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Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion (2022)

Chapter: References and Bibliography

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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26514.
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210 Allard, S. 2017. Cleveland Judge Has Ruled RTA’s ‘Proof of Payment’ Fare Enforcement Method Unconstitutional. Cleve Scene, Nov. 2, 2017. https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2017/11/02/cleveland- judge-has-ruled-rtas-proof-of-payment-fare-enforcement-method-unconstitutional#:∼:text=In%20an%20 important%20decision%20that,and%20the%20?HealthLine%20is%20unconstitutional. Altstadt, R. 2018. TriMet Board Approves Revision to Trimet Code to Clarify Proof of Payment Required to Ride. TriMet News, Portland, OR, Nov. 14, 2018. https://news.trimet.org/2018/11/trimet-board-approves- revision-to-trimet-code-to-clarify-proof-of-payment-required-to-ride/. Altstadt, R. 2019. Independent Analysis Once Again Finds No System Racial Bias in TriMet Fare Enforcement. TriMet News. Portland, OR. Oct. 28, 2019. https://news.trimet.org/2018/08/independent-analysis-once- again-finds-no-systemic-racial-bias-in-trimet-fare-enforcement/. APTA (American Public Transportation Association). 2018. Understanding Recent Ridership Changes: Trends and Adaptations. Washington, DC. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Resources/resources/ reportsandpublications/Documents/APTA-Understanding-Recent-Ridership-Changes.pdf. ATU (Amalgamated Transit Union). 2016. Amalgamated Transit Union Assault Survey. https://www.atu.org/ atu-pdfs/health-safety/ATU-ASSAULT-SURVEY-FINAL.pdf. ATU. n.d.a. Ripped From the Headlines: Bus Drivers under Attack. U.S. version. ATU. n.d.b. Ripped From the Headlines: Bus Drivers under Attack. Canadian version. Avenhaus, R. 2004. Applications of Inspection games. Mathematical Modelling and Analysis, 9(3)179–192. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13926292.2004.9637251. Ayal, S., J. Celse, and G. Hochman. 2019. Crafting Messages to Fight Dishonesty: A Field Investigation of the Effects of Social Norms and Watching Eye Cues on Fare Evasion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 166:9–19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749597818305004?via%3Dihub. Ayres, I. 2002. Outcome Tests of Racial Disparities in Police Practices. Justice Research and Policy, 4:131–142. https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/contract-economic-organization/files/Ayres_ JRP%20Disparate%20Impacts.pdf. Bailey, M. K., and W. Schroeer. 2020. Learning from Rider Security and Service Programs in Other U.S. Transit Systems. East Metro Strong. https://3kpnuxym9k04c8ilz2quku1czd-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/ uploads/2020/07/Learning-from-Rider-Security-and-Service-Programs-Final-Research-Report-April- 28-2020.pdf. Baltes, M. R. 2002. Customer Surveying for Public Transit: A Design Manual for On-Board Surveys. NCTR-416- 083. National Center for Transit Research. https://www.nctr.usf.edu/On-Board%20Survey%20Manual.htm. Banks, M., and E. Gunston. 2018. UNFAIR: Disparities in Fare Evasion Enforcement by Metro Police. Washington Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs. https://www.washlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2018/12/2018_09_13_unfair_disparity_fair_evasion_enforcement_report.pdf. Barabino, B., C. Lai, and A. Olivo. 2020. Fare Evasion in Public Transport Systems: A Review of the Literature. Public Transport, 12:27–88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339273482_Fare_evasion_in_public_ transport_systems_a_review_of_the_literature. Barabino, B., and S. Salis. 2019. Moving Towards a More Accurate Level of Inspection Against Fare Evasion in Proof-of-Payment Transit Systems. Networks and Spatial Economics, 19(4):1319–1346. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/332832560_Moving_Towards_a_More_Accurate_Level_of_Inspection_ Against_Fare_Evasion_in_Proof-of-Payment_Transit_Systems. Barabino, B., S. Salis, and B. Useli. 2013. A Modified Model to Curb Fare Evasion and Enforce Compliance: Empirical Evidence and Implications. Transportation Research Part A, 58:29–39. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856413001870. References and Bibliography

References and Bibliography 211   Barabino, B., S. Salis, and B. Useli. 2014. Fare Evasion in Proof-of-Payment Transit Systems: Deriving the Optimum Inspection Level. Transportation Research Part B, 70:1–17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/abs/pii/S0191261514001362. Barabino, B., S. Salis, and B. Useli. 2015. What Are the Determinants in Making People Free Riders in Proof-of- Payment Transit Systems? Evidence from Italy. Transportation Research Part A, 80:184–196. https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856415002098. Barone, V. 2019. MTA Fare Evasion Estimates Come from Flawed Data Collection Methods, Inspector General Says. AMNY, Sept. 12, 2019. https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-far-evasion-1-36221340/. BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). 2017. Ordinance No. 2017-2: An Ordinance of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District to Require Persons Inside the Paid Area of BART to Provide Proof of Payment. https://www. bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/BART_Ordinance_2017-2.pdf. BART. 2019a. Fare Gates and Fare Evasion. PowerPoint presentation. https://cupdf.com/document/fare-gates- fare-evasion-gate-fare-gates-fare-evasion-board-presentation.html. BART. 2019b. Next Generation Fare Gates. PowerPoint presentation. https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/ docs/NextGeneration Fare Gates Conceptual Design-Presentation (1).pdf. BART. 2020a. BART PD Takes a Comprehensive Look at Enforcement Data, Embraces Enhanced Training. Mass Transit Magazine, Feb. 24, 2020. https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press-release/21126687/ bay-area-rapid-transit-bart-bpd-takes-a-comprehensive-look-at-enforcement-data-embraces-enhanced- training. BART. 2020b. BART to Launch Ambassador Program on Trains Next Month. Mass Transit Magazine, Jan. 10, 2020. https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press-release/21120832/bay-area-rapid-transit- bart-bart-to-launch-ambassador-program-on-trains-next-month. BART. 2020c. BART Unveils New Swing Style Fare Gate and Dramatic Savings for Systemwide Rollout. BART Service Advisory. https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2020/news20200610-0. BART. 2020d. Fare Evasion Prevention. BART Service Advisory. BART. 2020e. Roll Call for Introductions: Quality of Life Contacts. PowerPoint presentation. https://www.bart. gov/sites/default/files/docs/RCI QOL Contacts Board Meeting.pdf. BART Police Department. 2020. Policy 451: Body Worn Camera. BART PD Policy Manual. https://www.bart.gov/ sites/default/files/docs/Lexipol Policy Manual Mar 2020.pdf. Baur, R. 1985. Self-Service Fare Collection Systems for LRT: State-of-the-Art Review. In State-of-the-Art Report, 2:59–63. Conference on Light Rail Transit, Pittsburgh PA, May 8–10, 1985. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/ Onlinepubs/state-of-the-art/2/2-011.pdf. BCA Watson Rice LLP, Strategic Policy Partnership LLC, and P. MacMillan. 2015. Review of Metro Law Enforce- ment and Security Options. Los Angeles, CA. April 3, 2015. Bell, L., G. Beltran, E. Berry, D. Calhoun, T. Hankins, and L. Hester. 2018. Public Transit and Social Respon- sibility: Homelessness. American Public Transportation Association. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/ uploads/Transit_Responses_Homeless/REPORT-2018-Leadership-APTA-Team-4-Public-Transit-and- Social-Responsibility.pdf. Bijleveld, C. 2007. Fare Dodging and the Strong Arm of the Law: An Experimental Evaluation of Two Different Penalty Schemes for Fare Evasion. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3:183–199. https://link.springer. com/article/10.1007/s11292-007-9033-1. Bizjak, T. 2016. Sacramento RT Draws Red Line Against Loiterers, Fare Cheats. The Sacramento Bee, April 24, 2016. https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article73657972.html. Blazina, E. 2018. Port Authority Drops Cashless Fare Proposal for Light-Rail System. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 27, 2018. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/transportation/2018/04/27/Port-Authority-armed- officers-light-rail-subway-T-transit-pittsburgh/stories/201804270106. Bliss, L. 2018. There’s a Bus Driver Shortage. And No Wonder. CityLab, June 28, 2018. https://www.bloomberg. com/news/articles/2018-06-28/there-s-a-bus-driver-shortage-and-no-wonder. Bonfanti, B., and T. Wagenknecht. 2010. Human Factors Reduce Aggression and Fare Evasion. Public Transport International, 59(1):28–32. https://trid.trb.org/View/915667. Boyd, C., C. Martini, J. Rickard, and A. Russell. 1989. Fare Evasion and Non-Compliance: A Simple Model. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 23(2):189–197. https://www.commerce.usask.ca/faculty/colin boyd/personal/fareevasion.pdf. Boyle, D. K. 2016. 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212 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion Buneder, C., and P. Galilea. 2017. Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Fare Evasion in Transantiago. Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Burrus, K. 2020. Fare Inspection Reimagined. San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, Sept. 22, 2020. https://www.sfmta.com/blog/fare-inspection-reimagined. California Assembly Bill 392. 2020. Chapter 170: An Act to Amend Sections 196 and 835a of the Penal Code, Relating to Peace Officers. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB392. California Assembly Bill 426. 2011. An Act to Amend Section 640 of the Penal Code, and to Amend Sec- tion 99580 of the Public Utilities Code, Relating to Transportation. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB426. California Assembly Bill 953. 2015. The Racial and Identity Profiling Act of 2015. 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California PUC. § 99581. 2017. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode= PUC&division=10.&title=&part=11.&chapter=8.&article=#:∼:text=99580.,a%20fare%20of%20the%20system. California PUC. § 99582. 2007. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode= PUC&division=10.&title=&part=11.&chapter=8.&article=#:∼:text=99580.,a%20fare%20of%20the%20system. California SB (Senate Bill) 413. 2015. An act to amend Section 640 of the Penal Code, and to amend Sec- tion 99580 of the Public Utilities Code, Relating to Public Transit. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/ billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB413. California SB 882. 2016. An act to amend Section 640 of the Penal Code, relating to crimes. http://www.leginfo. ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/sen/sb_0851-0900/sb_882_bill_20160822_chaptered.html. California SB 1749. 2006. 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Transportation, 44:1083–1104. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11116-016-9695-5. Center for Economic Information. 2020. Analysis of Free Busing in Kansas City. University of Missouri, Kansas City. https://ridekc.org/assets/uploads/documents/Zero_Fare_-_UMKC_Study_-_Final.pdf. City of Cleveland v. Ronnie Williams. 2017. Cleveland Municipal Court. Case No. 2017 CRB 015467. Oct. 26, 2017. https://www.clevescene.com/media/pdf/groves_rta_fareenforcement.pdf. City of Cleveland v. Ronnie Williams. 2018. Court of Appeals of Ohio. Judgment No. 106454. City of Tempe Municipal Code § 26.5. Amended 2008. Powers of Transit Enforcement Aides. https://library. municode.com/az/tempe/codes/city_code/318129?nodeId=CH26PO. City of Toronto Auditor General. 2019a. Review of Toronto Transit Commission’s (TTC) Revenue Operations: Phase One—Fare Evasion and Fare Inspection. 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References and Bibliography 213   Clarke, R. V. 1993. Fare Evasion and Automatic Ticket Collection on the London Underground. Crime Pre- vention Studies, 1:135–146. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.447.829&rep=rep1 &type=pdf. Clarke, R. V., S. Contre, and G. A. Petrossian. 2010. Deterrence and Fare Evasion: Results of a Natural Experi- ment. Security Journal, 23(1):5–17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/?247478188_Deterrence_ and_fare_evasion_Results_of_a_natural_experiment. Communities in Motion. 2017. Metro’s Transit Homeless Action Plan. https://media.metro.net/riding/ homelesstaskforce/images/metro_homeless_plan_report_2017-0524.pdf. Correa, J. R., T. Harks, V. J. C. Kreuzen, and J. Matuschke. 2014. Fare Evasion in Transit Networks. Operations Research, 65(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262265080_Fare_Evasion_in_Transit_Networks. Council of the District of Columbia. 2018. D.C. Law 22-310. 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214 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion González, F., C. Busco, and K. Codocedo. 2019. Fare Evasion in Public Transport: Grouping Transantiago Users’ Behavior. Sustainability, 11(23):6543. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/23/6543/htm. Green, A. 2019. Prosecutors Will Stop Pursuing Charges Against Most TriMet Fare Evaders. Oregonian/OregonLive, Jan. 9, 2019. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2017/01/prosecutors_will_stop_pursuing.html. Greene, L., and A. Sanders. 2020. NY AG Investigating Whether NYPD Targets People of Color for Fare Evasion. Mass Transit Magazine, Jan. 15, 2020. Groover, H. 2019. Black Passengers Cited, Punished Disproportionately by Sound Transit Fare Enforcement. Seattle Times, Oct. 4, 2019. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/faced-with-racial- disparities-sound-transit-debates-changes-to-fare-enforcement/. Groover. 2020. King County Metro Plans Free Bus Passes for People with Very Low Incomes. 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References and Bibliography 219   Sound Transit. 2020a. Draft Community Engagement Report: Preliminary Findings. https://www.soundtransit. org/st_sharepoint/download/sites/PRDA/ActiveDocuments/Fare Enforcement Community Engagement Report-Preliminary Findings-February 2020.pdf. Sound Transit. 2020b. Fare Enforcement Program Update. Presented to Board of Directors on Oct. 22, 2020. https://www.soundtransit.org/st_sharepoint/download/sites/PRDA/ActiveDocuments/Presentation%20- %20Fare%20Enforcement%20Update%2010-22-2020.pdf. Sound Transit. 2020c. Meet Your Security Team. https://www.soundtransit.org/ride-with-us/know-before-you- go/safety-security/meet-your-security-team. Sound Transit. 2020d. Sound Transit Fare Enforcement Action Plan. https://www.soundtransit.org/st_sharepoint/ download/sites/PRDA/ActiveDocuments/Fare%20Enforcement%20Action%20Plan-Mar%202020-03-20- 20.pdf. Starcic, J. 2002. Are Passengers Taking You For a Ride? Metro Magazine, June 1, 2002. https://www.metro-magazine. com/10009203/are-passengers-taking-you-for-a-ride. State of Maryland v. Kennard Carter. 2018. Circuit Court of Baltimore City. State of Oregon v. Rosa Giovanna Valderrama. 2018. Multnomah County Circuit. Case No. 18CR17532. Sept. 2018. https://aclu-or.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/state_v._valderrama_opinion_order_18cr17532.pdf. Stern, R. 1997. TCRP Synthesis 26: Bus Transit Fare Collection Practices. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Stolper, H. 2020. Criminalizing Poverty: The MTA’s False Fare Evasion Narrative. Community Service Society of New York. https://www.cssny.org/news/entry/mta-false-fare-evasion-narrative-data. Stolper, H., and J. Jones. 2017. The Crime of Being Short $2.75: Policing Communities of Color at the Turnstile. Community Service Society of New York. https://smhttp-ssl-58547.nexcesscdn.net/nycss/images/uploads/ pubs/Fare_Evasion_FINAL_10_6_17_smaller.pdf. Suquet, J. B. 2009. Drawing the Line: How Inspectors Enact Deviant Behaviors. Journals of Services Marketing. 24(6):468–475. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/39f3/13cddebfdfdad40836f5180cd27198ef3831.pdf. Texas Transportation Code § 452.0612. 2003. Fare Enforcement Officers. https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._ transp._code_section_452.0612. Theen, A. 2019. TriMet Beefing Up Fare Enforcement, Will Rely Less on Uniformed Police. Oregonian/OregonLive, Oct. 21, 2019. Thorlacius, P., and J. Clausen. 2010. Scheduling of Inspectors for Ticket Spot Checking in Urban Rail Transporta- tion. Technical University of Denmark, Aug. 17, 2010. Originally in Trafikdage på Aalborg Universitet 2008. https://www.trafikdage.dk/td/papers/papers08/per_thorlacius_196.pdf. Tinoco, M. 2018. After Civil Rights Violation Claim, Metro Is Pressed for More Data on Fare Enforcement. Curbed Los Angeles, Jan. 18, 2018. https://la.curbed.com/2018/1/18/16899210/metro-discrimination-fare-evasion- lawsuit. TriMet (Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District). 2018a. Code Enforcement: Bus and MAX Platform Inspections. TriMet Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) 36. June 21, 2018. TriMet. 2018b. Fact Check: Valderrama Arrest Following March 13 Fare Evasion. TriMet News. April 17, 2018.: https://news.trimet.org/2018/04/fact-check-valderrama-arrest-following-Mar-13-fare-evasion/. TriMet. 2018c. Ordinance 351 . . . Amending TriMet Code Chapter 29 and Amending Procedures for Requests for Proof of Payment (second reading). Memo to the Board of Directors on Nov. 18, 2014. Portland, OR. TriMet. 2018d. Starting July 1: A Fairer Citation Process. https://blog.trimet.org/2018/06/29/new-citation- process/. June 29, 2018. TriMet. 2019. Fare Inspector Training/Comprehensive Safety and Security Training Curriculum. March 29, 2019. TriMet. 2021. TriMet Fares. https://trimet.org/fares/. TriMet. n.d. Fact Sheet: TriMet Citations. https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2019R1/Downloads/CommitteeMeeting Document/177258. Troncoso, R., and L. de Grange. 2017. Fare Evasion in Public Transport: A Time Series Approach. Transpor- tation Research Part A, 100:311–318, June 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0965856416308795. TTC (Toronto Transit Commission). 2015a. Staff Report/Transit Fare Inspection and Enforcement Model Update. Feb. 25, 2015. https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_ meetings/2016/December_20/Reports/15_Transit_Fare_Inspection_and_Enforcement_Model_Update_ revi.pdf. TTC. 2015b. Transit Fare Inspection Pilot Program Progress Report. Sept. 28, 2015. https://www.ttc.ca/About_ the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2015/September_28/Reports/ Transit_Fare_Inspection_Pilot_Program_Progress_Report.pdf. TTC. 2016. Transit Fare Inspection and Enforcement Model Update. Dec. 20, 2016. https://www.ttc.ca/About_ the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2016/December_20/Reports/ 15_Transit_Fare_Inspection_and_Enforcement_Model_Update_revi.pdf.

220 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion TTC. 2019a. Auditor General’s Report: TTC Revenue Operations. PowerPoint presentation. Feb. 26, 2019. https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2019/ February_27/Reports/3_TTC_Presentation_AG%27s_Report_TTC_Revenue_Operations.pdf. TTC. 2019b. Presto Tapping Observations on Streetcars. PowerPoint presentation. Sept. 24, 2019. https://ttc.ca/ About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2019/September_24/ Reports/18_Presentation_Tapping_Behaviour_Revenue_Control_Strategy.pdf. TTC. 2019c. Revenue Control Strategy—Phase One: Response to the Auditor General. Revenue Operations Phase One—Fare Evasion and Fare Inspection Report. Sept. 24, 2019. http://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/ Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2019/September_24/Reports/18_Revenue_ Control_Strategy_Phase_1_Response_to_the_Auditor_.pdf. TTC. 2019d. 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References and Bibliography 221   Votaw, N. J. 2010. Does Off-Board Fare Collection Using Ticket Vending Machines and Proof-of-Payment Enforce- ment Make the Most Sense Along Planned VTA Bus Rapid Transit Lines 522 and 523 in Santa Clara County? Department of Urban and Regional Planning, San José State University, San Jose, CA. https://www.yumpu. com/en/document/read/27684423/does-off-board-fare-colsanta-clara-county-florida-advanced-public-. Waite, J. 2005. Legal Research Digest 22: The Case for Searches on Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23295/the-case-for-searches-on-public-transportation. Wanek-Libman, M. 2019. NYC to Provide a Softer Touch in Fight Against Homelessness on Subways. Mass Transit Magazine, June 17, 2019. https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/article/21085076/ nyc-to-provide-a-softer-touch-in-fight-against-homelessness-on-subways. Weber v. Oakridge School District. 2002. Court of Appeals of Oregon 415, 56 P.3d 504. https://cite.case.law/ or-app/184/415/. Weidner, R. R. 1996. Target-Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion—At What Price? Crime Prev Stud 6:117–132. https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/03_weidner.pdf. WMATA (Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority). 2017. Fair Share Pilot. Presented to the WMATA Board of Directors June 8, 2017. https://www.wmata.com/about/board/meetings/board-pdfs/upload/ 3A-Fair-Share-Pilot-TO-POST.pdf. WMATA. 2019. Fare Evasion Quarterly Update. PowerPoint presentation. Presented to the WMATA Board of Directors Nov. 7, 2019. https://ggwash.org/files/4A-Fare-Evasion-Quarterly-Update.pdf. World Bank. n.d. Proximity Card (BIBO). https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/Toolkits/Fares Toolkit content/fare-collection-technologies/smart-cards/proximity-card-(bibo).html. WSP. 2018. Metrolink System-Wide Security Assessment: Best Practices Report. East West Gateway Council of Governments, Saint Louis, MO. https://www.ewgateway.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/MetroLink- Phase-1_Security-Best-Practices-Report_2018-12-11.pdf. Yin, Z., A. X. Jiang, M. Tambe, C. Kiekintveld, K. Leyton-Brown, T. Sandholm, and J. P. Sullivan. 2012. TRUSTS: Scheduling Randomized Patrols for Fare Inspection in Transit Systems Using Game Theory. AI Magazine, 33(4):59. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v33i4.2432.

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 Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion
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Fare evasion is generally defined as a passenger using public transit without paying the required fare or possessing the required fare media or valid proof of fare payment. Fare evasion has significant implications for the financial sustainability of transit systems and must be replaced by another stable source of funding.

The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program TCRP Research Report 234: Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion explores in detail the recent past and emerging future of fare enforcement on transit systems.

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