Guide to Police Assistance. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/263419.pdf.
Versteeg, M., and Ginsburg, T. (2017). Measuring the rule of law: A comparison of indicators. Law& Social Inquiry, 42(1), 100–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12175.
Walker, S. (2001). Police Accountability: The Role of Citizen Oversight. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Walker, S. (2005). The New World of Police Accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Walker, S., and Milligan, S. (2005). Supervision and Intervention Within Early Intervention Systems: A Guide for Law Enforcement Chief Executives. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
Walker, S., Alpert, G.P., and Kenney, D. (2001). Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Weinborn, C., Ariel, B., Sherman, L.W., and O’Dwyer, E. (2017). Hotspots vs. harmspots: Shifting the focus from counts to harm in the criminology of place. Applied Geography, 86, 226–244.
Weisburd, D.L., Telep, C.W., Hinkle, J.C., and Eck, J.E. (2010). Is problem-oriented policing effective in reducing crime and disorder? Findings from a Campbell systematic review. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(1), 139–172.
White, S. (2021). Police Organizational Policies to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population—in the International Context. Presentation to the Committee on the Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, March 24, 2021. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/03-24-2021/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors-workshop-1-public-session-1.
Worden, R.E., Kim, M., Harris, C.J., Pratte, M.A., Dorn, S.E. and Hyland, S.S. (2013). Intervention with problem officers: An outcome evaluation of an EIS intervention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 40(4), 409–437.
Zempi, I. (2020). ‘Looking back, I wouldn’t join up again’: The lived experiences of police officers as victims of bias and prejudice perpetrated by fellow staff within an English police force. Police Practice and Research, 21(1), 33–48.
This page intentionally left blank.
