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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeae CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.~e T 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT I-1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY I-3 SELECTION OF OPTIONS FOR STUDY I-5 SELECTION OF CASE STUDY SITES I-10 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT T ll CHA1~TER II SERVICE ROUTES eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeae 11-1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS . II-1 CASE STUDY SITES II-5 Ajax, Ontario II-7 Richmond Hill, Ontario II-8 Madison County, Illinois II-11 Madis 0 n, Wisc 0 nsin II-16 Margate, Florida II-19 METHODOLOGY . II-21 FINDINGS . II-23 Ridership Impacts II-23 Basic Operating Measures II-36 ECONOMIC IMPACTS . II42 Initial Cost of Sexing Up Se, vice RoutesiCo~= iffy Bus Routes . II 44 O p e r a t i o n a l C o s t I m p a c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I - 4 6 IMPLEMENTATION IS SUES . ... . . . . .. . . .... .... .. ....... .. .. .. ..... ... . . . . .... . ...... ... ......... ... ....... ..II-54 The Conceptual Planning Process . II-54 Route and Schedule Implementation . II-56 Communication and Marketing II-57 Travel Training II-58 Techniques to Encourage Switching II-59 Drivers: Hiring and Training II-60 Vehicles II-61 TRANSFERABIL1TY II-61 CHAPI ER III FEEDER SERVICE III-1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS III-1 CASE STUDY SITES III-3 DESCRIPTION OF PARATRANSIT AND FEEDER SERVICE . III-5 BC Trans* III-5 Pierce Transit III-9 METHODOLOGY III-12 FINDINGS OF THE CASE STUDIES . III-13 Charactenstics of Feeder Trips III-13
Length and Duration of Feeder Trips .eee ee.eee.e e e e e ee e.ee ee eee e.ee eeeeeeeee III-14 Delays to Vehicles and Passengers eeeeeeeeeeee~eeeaeeee~eeee~ eee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ e~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeee III-19 Service Qualityeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeea.~ .ee.~ eeeee.~.eeee.~ eeeee.~ .eeeee.~ eeeaeeeeee. III-20 Demand for Paratransit esteem eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeee~ eeeee~e~ eel ee~eeeeeee~ eeee Impact on MObilityeeeee.~.eeee..eeeeeeeeeeee..eee.~eeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~ee..e.eeeee~e.~ eeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeee.~ee.~eeeee.~e III-26 Additional User and Community Perspectives eeeeeeeeeeeeeea~eee~eee~ eerier eve bee eve eeeeeeee~ III-28 Economic Evaluationeeee e ee eeeeeeeee.eesee ee eee ee e ee ee eeeeee e e.e e.eee.eee eeeeIII-29 Implementation and Planning Cost III-30 Scheduling Coordination' and Trip Plan nin geee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeee.ee.eeeee...ee...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee...eeeIII-30 Operational Savings from Reduced Paratransit Vehicle Ti m ee eeeeeeee.e eeeeeeeee ~eeIII-31 Operational Cost Savings Due to Reduced Demand~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeee III-33 Summary of Cost Savings e~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~e~ee~eeeeeeaeeeeea~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeae~eeeeeeee~eeeaeeeee~eee~ee~eeaeeeee III-33 Does Cost Savings Depend on Trip Length? eeeee~eeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeee~ee~ eeeeeeeee~e III-34 Standing Order vs. One-time Tripseeeeeeeeeee.e ee.ee eeeeeeee.e eeeeee eee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.ee eeeeee ee.III-35 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES--LESSONS LEARNED *~eeeeeeeeee..eeeeeee.eeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-35 E l i g i b i l i t y S c r e e n i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I I - 35 Feeder Trip Scheduling eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-36 The Critical Role of Wait Times eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeea~eeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ III-36 Community and Rider Relations III-37 Selecting Trips for Feedereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-37 Standing Orders and Single Tripseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeee~eeeee~eeeeeeee~ee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeee III-37 Travel Traininge~ eeeeee~e~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ ~ ~ eeeeee~eeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeee~ ever ee III-38 Should Paratransit Vehicles Wait at Transfer Points? e~ He eeaeeeeeeeeeeee~e~eee~eeeeee~eeeee~eeeeeeeeee III-38 Transfer Locations eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ ~eeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~eee III-38 Comparability to Fixed-Route Travel Times III-39 Fare Coordination eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeee~eeee~eeeee~eeeeeeeee~ee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-39 APPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY eeeee ~eeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeaea~eeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee III-39 eerier em III-22 CHAPTER IV ROUTE DEVIATION SERVICESeeee.~eea.~.eee.~.IV~1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS ..eeeea~eeaeeeeeeeee~eee. eel .~. eeeee. .~.e IV-1 CASE STUDY SITESee~eeeee~eeeeeaeeeeeeee~eee~ eel eeee~eeeeeee~ each eeeea~eee~ aeon ~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee IV-3 Community Transit in York, Pennsylvania..e..eeeee.eeeeee.eeeeee.ee....eeeeee..eeeeeee.ee.eeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeee.eee.e.eeeee IV-3 Lane Transit District in Eugene' Oregon e.e.ee..ee.eeeeee.eeeeeeee.eeeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeee.e..eeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeee.e..eeeeee.ee.ee. IV-7 Lincoln County Transit in Newport, OregOneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeee~.eeeeeee..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeee IV-10 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES eeeeeeeeeeee~ee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeee~ee~eeeeeeeeeeeeea~eeee~eeeeeeeee IV-12 COMPARISON OF FINDINGS eeeeeeeeeeeeea.~eeeeeeeeeee.~eeeeeeeeeeeeeee. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeea~ deem sees IV-14 Change In Geographic Area Served due to Implementation of Route Deviationeee~e~ee~e~eeeeee IV-14 Comparison Between Deviation Ride Tunes and Paratransit Ride Times ~eeee~eeeeeeeeeeee~ en IV-15 Change in Ride Time for Non-D~sabled Riderseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.~ eee~..ea.eeeea.~ eeeee.~.ee.~.e.. IV-16 Average Recovery Time due to Uncertainty of Deviations bees ease 17 I ength of Deviations eee~eee~ee~eeeeee~ee ~redeem eeee~eeeeeeee ~eeeea~eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee~eee~ eeeee IV ~ Percentage of Passenger Trips Requiring a Deviation IV-~S Reluctance or Hesitancy to Request Deviations ~ e o~ bee eeeeeee~ aeon e IV-519 Opinions of Riders not Using DeViatiOnSee.~ eeeeee.~ee.~ ... Complaints .~..~..~..~. .~eeeeeeeeeee eeeee e e e e ewe eeeeeeeeee IV 20 e e ~ IV 241 Opinions about Route Deviation Comparecl to Paratransit~ee.~.ee. eeeeeee~e~ .eeee~eee..e~ teepee. IV-21 Increase in Operating Miles and Hours Due to Deviationseeeeeeeae~.eeeee.~ .e.~ . IV-22 Paratransit Demand Impacts e eee.eee.e eeeeeeeeeeeee IV-22
Economic Evaluation IV-25 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNED IV-27 APPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY IV-29 Evaluation Issues.e.e ee.ee.e.e.e.ee.eee.eeeeeeeee eeeee.e.ee.e~ee ee e.e.e T`l hi CHAPTER V LOW-FLOOR BUSES ............... INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS . V-1 CASE STUDY SITES V-6 METHODOLOGY . V-13 FINDINGS . V-15 Boarding and Alighting TiIne-General Public V-15 Boarding and Alighting Tirne-Passengers with Disabilities . V-18 Increase in Operating Speed V-24 Maintenance e e ee e ee e e e e .......... e e . e e e e e e ee e e e e . e e e e e e. e e . ee e e e V-26 Reliability V-26 Accident Rates and General Passenger Safety V-30 Ridership . V-31 Ease and Safety of Boarding for Passengers with Disabilities V-31 Driver Perceptions . V-37 Preferences of Non-Disabled Riders . V-38 Economic Evaluation V-38 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES~LESSONS LEARNED V~2 APPLICABILITY AND TRANSFERABILITY V~2 CHAPI ER VI FARE INCENTIVE PROGRAMS VI-1 INTRODUCTION AND MAJOR FINDINGS . VI-1 CASE STUDY SITES VI-3 Greater Bridgeport Transit District VIA Capital Metro, Austin, Texas VI-9 Tulsa Transit, Tulsa, Oklahoma VI-13 Metro Dade Transit Agency VI-17 Ann Arbor Transportation Au1:hori~, Ann Arbor, Michigan VI-22 Start-Up and Ongoing Administrative Costs VI-25 Use of the Free Fare Option and Impacts on FD`ed-Route Fare Revenue VI-28 Impacts on Paratransit Ridership VI-39 Effects of the Fare Incentive Programs on Mode Choice VI-56 Impacts on Travel Trairling VI-60 Cost-Effectiveness of the Free Fare Programs VI-63 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLEMENT ATION ISSUES VI-67 TRANSFERABILITY VI-71 CHAPTER VII EFFECTIVENESS AND APPLICABILITY OF THE OPTIONS AND ENHANCEMENTS STUDIED VII-1 RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SERVICE OPTIONS STUDIED VII-2 Cust 0 mer Integrati 0 n VII-6 System Integration VII-9 Shifting Trips from Paratransit to Fixed Route VII-11
Hat ~t ~:~`ri==c! . VII-13 Community AcceptanceVII-15 R e 1 a t e d B e n e fi t s / I s s u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V I I - 18 COMBINING SERVICE OPTIONS FOR GREATER ElLECTlVENESSVII-20 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL ISSUESVII-22 Table II-1. Characteristics of Case Study SitesII-6 Table II-2. Costs per Revenue HourII-36 Table II-3. Costs per Revenue Mile .II-38 Table II4. Passengers Per Revenue HourII40 Table II-5. Operating SpeedsII43 Table II-6. Cost of Setting Up Service Routes/Community Bus RoutesII45 Table II-7. Net New Revenue from Service Routes (Annual) .II48 Table II-8. Estimated Savings from Paratransit Trips Diverted or AvoidedII49 Table II-9. Annual Savings from Fixed-route Service ReplacedII-51 Table II-10. Annual Operating Cost of Service RoutesII-52 Table II~lle Summary of Savings from Service Routeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeII-53 Table III-1. Case Study Sites-Key Statistics III4 Table III-2. Length and Duration of Feeder Trips III-15 Table III-3. Length and Duration of Feeder Trips Compared to Alternatives III-18 Table III4. Customer Comparison of Feeder and Direct Service at BC TransitIII-21 Table III-5. Demand Impacts of Feeder and Other Service ChangesIII-23 Table III-6. Reasons for No Longer Using Shuttle III-25 Table III-7. Current Modes of Former Shuttle RidersIII-27 Table III-8. Calculation of Paratransit Vehicle Time Cost Savings III-32 Table IV-1. Additional Miles/Hours and Annual Cost Impacts IV-23 Table IV-2. Cost of Paratransit Service without Route Deviation{V-24 Table IV-3. Cost Elements of Paratransit and Route DeviationIV-26 Table V-1. Key Specifications for Low-Floor BusesV-2 Table V-2. Case Study Sites-Key StatisticsV-7 Table V-3. Conventional Bus Equipment at Case Study SitesV-8 Table V 4. Boarding Tines of Non-Disabled Passengers (Seconds) .V-16 Table V-5. Alighting Times of Non-Disabled Passengers (Seconds) .V-17 Table V-6. Fixed Time per StopV-19 Table V-7. Simulation Results (All Times in Seconds) .V-20 Table V-8. Dwell Time Analysis for Riders with DisabilitiesV-23 Table V-9. Repairs for Lifts and RampsV-27 Table V~lOe Percent of Riders Preferring Low-Floor Buses ee~eeeeeeeeeeaeee~e~ ~ ~eeeeee~eV40 Table VI-1. Selected Service and Demographic Information for Case Study SitesVI-5 Table VI-2. Fixed-Route and Paratransit Fares Before and After May 1, 1993 .VI-8 Table VI-3. Capital Metro Transit Fares Since January, 1991VI-14 Table VIA. Summary of Tulsa Transit Fare Changes, 1991-1996VI-17 Table VI-5. Metro Dade Fare Changes, August, 1995 to May, 1996VI-21 Table VI-6. AATA Fixed Route and Paratransit Fores LIT_
Table VI-7. Capital Metro Paratransit Ridership, FY88-FY95VI46 Table VI-~. MDTA Paratransit Ridership, FY92-FY95 VIM Table VI-9. Actual and Predicted AATA Paratransit Rides, April-August, 1996 .VI-57 Table VI-10. Effects of Free-Fare Program on Bus Use .VI-59 Table VI-~. Factors Cited in Switching Trips from Paratransit to Fixed-RouteVI-61 Table VI-12. Summary of Free Fixed Route Rides by Type of RiderVI-64 Table VI-13. Summary of Estimated SavingsVI-65 Table VII-1. Summary of Relative Effectiveness of Service Options/Enhancements StudiedVII-3 Table VII-2. Suggested Combinations of Service Options and Enhancements VII-21 Table VII-3. Implementation and Operational Issues ObservedVII-23 Table VII~. Transferability and Applicability of Options StudiedVII-30 Figure Ill. Service Options and Enhancements Identified by Related ResearchI-6 Figure I-2. Service Options "Being Considered" by Transit ProvidersI-9 Figure 1-3. ~~~^ C=-~-- ~ `~^ Figure II-1: The Flag Bus at Ajax Plaza . II-9 Figure II-2: Map of the Richmond Hill Community Bus Route . II-12 Figure II-3: Madison County's MCT Shuttle System ~ II-15 Figure IBM: Local Motion Buses Meeting at the Senior Center II-17 Figure II-5: Elderly Passengers Dominate the Ridership of Margate Inner-City Transit II-22 Figure II-6: Ridership Trends in Madison County' IL II-24 Figure II-7: Ridership Trends in Ajax' Ontario II-26 Figure II-~: Ridership Trends in Margate, FL II-27 Figure II-9: Ridership Trends in Richmond Hill, Ontario Il-29 Figure II-10: Ridership Trends in Madison, WI II-30 rhyme -: EIshinated Percentage of Parat~ansit Trips D~-veHed to Se - -ice Routes . 1I 33 Figure II-12: Estimated Savings as a Percentage of Annual Paratransit Expenditures Il-54 Figure III-1. Passengers Entering Accessible Sky Train Car III-6 Figure III-2. The BC Transit Service Area and the Location of the SkyTrain and SeaBus Services Figure III-3. SHUTTLE Rider Transferring to F=ed Route Bus III-10 Figure IV-1. Community Trans*'s Fixed Routes in York County IVY Figure IV-2. FixedRoutesinDowntownYork ~ IV-5 Figure IV-3. Lane Transit District Route Map and Schedule Showing Deviation IV-8 Figure IVY. The Three CCC "Routes" in Lincoln County, Oregon IV-11 Figure V-1. Low-Floor Bus Operated by the Ann Arbor Transportation Authority V-9 Figure V-2. Low-Floor Bus Operated by the Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District V-10 Figure V-3. Interior of Ann Arbor low-Floor Bus Looking Forward V-11 Figure V4. Interior View of Ann Arbor Low-Floor Bus Showing Rear Seating Area and Interior level Change V-12 Figure VI-1. Half-Fare and Free-Fare Ridership January, 1993 - May, 1994) . VI-29 Figure VI-2. Free Fare Fixed Route Trips in Austin, January, 1991- December, 1995 . VI-32
Figure VI-3. Lift Boardings and Free (MI) Fixed Route Trips in Austin January' 1988 ~ March' 1996~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeaeee~ eeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee VI-35 Figure VI4e Free Fare and Half Fare Rides in Miami October' 1994 ~ April' 1996eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeVI~36 Figure VI~5e Tulsa Transit Free Fare and Half Fare Rides' July' 1990 ~ March' 1996eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeVI~38 Figure VI~6e GBTD Paratransit Ridership (E7Y91 ~ E7Y94) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeVI40 Figure VI-7. GBTD Paratransit Ridership (July' 1992 ~ May, 1994) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeee.VI~42 Figure VI-8e Paratrarlsit (STS) Ridership and Free (MI) Fixed" Route Trips in Austin' January' 1988 ~ Decemberr 1995~eeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeea~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeVI45 Figure VI~9e MDTA Actual and Predicted Paratransit Trips, January, 1995 ~ May' 1996 eeeeeeeVI~50 Figure VI~lOe Paratransit and Free Fare Fixed Route Rides Provided by Tulsa Transit April' 1991 ~ March 1996eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeaeeeeeee VI-52 Figure VI-ll. AATA Free Fare Fixed Route Rides and Paratransit Trip Trends July' 1995-Augllst' 1996eeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ~eeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee~eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee VI-55
