Index
A
Accountability, environmental
Aluminum
characteristics, 149
industrial ecology implementation, 149-153
industrial energy consumption, 149
public perception of industry, 152-153
Aquaculture, 85
Auto industry
ecological design, 213-214, 215
life cycle analysis, 124-131
materials recovery market, 18
B
Bans, 7
Business management
customer satisfaction assessment, 133, 134, 143-145
decision making processes, 185-186
distribution of cost information within firm, 43
environment policy of mining companies, 166-167
environmental audit of multinational corporation, 137-143
environmental disclosure, 186-188
environmental goals, 1-2
environmental leadership, 132
environmental learning curve, 8
inadequate accounting systems, 189
incentives for environmental accounting, 191-192
incentives for environmental protection, 191-192
incentives for sustainable practices, 101, 105-106
industrial ecology domains, 150-151
information tools for environmental decision making 3-4
inventory systems, 21-22
measuring environmental performance, 26-27, 133, 134, 146
obstacles to efficient material management, 44
organizational issues for environmental accounting, 190-191
public opinion, 216
setting site-specific environmental goals, 140
shift to functionality economy, 95-96, 98-99
stakeholder interests, 134, 185
strategic environmental auditing, 134-137
structural trends, 101
supplier chain management, 20-21
for sustainable service economy, 96-98
systems-based problem-solving approach, 50
trade codes and practices, 107-108
trends in environmental thinking, 101, 104-105, 107-108, 146, 148, 185
virtual firms, 107
See also Financial management;
Private sector
C
Chlorofluorocarbons, 7, 134, 219
alternative development, 20-21
Command and control regulation, 5
Conservation, 2
Consumer attitudes/behaviors
activism, 217
corporate support for sustainability based on, 104
customer satisfaction measurement, 133, 134, 143-145
environmental concerns, 152-153, 216
environmental considerations in purchasing, 217-218, 224
global patterns, 94
in Japan, 237
international variation, 212-213, 215-219
response to green advertising, 219-220, 224
in sustainable service economy, 98
trends, 27-28, 212, 217-218, 224
variations in U.S., 220
See also Public awareness and understanding
Contingent valuation, 201
Costs of environmental impacts
asset recovery, 23
challenges in estimating, 5
consumer attitudes, 28
current distribution, 5
current regulatory policy, 5-7
effects of product design for recycling, 28
environmental cost accounting, 24-26, 43
environmental reporting in annual reports, 186-188
implementing environmental accounting in businesses, 188-192
market allocation mechanisms, 7
in national accounting systems, 29, 51-57
in private sector decision making, 105-106
quantification in accounting, 194
recycling credits in paper industry, 228
research needs, 193-194
strategies for, 105
sustainability perspective, 92
total cost assessment methodology, 189-190
valuation for market analysis, 87, 125
waste management economics, 43
Critical technology lists, 69
D
Data collection and management barriers to effective waste management , 43-44
consumer attitudes, 27-28
for corporate audit, 137
for environmental accounting, 24-26, 43, 188-190
for environmental protection, 24
for environmental protection plan, 163-164
environmental reporting in annual reports, 186-188
for improving energy system efficiency, 86
for life cycle analysis, 226, 232, 240-241
materials tracking and benchmarking, 29
measuring environmental performance, 26-27
measuring public awareness and understanding, 3-4, 28-29
metabolic process analysis, 61
national accounting systems, 29, 51-57
needs assessment, 133
organizational changes in, 190-191
public relations, 152-153
report formats, 141-142
tools for environmental decision making, 3-4
for total quality environmental management, 133
Design for environment, 105, 125-126, 238-240
Dredging, offshore, 157
E
Economic growth, 31-32 n.4
challenges to sustainability, 103-104
decoupling of natural resource inputs, 52
evolutionary model of environmental policy making, 51-52
Efficiency
in combustion engines, 57-59
in electricity generation, 80-82
energy consumption in buildings, 77-79
in energy system, barriers to, 85-87
for improving environmental quality, 2
industrial ecology goals, 74-75
in materials management, 38-39
resource management goals, 93
Electricity production and consumption
coal vs. gas, 81-82
cost allocation for improving efficiency, 78
delivery system in United Kingdom, 88
end-use case study, 77-80
energy chain, 77
environmental effects in United Kingdom, 75
generation plant design, 80-82
home energy efficiency rating, 78-80
industrial ecology concepts, 73, 77, 82
inefficiencies, 59
interactions of individual enterprises, 77
patterns in United Kingdom, 75
subsidies for non-fossil-fuel use, 83
waste as fuel, 83
See also Energy systems
Energy systems
achievements of industrial symbiosis project, 120-122
aluminum industry consumption, 149
barriers to efficiency, 85-87
consumption in Japan, 237
corporate audit, 140
decoupling from national accounts, 56
designing for multiple-product cycles, 12
efficiency of combustion engines, 57-59
functionality analysis, 24
industrial ecology goals, 87
metabolic model of consumption, 57
natural gas market, 154-155
paper industry, 229-230
political economy, 59-61
price of energy as policy factor, 85
renewable vs. nonrenewable sources, 229-230
significance of, for industrial ecology project, 75
sustainable development strategies, 74
tracking and benchmarking, 29
waste materials for fuel, 42, 83
See also Electricity production and consumption
Environmental protection
business leadership for, 132
conservation vs. technological strategies for, 2
market-based mechanisms for, 7
public opinion, 208
trends in private sector, 101, 104-105, 107-108
voluntary industrial efforts for, 8
Environmental Protection Agency, 201, 213
innovative approaches in, 5-7
total cost assessment methodology, 189-190
F
Financial management
cost allocation for improving efficiency of buildings, 78
employee incentives for environmental protection, 191-192
environmental cost accounting, 24-26, 43, 105-106, 185-186
environmental reporting in annual reports, 187
federal funding of R&D, 65-66
historical development of accounting, 195-196
implementing environmental accounting, 188-192
incentives for environmental protection in small firms, 192
measurement of economic well being, 95
mining reclamation bonds, 180
national accounting systems, 29, 51-57, 92
overhead costs, 195
political context of ecological spending, 59-61
prospects for environmental accounting, 196-197
quantification in environmental accounting, 194
technoeconomic paradigms, 66-69
total cost assessment methodology, 189-190
traditional linear approach, 92
urban vs. national economies, 70 n.2
in waste management, 43
Functionality economy, 23-24
definition, 91
future prospects, 98-99
implications for workforce, 99
materials management for, 106-107
measures of success in. 96
objectives of, 91
sustainability concepts in, 95-96
sustainability goals, 92
G
Global perspective
differences in consumer attitudes, 212-213, 215-219
implications for corporate structure, 107
implications of higher resource efficiency, 95
in life cycle modeling, 231
multinational corporations, 1-2, 137-138, 140, 218-219
post-Cold War policy, 65
rationale, 1
supplier chain management, 21
urban vs. national economies, 70 n.2
Government activities
data collection and management, 4
development of technoeconomic paradigms, 67-69
energy and materials measurements, 29
fragmented policies, 213
for improving environmental protection, 29, 48
Japanese recycling effort, 7-8
materials management, 29
mining industry oversight, 165-166
national accounting systems, 29, 51-57
need for systems-ecology perspective, 48-49, 50-51
political economy, 59-61
rationale for broadening of, 49-51
recycling efforts, 7-8
subsidies for non-fossil-fuel energy production, 83
technology development, 29
See also Policy making and implementation;Regulatory environment
H
Horticulture, 85
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, 134
I
Industrial ecology
energy sector, 73, 77, 82, 86, 87
implementation in aluminum industry, 149-153
implications of public perception and understanding, 208-209
natural ecosystems model, 37-38
rationale for broader government role in, 48-51
research goals, 3
scales of implementation, 2-3
space-time hierarchical model, 49-50
spatial implementation, 74-75
steps for implementation, 150
systems perspective, 50-51, 148-149, 153
technoeconomic paradigms for, 66-69
trends in implementation, 148
trends in materials management, 38-39
Industrial manufacturing
functionality perspective, 23-24
microdynamic technologies, 68
synergetic/symbiotic relationship, 10-11, 117.
See also Kalundborg (Denmark) industrial project
system complexity, 149
U.S. resource consumption trends, 56
Inventory management, 21-22
J
Japan
environmental law, 251-252
environmental policy in industries, 235, 246-250
government environmental goals, 234-236
life cycle analysis in, 236, 240, 241-242
recycling policy and practice, 7-8, 236-238, 243-244
K
Kalundborg (Denmark) industrial project, 10
future prospects, 122-123
materials and energy flows, 120-122
origins and development of, 117, 118-120
participants, 117-118
L
Learning organizations, 50
Leasing arrangements, 23-24, 40, 107
cost allocation for improving efficiency of buildings, 78
Legal issues
antitrust implications in leasing, 46, 107
environmental reporting by companies, 187-188
historical evolution of corporate law, 102
implications for corporate structure, 107
Japanese environmental law, 251-252
obstacles to recycling and reuse, 45-46
product liability, 98
Life cycle analysis, 105
of buildings, 78
components, 19
conceptual basis, 2
degree of detail, 226
designing for multiple-product cycles, 12-13, 40
distributed nature of manufacturing sector and, 106
emissions projections, 128-129
global consideration, 231
impact analysis in, 225
information needs, 240-241
international scientific exchange on, 124
Japanese policy and implementation, 236, 240, 241-242
of manufacturing processes, 129-130
in materials management, 19-20
procedure, 241
in pulp and paper industry, 226-231
sensitivity analysis in, 127
sensitivity of data in, 232
service and maintenance considerations, 22-23
software for automobile design, 124-131
strategies, 238-240
Linear thinking, 92
M
Mail-order businesses, 22
Market functioning
current distribution of environmental costs, 5
energy cost allocation, 78
environmental management mechanisms, 7
historical evolution of corporate entities, 102
home energy efficiency rating, 78-79
limitations of recycling strategies, 93, 95
metals recycling, 41-42
optimization of production, 94
problems of oversupply, 94-95
stakeholder interests of corporations, 102
valuation of environmental impacts, 87, 125
Marketing of goods and services
functionality basis, 23
global variation in public environmental awareness, 218-219
green advertising, 219-220
industrial ecology approach, 152
in use-based economy, 98-99
Materials management
achievements of industrial symbiosis projects, 120-122
chemical-use evaluations, 19
consumption of nonrenewable resources, 52
corporate culture as obstacle to efficiency, 44
designing for multiple-product cycles, 12-13, 40
government role, 29
for higher resource efficiency, 93-94
industrial ecology in aluminum industry, 149-153
industrial synergetic/symbiotic relationships, 10-11
legal obstacles to efficiency, 45-46
life cycle assessment, 19-20
in natural systems, 8, 37-38, 242-243
opportunities for environmental protection, 18-20
product responsibility loops, 93
regulatory obstacles to efficiency, 44-45, 75
selection of materials, 18-19
significance of, for environmental protection, 8
for sustainability, 52-53
in sustainable service economy, 96-98
synthetic substitutes for natural resources, 52
system requirements for efficiency, 10-12
trends, 38-39
waste streams, 38
See also Recycling and reuse; Waste management
Measurement
in complex systems, 149
of customer satisfaction, 133, 134, 143-145
design considerations, 27
of economic system success, 95, 96
ecoscarcity method, 128
environmental audit of multinational corporation, 137-143
environmental performance of corporations, 26-27, 133, 134
of home energy efficiency, 78-79
importance of, 132
measurability considerations, 27
of national economic performance, 29, 51-57
of public perceptions, 201-207
quantification in environmental accounting, 194
of recycling rate, 244
report formats, 141-142
of resource efficiency, 93
strategic environmental auditing, 134-137
of sustainable resource use, 52-53
systems approach, 134
in total quality environmental management, 133
in toxic release inventory, 134
Metals industry
economics of recycling, 41-42, 43
industrial ecology implementation, 149-153
information needs for waste management efficiency, 43-44
recycling technology, 42
zinc contamination in recycled steel, 42
Microdynamic technologies, 68
Mining
corporate environment policy, 166-167
environmental impacts in process of, 174-179
exploration phase, 174-175
mine closure and rehabilitation, 179-180
organizational structure and operations, 167-170, 176-179
policy issues, 175-176, 178-179
public perception, 165
reclamation bonds, 180
regulatory environment, 165-166
waste generation, 177-178
waste site cleanup, 170-174
Multinational corporations
environmental performance evaluation, 137-138
global variation in public environmental awareness, 218-219
setting site-specific environmental goals, 140
trends, 1-2
N
Natural capital/resources
components, 70 n.4
consumption in Japan, 237
economic valuation, 52, 70 n.5, 105, 125
environmental performance evaluation, 134
historical trends in consumption, 52
metabolic model of consumption, 57-61
optimization of use, 74
substitutability, 52
sustainable use, 52-53
U.S. consumption trends, 56
O
Obsolescence, 22
P
Packaging
aluminum, 152
consumer evaluation of environmental performance, 143, 144-145
ecolabeling, 217
environmentally friendly, 146 n.3
life cycle analysis, 242
opportunities for environmental improvement, 21
Paper industry, 219
carbon cycle, 230-231
energy consumption, 229-230
life cycle analysis, 226-231
liquid paper board, 227
recycling credits, 228
recycling degradation, 228-229
Permits, pollution, 7
Pipeline project(s)
economics, 156
environmental protection plan, 154, 162-164
monitoring, 164
North Sea project, 154-164
project planning, 156
supplier chain management, 21
technical challenges in environmentally sensitive area, 157-162
Plastics, 219
design for recycling/reuse, 19
technology partnerships, 21
Policy making and implementation
consumer activism, 217
critical technology lists, 69
evolutionary model of environmental perspectives, 51-52
federal funding of R&D, 65-66
hierarchical model of industrial system interactions, 49-50
for higher resource efficiency, 93-94
of home energy efficiency rating, 79-80
for implementing sustainable economy, 110-111
in Japan, 234-246
lack of global perspective, 1
metabolic process analysis, 61
for mining industry, 175-176, 178-179
pipeline project planning and, 156
political context of ecological spending, 59-61
post-Cold War, 65
product take-back systems, 106-107
significance of public perception for, 200
state vs. federal mandates, 213
systems-based problem-solving approach, 50
technoeconomic paradigms, 66-69
See also Government activities;Regulatory environment
Pollution abatement
corporate audit, 140-141
in electricity generation, 81-82
emissions reporting requirements, 108
in Japan, 215
technical development vs. conservation for, 2
tradeable permits program, 7
Population growth, 56
Prices
economics of recycling, 93
energy, 85
environmental costs in, 5
Private sector
boundary definitions in sustainable economy, 110-111
goals conflict with sustainability, 103-104
historical evolution, 102
need for systems-ecology perspective, 50
profit-seeking goals, 102-103
prospects for implementing sustainable practices, 108-110
public interest behaviors in, 102-103
technology needs of sustainable economy, 104-105
See also Business management;Market functioning
Product design
commonality principle, 96-98
demand-side concept of quality, 98
design for environment tools, 125-126
for multiple-product cycles, 12-13, 40
product definition for, 13-16, 32 n.6, 125
for recycling/reuse, 18, 22-23, 28, 39
reducing materials use in, 18
for sustainable service economy, 96
upgradability/interchangeability of parts, 16, 96-98
Product stewardship, 8
Production design
electricity generation, 80-82
environmental learning curve, 8
green, 1
life cycle analysis of environmental effects, 129-130
opportunities for environmental protection, 18
trends in materials management, 39
Professional associations
for life cycle analysis, 124
trade codes and practices, 107-108
Public awareness and understanding
assessment of, 28-29
current environmental reporting practices of businesses, 186-188
demographic differences, 220
developing risk communications materials for, 207-208
difficulties in predicting, 201-202
employee role in influencing, 152-153
environmental goals of Japanese industry, 249
environmental reporting in annual reports, 186
environmental risk assessments, 201-202
home energy efficiency rating, 78-79
implications for industrial ecology, 208-209
in Japan, 222
measurement techniques, 203-207
mental models of risk processes, 203-206, 211
risk communication, 29
on role of business in environmental protection, 216
significance of, 3-4, 152-153, 200
waste composition, 219
waste incineration concerns, 83
See also Consumer attitudes and behaviors
R
Radon, 103-105
Recycling and reuse, 3
in aluminum industry, 149, 151, 152
asset recovery for, 22-23, 96, 106-107
barriers to, in metals markets, 42-46
corporate culture as obstacle to, 44
economic limitations, 93-95
goals, 243-244
Japanese policy and practice, 235-236, 243-244
lead products, 39
legal obstacles to, 45-46
market functioning, 43
materials management for, 18-19
measuring, 244
metals markets, 41-42
in paper industry, 228-229
policy approaches, 7-8
product take-back programs, 106-107, 108, 214
public practice, 217
recycle society concept, 236-238
regulatory obstacles to, 44-45
suitability of materials for, 42
Regulatory environment
allocation of environmental costs, 5
command and control approach, 5
corporate compliance auditing, 134-137
European, 213-215
flexibility of, 3
fragmentary nature, 213
incentive-based approach, 6-7, 105-106
in Japan, 215
for mining industry, 165-166, 175-176
obstacles to efficient waste management, 44-45, 75
recycling mandates, 7-8
take-back provisions, 108, 214
transition to self-organizing sustainable economy, 109-110, 111
See also Policy making and implementation
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 44
Risk assessment
developing risk communications materials, 207-208
as measure of environmental performance, 26
mental models of, 203-206, 211
public awareness and understanding, 29
public opinion, 201-202
S
Service economy, 23-24.
See also Functionality economy
Sherwood plot, 41
Solvent use and disposal, 44, 141
Standard of living, 28
Supplier chain management
global considerations, 21
opportunities for environmental improvement, 20-21
Sustainability
broad perspective, 92
critical systems, 91-92
economic modeling, 52-53
economic structure for, 99
functionality economy goals, 91-92
goals conflicts in private sector, 103-104
in Kalundborg (Denmark) industrial project, 117
prospects for private sector implementation, 108-111
service economy for, 95-96
sociopolitical evolution to, 51-52, 125
strategies for energy systems, 74
technoeconomic paradigms for, 68-69
technology for, 104-105
T
Taxes
for environmental management, 7
United Kingdom policy, 214
Technology
barriers to recycling, 42
critical technology lists, 69
design for environment tools, 125-126
development of technoeconomic paradigms, 66-69
diffusion and transfer, 109-249
electricity production, 80-82
environmental assessment, 18
environmental goals of Japanese industry, 248-249
federal funding, 65-66
government role in developing, 29
hierarchical model of industrial system interactions, 49-50
metals recycling, 42
miniaturization, 68
opportunities for environmental protection, 30
pipeline construction, 157-159
in post-Cold War environment, 65
private sector structures for innovation, 108-109
product substitution vs. product upgrade, 94
production design for environmental protection, 18
for sustainable economy, 98, 104-105, 108-109
vs. conservation for environmental improvement, 2
Technology partnerships, 20-21
Total cost assessment, 189-190
Total quality environmental management, 133
Toxic release inventory, 20, 134
Transportation of goods
ecological trends, 213-214
metabolic model of consumption, 57-59
opportunities for environmental improvement, 22
political economy, 61
U.S. consumption trends, 56
U
Utility elicitation, 201
W
Wadden Sea pipeline project, 154-164
Waste management
disposal costs, 43
electricity production from waste, 83
historical development, 37
industrial practice in Japan, 235
information needs, 43-44
Japanese policy, 235-236
mine cleanup, 170-174
mining process, 177-178
need for, 37
political economy of water, 61
problematic components in materials, 42
product design for, 16-18
suitability of materials for recycling, 42
sustainability perspective, 92
traditional linear conceptualization, 92
use of reject heat from electricity generation, 83-85
See also Materials management; Recycling and reuse
Water
economic metabolism, 61
political economy, 61
resource management evaluation, 134