APPENDIX B:
Trend Tables, 1983–1993
Appendix B includes the following two tables:
B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983–1993
B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993
*** IMPORTANT NOTICE *** The estimates reported for the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) are simple tabulations of all available information, with no adjustment for nonresponse. Thus, differences in response rates from year to year can produce numerical fluctuations that are unrelated to true trends. Response to the SED has been 95 to 98 percent over the years, except during the 1980s when it gradually declined to 92 percent. In an effort to improve the response rate, the survey methodology has undergone some revision in the years since 1989. Response has risen as hoped, stabilizing at 95 percent during the last three years (1991 to 1993). (Note: These percentages represent self-report rates, i.e., the proportion of survey forms completed by doctorate recipients. Questionnaires filled in with partial information by either the doctoral institution or staff of the National Research Council are not included in these self-report rates but are included in tabulations in this report.) The self-report rate for 1993 may increase somewhat in the next year if additional questionnaires are received from doctorate recipients. See page 82 in Appendix C for a table giving survey response rates from 1980 to 1993. Item response rates have shown a parallel improvement since 1990—a natural consequence of the increase in the overall self-report rate, as well as a result of format revisions to the questionnaire and follow-ups for missing information. In 1990, new follow-up procedures were implemented, increasing coverage of several variables (birth year, gender, race/ethnicity, citizenship status, country of citizenship, baccalaureate year and institution, and postgraduation plans). Response rates for these variables have thus improved—especially for citizenship and race/ethnicity, resulting in an increase in the reported numbers of minority Ph.D.s. Postsurvey adjustment to data was greatest in 1990 and 1991, with the largest impact on the number of black Ph.D.s. For both of these years, the total number of black Ph.D.s increased by about 7.5 percent in the year after survey closure. Postsurvey adjustments were much smaller for 1992 data (a 1.4 percent increase in black Ph.D.s) because the survey cycle was extended a month to allow receipt of additional follow-up information before closure; the same is expected for 1993 data. All adjustments to data are presented in reports subsequent to the initial report for a survey. Thus, updates for 1990 appeared in Summary Report 1991; those for 1991 appeared in Summary Report 1992; and those for 1992 are included in this year's report (see Appendix Table B-2). The data for 1993 will likewise be subject to further revision, but as for 1992, adjustments are expected to be minimal. Updates to 1993 data will be presented in next year's report. In using SED data, the reader should keep in mind that numerical trends are affected by fluctuations in response rates. Increasing or decreasing numbers in a citizenship or racial/ethnic group reflect to some degree any upward or downward change in both overall survey response and item response. |
TABLE B-1: Table B-1 presents data for the most recent decade by subfield of doctorate. In general, the subfields correspond to the fields on the questionnaire 's Specialties List located at the back of this report; some, however, do not appear on the current Specialties List because they are no longer included in the survey taxonomy. A dash (-) in a column indicates that the field was not on the Specialties List for that year.
Field groupings in this table may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED); see inside the back cover for a description of field groupings as reported in these tables. The “general” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, general” —include individuals who either received the doctorate in the general subject area or did not indicate a particular specialty field. The “other” field categories—e.g., “chemistry, other” —include individuals whose specified doctoral discipline was not among the specialty fields.
The seven tables in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent cohort of Ph.D.s by field of doctorate.
TABLE B-2:Table B-2 displays data on the race/ethnicity of doctorate recipients for 1978 and the last decade by gender and citizenship. (The year 1978 is included because it serves as the earliest point of comparison for racial/ethnic data presented in the body of the report.) Table B-2 contains three panels, each displayed on a separate page. The first panel includes all doctorates; the others disaggregate the data by gender.
The reader should note that numbers in Table B-2 have been revised since publication of Summary Report 1992. Because of late questionnaire returns and responses to follow-ups for missing information, data are subject to revision in the year after survey closure. New follow-up procedures first implemented in 1990 have increased coverage of several variables, including citizenship and race/ethnicity. One result has been greater postsurvey adjustment to racial/ethnic data than in earlier years. (Note: The greatest adjustment was to the numbers of black Ph.D.s in 1990 and 1991—an increase of about 7.5 percent each year.) Updates to 1992 racial/ethnic data are shown in Table B-2in this year's report. See the notice on page 71 for additional information on recent increases in response rates and their impact on time-series data.
The racial/ethnic question has undergone several revisions over the years. In 1977, it was modified to correspond to a standard question format recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on Education and adopted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use in federally sponsored surveys; an explanation of the effect of these changes is detailed on page 13 of Summary Report 1977. (Note: Changes in the OMB guidelines prompted the moving of persons having origins in the Indian subcontinent from the white category to the Asian category.) In 1980, the item was further revised in two ways: (1) the Hispanic category was subdivided into Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic to provide more detail for users of the racial/ethnic data, and (2) respondents were asked to check only one racial category. (Before 1980, doctorate recipients could check more than one category to indicate their race.) The item was modified again in 1982 to separate the questions on race and ethnicity. Since then, respondents have been asked to first check one of the four racial group categories (American Indian, Asian, black, or white) and then indicate whether or not they are Hispanic. In Table B-2, Ph.D.s who reported Hispanic heritage, regardless of racial designation, are counted as Hispanic. The remaining survey respondents
are then counted in the respective racial groups. (Note: Doctorate recipients who checked the category “American Indian or Alaskan Native ” are identified as Native American in this report.)
Tables A-2 and A-4 in Appendix A present additional information on the most recent cohort of Ph.D.s by race/ethnicity.
APPENDIX TABLE B-1 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Subfield, 1983 –1993
Year of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
TOTAL ALL FIELDS |
31,282 |
31,337 |
31,298 |
31,899 |
32,367 |
33,499 |
34,324 |
36,068 |
37,517 |
38,853 |
39,754 |
PHYSICAL SCIENCES |
4,426 |
4,452 |
4,531 |
4,807 |
5,030 |
5,309 |
5,455 |
5,859 |
6,279 |
6,502 |
6,496 |
MATHEMATICS |
701 |
698 |
688 |
729 |
740 |
749 |
859 |
892 |
1,039 |
1,058 |
1,146 |
Applied Mathematics |
125 |
108 |
116 |
135 |
131 |
142 |
158 |
185 |
193 |
213 |
188 |
Algebra |
55 |
65 |
55 |
46 |
57 |
54 |
50 |
39 |
72 |
69 |
84 |
Analysis and Functional Analysis |
76 |
71 |
83 |
81 |
86 |
76 |
103 |
90 |
132 |
105 |
105 |
Geometry |
44 |
27 |
35 |
38 |
30 |
44 |
47 |
42 |
66 |
45 |
44 |
Logic |
21 |
25 |
30 |
23 |
18 |
20 |
12 |
19 |
23 |
28 |
19 |
Number Theory |
19 |
27 |
18 |
20 |
15 |
26 |
23 |
26 |
30 |
25 |
42 |
Mathematical Statistics |
151 |
181 |
150 |
141 |
143 |
152 |
167 |
157 |
206 |
217 |
228 |
Topology |
44 |
42 |
35 |
34 |
41 |
27 |
37 |
50 |
57 |
58 |
54 |
Computing Theory and Practice |
12 |
13 |
15 |
10 |
14 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
19 |
12 |
18 |
Operations Research |
20 |
27 |
22 |
29 |
22 |
29 |
22 |
29 |
16 |
22 |
37 |
Mathematics, General |
86 |
78 |
85 |
125 |
137 |
134 |
177 |
191 |
180 |
209 |
276 |
Mathematics, Other |
48 |
34 |
44 |
47 |
46 |
33 |
51 |
52 |
45 |
55 |
51 |
COMPUTER SCIENCE |
286 |
295 |
310 |
399 |
450 |
515 |
612 |
705 |
800 |
869 |
878 |
Computer Science |
264 |
256 |
249 |
355 |
384 |
442 |
519 |
612 |
720 |
791 |
823 |
Information Sciences and Systems |
22 |
39 |
61 |
44 |
66 |
73 |
93 |
93 |
80 |
78 |
55 |
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY |
1,043 |
1,080 |
1,080 |
1,187 |
1,237 |
1,302 |
1,274 |
1,393 |
1,411 |
1,537 |
1,543 |
Astronomy |
50 |
42 |
43 |
52 |
46 |
66 |
49 |
52 |
50 |
55 |
76 |
Astrophysics |
65 |
56 |
57 |
57 |
54 |
64 |
64 |
76 |
75 |
79 |
69 |
Acoustics |
14 |
21 |
10 |
15 |
17 |
16 |
15 |
21 |
13 |
18 |
27 |
Chemical and Atomic/Molecular |
71 |
77 |
58 |
70 |
79 |
77 |
74 |
87 |
76 |
85 |
95 |
Electron |
1 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
– |
– |
Elementary Particles |
136 |
138 |
154 |
147 |
159 |
174 |
135 |
163 |
182 |
153 |
170 |
Fluids |
15 |
11 |
16 |
6 |
21 |
17 |
14 |
17 |
14 |
17 |
19 |
Nuclear |
90 |
72 |
86 |
89 |
74 |
88 |
81 |
73 |
66 |
86 |
81 |
Optics |
50 |
53 |
51 |
58 |
50 |
65 |
78 |
76 |
85 |
94 |
96 |
Plasma and High-Temperature |
72 |
73 |
55 |
61 |
72 |
65 |
61 |
42 |
58 |
65 |
62 |
Polymer |
10 |
8 |
11 |
11 |
15 |
20 |
7 |
11 |
17 |
17 |
29 |
Solid State and Low-Temperature |
222 |
258 |
248 |
280 |
287 |
252 |
296 |
306 |
372 |
408 |
335 |
Physics, General |
150 |
170 |
176 |
222 |
238 |
271 |
269 |
323 |
247 |
297 |
340 |
Physics, Other |
97 |
99 |
111 |
117 |
119 |
125 |
127 |
144 |
155 |
163 |
144 |
CHEMISTRY |
1,759 |
1,765 |
1,836 |
1,903 |
1,975 |
2,015 |
1,970 |
2,100 |
2,193 |
2,214 |
2,139 |
Analytical |
264 |
228 |
285 |
257 |
314 |
301 |
289 |
293 |
304 |
304 |
286 |
Inorganic |
215 |
233 |
251 |
260 |
240 |
250 |
256 |
242 |
260 |
268 |
238 |
Nuclear |
13 |
18 |
7 |
18 |
13 |
7 |
6 |
13 |
14 |
7 |
8 |
Organic |
503 |
525 |
494 |
511 |
511 |
531 |
511 |
452 |
538 |
512 |
517 |
Medicinal/Pharmaceutical |
78 |
56 |
60 |
58 |
65 |
73 |
64 |
48 |
82 |
68 |
98 |
Physical |
311 |
329 |
304 |
293 |
302 |
318 |
310 |
325 |
364 |
399 |
337 |
Polymer |
62 |
63 |
84 |
72 |
96 |
81 |
78 |
81 |
111 |
83 |
107 |
Theoretical |
48 |
37 |
48 |
41 |
46 |
50 |
46 |
55 |
45 |
59 |
53 |
Chemistry, General |
177 |
183 |
213 |
289 |
297 |
310 |
312 |
524 |
400 |
449 |
433 |
Chemistry, Other |
88 |
93 |
90 |
104 |
91 |
94 |
98 |
67 |
75 |
65 |
62 |
EARTH, ATMOS., & MARINE SCI. |
637 |
614 |
617 |
589 |
628 |
728 |
740 |
769 |
836 |
824 |
790 |
Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry |
21 |
11 |
16 |
21 |
24 |
19 |
15 |
18 |
20 |
36 |
13 |
Atmospheric Dynamics |
16 |
25 |
21 |
16 |
17 |
25 |
16 |
20 |
21 |
23 |
23 |
Meteorology |
17 |
28 |
23 |
27 |
17 |
35 |
27 |
20 |
31 |
28 |
34 |
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, General |
16 |
5 |
10 |
7 |
16 |
14 |
14 |
23 |
26 |
27 |
22 |
Atmos. Sci./Meteorology, Other |
27 |
12 |
10 |
7 |
13 |
10 |
15 |
2 |
10 |
6 |
7 |
Geology |
105 |
124 |
111 |
118 |
114 |
144 |
165 |
166 |
192 |
166 |
197 |
Geochemistry |
48 |
43 |
48 |
37 |
31 |
46 |
39 |
56 |
64 |
62 |
50 |
Geophysics and Seismology |
75 |
68 |
92 |
89 |
75 |
83 |
87 |
91 |
117 |
108 |
101 |
Paleontology |
17 |
35 |
23 |
16 |
21 |
24 |
17 |
21 |
24 |
25 |
21 |
Mineralogy, Petrology |
24 |
28 |
28 |
17 |
24 |
19 |
36 |
26 |
36 |
29 |
9 |
Stratigraphy, Sedimentation |
25 |
16 |
23 |
14 |
22 |
30 |
24 |
25 |
29 |
23 |
28 |
Geomorphology and Glacial Geology |
10 |
9 |
13 |
11 |
18 |
9 |
10 |
14 |
18 |
12 |
16 |
Applied Geology |
8 |
7 |
8 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
1 |
– |
– |
Geological & Related Sci., General |
15 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
18 |
8 |
19 |
31 |
30 |
18 |
15 |
Geological & Related Sci., Other |
21 |
25 |
11 |
12 |
29 |
31 |
28 |
28 |
33 |
31 |
17 |
Environmental Science |
50 |
45 |
42 |
35 |
29 |
58 |
68 |
50 |
35 |
57 |
68 |
Hydrology and Water Resources |
20 |
18 |
17 |
16 |
18 |
24 |
24 |
13 |
16 |
29 |
25 |
Oceanography |
87 |
78 |
68 |
78 |
73 |
81 |
87 |
89 |
85 |
82 |
99 |
Marine Sciences |
22 |
21 |
24 |
22 |
38 |
28 |
26 |
39 |
27 |
32 |
27 |
Misc. Physical Sciences, Other |
13 |
6 |
18 |
30 |
26 |
33 |
17 |
31 |
21 |
30 |
18 |
ENGINEERING |
2,781 |
2,913 |
3,166 |
3,376 |
3,712 |
4,187 |
4,543 |
4,894 |
5,215 |
5,439 |
5,696 |
Aerospace, Aeronautic. & Astronautic. |
106 |
119 |
124 |
118 |
142 |
150 |
178 |
192 |
207 |
234 |
228 |
Agricultural |
58 |
74 |
60 |
52 |
74 |
70 |
102 |
101 |
84 |
84 |
86 |
Bioengineering and Biomedical |
74 |
70 |
69 |
67 |
75 |
114 |
115 |
129 |
149 |
147 |
171 |
Ceramic Sciences |
24 |
25 |
19 |
25 |
42 |
30 |
35 |
43 |
58 |
42 |
42 |
Chemical |
349 |
361 |
440 |
476 |
527 |
624 |
625 |
561 |
621 |
607 |
624 |
Civil |
354 |
351 |
358 |
387 |
441 |
488 |
498 |
505 |
509 |
541 |
563 |
Communications |
25 |
11 |
30 |
23 |
26 |
24 |
25 |
35 |
21 |
30 |
22 |
Computer |
83 |
56 |
55 |
77 |
62 |
100 |
117 |
131 |
178 |
178 |
167 |
NOTE: Dash (–) indicates that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialities List that year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. |
Year of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
Electrical, Electronics |
517 |
593 |
631 |
706 |
691 |
886 |
995 |
1,110 |
1,206 |
1,278 |
1,353 |
Engineering Mechanics |
68 |
91 |
89 |
94 |
113 |
105 |
110 |
111 |
113 |
132 |
128 |
Engineering Physics |
10 |
8 |
12 |
13 |
13 |
9 |
16 |
16 |
23 |
25 |
21 |
Engineering Science |
30 |
28 |
31 |
30 |
26 |
32 |
27 |
37 |
42 |
51 |
55 |
Environmental Health Engineering |
43 |
57 |
33 |
42 |
36 |
43 |
40 |
48 |
66 |
54 |
61 |
Industrial/Manufacturing |
86 |
84 |
92 |
101 |
120 |
127 |
162 |
151 |
165 |
196 |
236 |
Materials Science |
157 |
168 |
188 |
187 |
238 |
252 |
257 |
307 |
361 |
365 |
416 |
Mechanical |
311 |
336 |
424 |
442 |
544 |
610 |
650 |
773 |
762 |
855 |
901 |
Metallurgical |
87 |
78 |
96 |
93 |
112 |
92 |
88 |
90 |
70 |
78 |
77 |
Mining and Mineral |
22 |
16 |
16 |
22 |
27 |
17 |
33 |
39 |
38 |
26 |
24 |
Naval Architecture, Marine Eng. |
4 |
5 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
5 |
– |
– |
Nuclear |
103 |
120 |
96 |
98 |
84 |
104 |
86 |
114 |
107 |
120 |
108 |
Ocean |
12 |
11 |
25 |
14 |
24 |
21 |
20 |
17 |
21 |
21 |
24 |
Operations Research |
44 |
50 |
54 |
54 |
51 |
44 |
68 |
46 |
76 |
56 |
56 |
Petroleum |
22 |
17 |
24 |
18 |
23 |
33 |
29 |
49 |
28 |
54 |
52 |
Polymer/Plastics |
21 |
31 |
40 |
37 |
34 |
28 |
58 |
48 |
42 |
64 |
61 |
Systems |
57 |
52 |
57 |
33 |
47 |
44 |
30 |
51 |
48 |
37 |
57 |
Engineering, General |
30 |
29 |
26 |
55 |
54 |
49 |
61 |
75 |
78 |
64 |
47 |
Engineering, Other |
84 |
72 |
69 |
103 |
79 |
82 |
109 |
107 |
137 |
103 |
116 |
LIFE SCIENCES |
5,554 |
5,758 |
5,781 |
5,734 |
5,754 |
6,165 |
6,341 |
6,604 |
6,929 |
7,114 |
7,397 |
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES |
3,741 |
3,880 |
3,793 |
3,807 |
3,839 |
4,112 |
4,115 |
4,327 |
4,645 |
4,798 |
5,090 |
Biochemistry |
647 |
606 |
581 |
576 |
573 |
613 |
669 |
678 |
765 |
715 |
845 |
Biophysics |
88 |
90 |
69 |
72 |
86 |
97 |
87 |
103 |
100 |
125 |
103 |
Biotechnology Research |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Bacteriology |
10 |
12 |
17 |
12 |
13 |
7 |
11 |
15 |
11 |
13 |
14 |
Plant Genetics |
19 |
20 |
31 |
20 |
26 |
26 |
18 |
31 |
23 |
33 |
41 |
Plant Pathology |
29 |
30 |
38 |
28 |
33 |
30 |
22 |
37 |
50 |
32 |
41 |
Plant Physiology |
67 |
70 |
58 |
52 |
62 |
74 |
47 |
51 |
65 |
68 |
48 |
Botany, Other |
116 |
126 |
120 |
121 |
106 |
112 |
117 |
104 |
105 |
107 |
105 |
Anatomy |
107 |
103 |
135 |
86 |
92 |
88 |
80 |
70 |
77 |
75 |
76 |
Biometrics and Biostatistics |
45 |
49 |
40 |
30 |
37 |
47 |
46 |
47 |
59 |
63 |
74 |
Cell Biology |
118 |
123 |
100 |
130 |
127 |
118 |
133 |
145 |
149 |
188 |
231 |
Ecology |
183 |
202 |
200 |
183 |
158 |
155 |
161 |
166 |
189 |
180 |
176 |
Developmental Biology /Embryology |
13 |
15 |
15 |
9 |
6 |
7 |
10 |
22 |
37 |
48 |
57 |
Endocrinology |
28 |
30 |
17 |
17 |
19 |
21 |
21 |
24 |
33 |
27 |
16 |
Entomology |
141 |
156 |
173 |
170 |
123 |
133 |
139 |
147 |
138 |
139 |
114 |
Biological Immunology |
154 |
133 |
124 |
146 |
136 |
179 |
152 |
153 |
177 |
181 |
169 |
Molecular Biology |
225 |
275 |
277 |
298 |
303 |
364 |
413 |
413 |
480 |
527 |
582 |
Microbiology |
309 |
346 |
289 |
326 |
301 |
333 |
340 |
335 |
372 |
377 |
433 |
Neuroscience |
134 |
145 |
156 |
120 |
153 |
163 |
181 |
192 |
238 |
238 |
275 |
Nutritional Sciences |
111 |
109 |
113 |
122 |
141 |
127 |
128 |
118 |
106 |
132 |
134 |
Parasitology |
9 |
30 |
21 |
25 |
16 |
20 |
20 |
13 |
20 |
17 |
17 |
Toxicology |
60 |
97 |
99 |
104 |
115 |
108 |
111 |
91 |
86 |
105 |
99 |
Human and Animal Genetics |
95 |
82 |
105 |
91 |
113 |
118 |
112 |
153 |
160 |
142 |
172 |
Human and Animal Pathology |
97 |
88 |
110 |
91 |
127 |
112 |
105 |
101 |
122 |
114 |
130 |
Human and Animal Pharmacology |
218 |
237 |
235 |
245 |
234 |
252 |
241 |
243 |
262 |
278 |
273 |
Human and Animal Physiology |
246 |
237 |
245 |
240 |
248 |
225 |
272 |
278 |
272 |
266 |
271 |
Zoology, Other |
192 |
158 |
147 |
155 |
139 |
167 |
132 |
122 |
125 |
134 |
114 |
Biological Sciences, General |
174 |
190 |
190 |
213 |
229 |
256 |
231 |
333 |
278 |
315 |
308 |
Biological Sciences, Other |
106 |
121 |
88 |
125 |
123 |
160 |
116 |
142 |
146 |
159 |
164 |
HEALTH SCIENCES |
640 |
722 |
729 |
770 |
800 |
882 |
974 |
956 |
1,042 |
1,112 |
1,201 |
Speech-Lang. Pathology & Audiology |
113 |
104 |
99 |
82 |
107 |
93 |
91 |
93 |
90 |
82 |
98 |
Environmental Health |
38 |
40 |
31 |
39 |
29 |
52 |
35 |
38 |
38 |
44 |
38 |
Health Systems/Services Admin. |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
35 |
Public Health |
54 |
53 |
103 |
103 |
96 |
121 |
129 |
123 |
132 |
157 |
155 |
Epidemiology |
76 |
103 |
76 |
80 |
86 |
97 |
107 |
102 |
115 |
108 |
120 |
Nursing |
126 |
161 |
183 |
216 |
218 |
247 |
308 |
261 |
326 |
338 |
373 |
Pharmacy |
81 |
102 |
106 |
104 |
133 |
95 |
111 |
116 |
115 |
160 |
148 |
Rehabilitation/Therapeutic Services |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
17 |
25 |
36 |
Veterinary Medicine |
45 |
46 |
51 |
41 |
31 |
48 |
48 |
70 |
56 |
63 |
61 |
Health Sciences, General |
20 |
14 |
13 |
27 |
12 |
29 |
19 |
36 |
28 |
30 |
38 |
Health Sciences, Other |
87 |
99 |
67 |
78 |
88 |
100 |
126 |
117 |
125 |
105 |
99 |
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES |
1,173 |
1,156 |
1,259 |
1,157 |
1,115 |
1,171 |
1,252 |
1,321 |
1,242 |
1,204 |
1,106 |
Agricultural Economics |
158 |
159 |
148 |
160 |
139 |
156 |
164 |
145 |
168 |
141 |
137 |
Agricultural Business & Management |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
0 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
Animal Breeding and Genetics |
25 |
28 |
28 |
25 |
23 |
27 |
23 |
22 |
18 |
23 |
18 |
Animal Nutrition |
56 |
71 |
78 |
65 |
82 |
54 |
67 |
54 |
57 |
41 |
52 |
Dairy Science |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
12 |
16 |
20 |
19 |
14 |
11 |
Poultry Science |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
10 |
11 |
17 |
13 |
22 |
16 |
Fisheries Science and Management |
36 |
45 |
36 |
31 |
32 |
42 |
34 |
42 |
39 |
26 |
38 |
Animal Sciences, Other |
92 |
90 |
95 |
91 |
76 |
86 |
95 |
90 |
92 |
97 |
74 |
Agronomy and Crop Science |
149 |
137 |
158 |
159 |
143 |
141 |
140 |
143 |
117 |
123 |
104 |
Plant Breeding and Genetics |
71 |
78 |
88 |
78 |
70 |
83 |
64 |
87 |
69 |
82 |
68 |
Plant Pathology |
92 |
57 |
89 |
85 |
76 |
46 |
63 |
64 |
90 |
63 |
58 |
Plant Protection-Pest Management |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
1 |
6 |
4 |
2 |
– |
– |
Plant Sciences, Other |
16 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
20 |
23 |
15 |
23 |
17 |
29 |
28 |
Food Sciences |
141 |
113 |
136 |
121 |
131 |
16 |
1 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Food Engineering |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
11 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
9 |
Food Sciences, Other |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
119 |
147 |
141 |
137 |
151 |
140 |
Soil Sciences |
85 |
99 |
97 |
103 |
74 |
18 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Soil Chemistry/Microbiology |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
33 |
28 |
27 |
24 |
24 |
26 |
Soil Sciences, Other |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
62 |
75 |
91 |
78 |
63 |
59 |
Horticulture Science |
72 |
66 |
76 |
60 |
71 |
61 |
75 |
101 |
78 |
65 |
62 |
Year of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
Wildlife Management |
31 |
31 |
38 |
20 |
23 |
3 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Forestry Science |
90 |
94 |
105 |
88 |
100 |
15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Forest Biology |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
21 |
22 |
27 |
17 |
29 |
18 |
Forest Engineering |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
3 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
Forest Management |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
18 |
21 |
14 |
22 |
16 |
17 |
Wood Sci. and Pulp/Paper Tech. |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
7 |
16 |
16 |
16 |
21 |
20 |
Conservation/Renewable Nat. Res. |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
7 |
12 |
16 |
19 |
9 |
13 |
Forestry and Related Sci., Other |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
35 |
57 |
62 |
45 |
62 |
55 |
Wildlife/Range Management |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
36 |
52 |
58 |
59 |
55 |
54 |
Agricultural Sciences, General |
7 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
9 |
7 |
5 |
3 |
9 |
10 |
Agricultural Sciences, Other |
52 |
67 |
61 |
45 |
50 |
21 |
27 |
38 |
28 |
23 |
15 |
SOCIAL SCIENCES (INCL. PSYCH.) |
6,095 |
5,929 |
5,765 |
5,893 |
5,790 |
5,781 |
5,961 |
6,094 |
6,152 |
6,217 |
6,545 |
Anthropology |
373 |
335 |
353 |
381 |
352 |
325 |
325 |
324 |
341 |
320 |
342 |
Area Studies |
20 |
23 |
19 |
28 |
17 |
16 |
17 |
22 |
24 |
33 |
36 |
Criminology |
49 |
41 |
38 |
24 |
29 |
43 |
32 |
42 |
35 |
37 |
39 |
Demography/Population Studies |
26 |
17 |
25 |
15 |
26 |
19 |
22 |
20 |
28 |
17 |
22 |
Economics |
792 |
766 |
784 |
834 |
796 |
825 |
872 |
836 |
861 |
885 |
906 |
Econometrics |
21 |
27 |
27 |
25 |
25 |
27 |
26 |
26 |
24 |
25 |
24 |
Geography |
121 |
114 |
120 |
120 |
111 |
129 |
105 |
131 |
108 |
111 |
137 |
International Relations/Affairs |
76 |
95 |
78 |
76 |
82 |
77 |
94 |
97 |
88 |
76 |
102 |
Political Science and Government |
397 |
419 |
406 |
414 |
404 |
392 |
430 |
462 |
434 |
513 |
507 |
Public Policy Analysis |
69 |
54 |
70 |
81 |
83 |
73 |
79 |
87 |
111 |
107 |
98 |
Sociology |
525 |
515 |
461 |
491 |
423 |
449 |
436 |
428 |
465 |
495 |
513 |
Statistic |
47 |
39 |
60 |
65 |
49 |
47 |
69 |
69 |
31 |
29 |
48 |
Urban Affairs/Studies |
74 |
81 |
75 |
50 |
72 |
86 |
62 |
67 |
90 |
86 |
123 |
Social Sciences, General |
17 |
17 |
17 |
36 |
30 |
28 |
26 |
23 |
36 |
33 |
32 |
Social Sciences, Other |
141 |
127 |
114 |
127 |
118 |
171 |
158 |
178 |
226 |
186 |
197 |
PSYCHOLOGY |
3,347 |
3,257 |
3,118 |
3,126 |
3,173 |
3,074 |
3,208 |
3,282 |
3,250 |
3,264 |
3,419 |
Cinical |
1,241 |
1,195 |
1,181 |
1,173 |
1,214 |
1,095 |
1,259 |
1,338 |
1,305 |
1,310 |
1,372 |
Cognitive and Psycholiguistics |
65 |
77 |
76 |
70 |
80 |
83 |
79 |
76 |
94 |
101 |
104 |
Comparative |
11 |
13 |
11 |
14 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
8 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
Counseling |
432 |
464 |
431 |
449 |
486 |
482 |
501 |
466 |
497 |
507 |
488 |
Developmental and Child |
219 |
207 |
175 |
184 |
200 |
176 |
148 |
159 |
155 |
170 |
202 |
Experimental |
209 |
169 |
165 |
147 |
146 |
136 |
146 |
143 |
142 |
154 |
143 |
Educational |
154 |
210 |
127 |
106 |
89 |
103 |
105 |
98 |
110 |
91 |
91 |
Industrial and Organizational |
90 |
106 |
102 |
110 |
107 |
118 |
104 |
126 |
142 |
138 |
158 |
Personality |
32 |
25 |
21 |
16 |
25 |
18 |
28 |
20 |
13 |
17 |
22 |
Physiological/Psychobiology |
94 |
73 |
79 |
73 |
69 |
85 |
62 |
46 |
45 |
55 |
85 |
Psychometrics |
10 |
6 |
10 |
11 |
9 |
11 |
6 |
8 |
9 |
5 |
9 |
Quantitative |
14 |
17 |
16 |
23 |
13 |
12 |
11 |
15 |
7 |
10 |
16 |
School |
121 |
89 |
92 |
116 |
93 |
115 |
107 |
82 |
82 |
88 |
94 |
Social |
191 |
157 |
167 |
141 |
133 |
140 |
128 |
145 |
147 |
139 |
125 |
Psychology, General |
292 |
267 |
266 |
309 |
343 |
368 |
364 |
371 |
324 |
295 |
308 |
Psychology, Other |
172 |
182 |
199 |
184 |
157 |
126 |
152 |
181 |
171 |
182 |
197 |
HUMANITIES |
3,500 |
3,536 |
3,429 |
3,461 |
3,500 |
3,556 |
3,553 |
3,822 |
4,098 |
4,443 |
4,481 |
History, American |
224 |
240 |
176 |
197 |
198 |
209 |
206 |
211 |
251 |
277 |
269 |
History, European |
168 |
150 |
143 |
121 |
121 |
127 |
107 |
151 |
127 |
176 |
162 |
History/Philosophy of Sci. & Tech. |
13 |
24 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
22 |
20 |
26 |
27 |
28 |
37 |
History, General |
58 |
76 |
85 |
83 |
94 |
103 |
85 |
111 |
121 |
103 |
117 |
History, Other |
153 |
127 |
116 |
138 |
148 |
142 |
120 |
113 |
137 |
141 |
143 |
Classics |
44 |
57 |
44 |
51 |
55 |
56 |
51 |
58 |
55 |
58 |
61 |
Comparative Literature |
124 |
133 |
133 |
101 |
121 |
139 |
103 |
97 |
150 |
163 |
153 |
Linguistics |
164 |
160 |
176 |
189 |
199 |
166 |
188 |
167 |
227 |
266 |
214 |
Speech and Rhetorical Studies |
48 |
41 |
38 |
30 |
37 |
37 |
35 |
38 |
86 |
98 |
111 |
Letters, General |
3 |
14 |
13 |
19 |
25 |
16 |
13 |
19 |
17 |
18 |
18 |
Letters, Other |
19 |
31 |
26 |
37 |
39 |
43 |
60 |
52 |
44 |
38 |
37 |
American Studies |
99 |
76 |
87 |
68 |
75 |
70 |
76 |
72 |
92 |
81 |
101 |
Archeology |
30 |
31 |
24 |
28 |
31 |
23 |
26 |
22 |
33 |
33 |
38 |
Art History/Criticism/Conservation |
150 |
141 |
137 |
126 |
143 |
134 |
145 |
135 |
125 |
154 |
158 |
Music |
390 |
445 |
447 |
476 |
499 |
505 |
522 |
572 |
589 |
641 |
616 |
Philosophy |
241 |
215 |
238 |
248 |
233 |
222 |
270 |
243 |
285 |
279 |
274 |
Religion |
177 |
183 |
181 |
182 |
182 |
217 |
215 |
219 |
187 |
231 |
255 |
Drama/Theater Arts |
108 |
101 |
92 |
88 |
82 |
92 |
79 |
106 |
91 |
95 |
91 |
LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE |
1,219 |
1,255 |
1,164 |
1,164 |
1,112 |
1,147 |
1,152 |
1,308 |
1,350 |
1,465 |
1,525 |
American |
173 |
190 |
204 |
215 |
190 |
186 |
192 |
229 |
253 |
291 |
293 |
English |
542 |
543 |
252 |
204 |
478 |
531 |
528 |
564 |
599 |
612 |
655 |
French |
121 |
108 |
86 |
102 |
103 |
101 |
106 |
123 |
100 |
124 |
137 |
German |
77 |
80 |
62 |
79 |
77 |
76 |
73 |
78 |
71 |
96 |
105 |
Italian |
22 |
17 |
14 |
15 |
21 |
14 |
20 |
25 |
32 |
20 |
19 |
Spanish |
161 |
144 |
145 |
122 |
133 |
137 |
134 |
173 |
173 |
179 |
180 |
Russian |
24 |
33 |
28 |
28 |
19 |
13 |
13 |
19 |
25 |
28 |
28 |
Slavic |
9 |
12 |
10 |
8 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
7 |
14 |
15 |
13 |
Chinese |
16 |
13 |
14 |
13 |
13 |
12 |
9 |
16 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
Japanese |
5 |
12 |
13 |
9 |
9 |
6 |
13 |
9 |
7 |
12 |
11 |
Hebrew |
11 |
13 |
9 |
11 |
13 |
12 |
10 |
14 |
11 |
20 |
15 |
Arabic |
8 |
8 |
5 |
9 |
8 |
14 |
6 |
7 |
4 |
12 |
10 |
Other Language and Literature |
50 |
52 |
49 |
49 |
43 |
40 |
41 |
41 |
42 |
36 |
38 |
Humanities, General |
17 |
22 |
27 |
23 |
23 |
25 |
19 |
28 |
29 |
21 |
30 |
Humanities, Other |
50 |
44 |
59 |
68 |
58 |
61 |
61 |
74 |
75 |
77 |
71 |
NOTE: Dash (–) includes that the field was not on the questionnaire's Specialties List that year. Field groupings may differ from those in reports published by federal sponsors of the Survey of Earned Doctorates. See inside the back cover for a description of fields as reported in this table. Refer also to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. |
Year of Doctorate |
|||||||||||
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
EDUCATION |
7,174 |
6,808 |
6,733 |
6,646 |
6,450 |
6,359 |
6,278 |
6,511 |
6,442 |
6,640 |
6,647 |
Curriculum and Instruction |
861 |
869 |
825 |
794 |
762 |
815 |
841 |
839 |
807 |
899 |
853 |
Educational Admin. and Supervision |
1,632 |
1,569 |
1,625 |
1,637 |
1,686 |
1,749 |
1,632 |
1,663 |
1,428 |
1,287 |
1,339 |
Educational Leadership |
– |
– |
– |
1 |
– |
– |
– |
1 |
483 |
681 |
762 |
Educ./Instruct. Media Design |
88 |
83 |
101 |
79 |
68 |
67 |
76 |
55 |
73 |
62 |
95 |
Educ. Stat./Research Methods |
86 |
105 |
74 |
58 |
73 |
51 |
59 |
59 |
80 |
61 |
64 |
Educ. Assess., Test., & Meas. |
51 |
56 |
44 |
47 |
37 |
55 |
42 |
40 |
32 |
45 |
23 |
Educational Psychology |
274 |
233 |
388 |
330 |
320 |
323 |
301 |
323 |
323 |
346 |
288 |
School Psychology |
88 |
110 |
102 |
92 |
95 |
98 |
85 |
87 |
90 |
88 |
86 |
Social/Phil, Found. of Educ. |
142 |
151 |
135 |
124 |
114 |
122 |
110 |
86 |
109 |
101 |
108 |
Special Education |
349 |
312 |
270 |
273 |
248 |
257 |
259 |
225 |
226 |
260 |
276 |
Counseling Educ./Couns. & Guidance |
506 |
391 |
397 |
315 |
315 |
324 |
264 |
301 |
270 |
289 |
|
Educ. Eval. & Res./Higher Educ. |
635 |
657 |
589 |
612 |
570 |
399 |
373 |
424 |
344 |
380 |
359 |
Pre-elementary/Early Childhood |
63 |
54 |
65 |
86 |
73 |
83 |
63 |
42 |
85 |
98 |
97 |
Elementary Education |
111 |
97 |
122 |
94 |
105 |
93 |
99 |
110 |
73 |
73 |
65 |
Junior High Education |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Secondary Education |
87 |
62 |
68 |
86 |
65 |
67 |
53 |
56 |
40 |
28 |
33 |
Adult and Continuing Education |
221 |
218 |
207 |
223 |
203 |
229 |
236 |
211 |
210 |
208 |
233 |
TEACHING FIELDS |
1,327 |
1,170 |
1,118 |
1,142 |
1,064 |
988 |
968 |
923 |
970 |
1,006 |
940 |
Agricultural Education |
47 |
47 |
40 |
39 |
39 |
32 |
35 |
38 |
49 |
43 |
54 |
Art Education |
58 |
41 |
43 |
43 |
52 |
42 |
39 |
44 |
28 |
46 |
38 |
Business Education |
62 |
52 |
52 |
50 |
36 |
44 |
40 |
34 |
32 |
16 |
27 |
English Education |
76 |
72 |
68 |
79 |
72 |
57 |
51 |
52 |
58 |
61 |
53 |
Foreign Languages Education |
25 |
25 |
30 |
37 |
37 |
53 |
33 |
31 |
46 |
50 |
48 |
Health Education |
99 |
93 |
89 |
81 |
91 |
86 |
100 |
95 |
78 |
98 |
82 |
Home Economics Education |
25 |
26 |
21 |
17 |
17 |
17 |
19 |
10 |
21 |
12 |
14 |
Technical/Industrial Arts Education |
19 |
27 |
13 |
20 |
24 |
11 |
17 |
18 |
13 |
11 |
16 |
Mathematics Education |
62 |
64 |
65 |
72 |
74 |
56 |
69 |
65 |
73 |
62 |
69 |
Music Education |
112 |
92 |
81 |
94 |
109 |
76 |
97 |
78 |
96 |
96 |
80 |
Nursing Education |
17 |
21 |
21 |
40 |
36 |
34 |
29 |
24 |
18 |
29 |
19 |
Physical Education and Coaching |
235 |
219 |
220 |
210 |
192 |
184 |
176 |
191 |
185 |
167 |
161 |
Reading Education |
169 |
142 |
113 |
134 |
94 |
74 |
95 |
82 |
102 |
121 |
95 |
Science Education |
78 |
77 |
88 |
65 |
63 |
67 |
48 |
72 |
72 |
73 |
73 |
Social Science Education |
39 |
22 |
24 |
22 |
17 |
23 |
13 |
11 |
19 |
19 |
9 |
Speech Education |
2 |
10 |
7 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
– |
– |
Technical Education |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
13 |
28 |
15 |
25 |
35 |
21 |
Trade and Industrial Education |
138 |
117 |
82 |
86 |
68 |
67 |
47 |
18 |
17 |
11 |
24 |
Teacher Ed./Spec. Acad. & Voc., Other |
64 |
23 |
61 |
48 |
38 |
47 |
31 |
40 |
37 |
56 |
57 |
Education, General |
349 |
311 |
294 |
354 |
366 |
358 |
414 |
535 |
421 |
426 |
410 |
Education, Other |
303 |
360 |
308 |
299 |
285 |
280 |
403 |
531 |
378 |
332 |
329 |
PROFESSIONAL/OTHER FIELDS |
1,752 |
1,941 |
1,893 |
1,982 |
2,131 |
2,142 |
2,193 |
2,284 |
2,402 |
2,498 |
2,492 |
BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT |
750 |
869 |
790 |
902 |
982 |
1,033 |
1,067 |
1,036 |
1,163 |
1,248 |
1,280 |
Accounting |
163 |
164 |
150 |
157 |
161 |
175 |
186 |
172 |
172 |
180 |
183 |
Banking/Financial Support Services |
94 |
123 |
104 |
126 |
156 |
148 |
151 |
134 |
172 |
172 |
170 |
Business/Managerial Economics |
25 |
30 |
20 |
28 |
26 |
27 |
27 |
21 |
19 |
21 |
33 |
Mgmt. Info. Sys./Business Data Proc. |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
72 |
103 |
101 |
Marketing Management and Research |
73 |
126 |
94 |
110 |
113 |
126 |
130 |
120 |
134 |
139 |
166 |
Business Statistics |
8 |
7 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
6 |
15 |
10 |
5 |
– |
– |
Operations Research |
38 |
46 |
45 |
46 |
64 |
50 |
52 |
46 |
58 |
67 |
63 |
Organizational Behavior |
53 |
70 |
68 |
57 |
66 |
74 |
95 |
64 |
72 |
81 |
73 |
Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., General |
35 |
49 |
49 |
56 |
75 |
75 |
57 |
70 |
123 |
112 |
88 |
Business Mgmt./Admin. Serv., Other |
82 |
79 |
77 |
97 |
88 |
87 |
109 |
122 |
132 |
132 |
80 |
COMMUNICATIONS |
250 |
255 |
266 |
258 |
309 |
247 |
306 |
323 |
332 |
330 |
322 |
Communications Research |
51 |
66 |
55 |
79 |
90 |
72 |
85 |
87 |
72 |
45 |
33 |
Journalism |
20 |
17 |
22 |
18 |
7 |
21 |
15 |
21 |
7 |
– |
– |
Mass Communications |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
68 |
85 |
117 |
Radio and Television |
27 |
20 |
19 |
13 |
16 |
12 |
29 |
17 |
6 |
– |
– |
Communication Theory |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
25 |
47 |
41 |
Communications, General |
60 |
68 |
89 |
75 |
102 |
70 |
79 |
86 |
70 |
76 |
69 |
Communications, Other |
92 |
84 |
81 |
73 |
94 |
72 |
98 |
112 |
84 |
77 |
62 |
OTHER PROFESSIONAL FIELDS |
730 |
802 |
812 |
796 |
778 |
812 |
766 |
858 |
836 |
880 |
863 |
Architectural Environmental Design |
34 |
25 |
36 |
27 |
33 |
31 |
43 |
41 |
67 |
60 |
54 |
Home Economics |
79 |
107 |
90 |
88 |
67 |
58 |
55 |
74 |
29 |
58 |
57 |
Law |
19 |
24 |
25 |
31 |
29 |
33 |
26 |
34 |
23 |
20 |
29 |
Library Science |
51 |
68 |
71 |
57 |
48 |
57 |
60 |
42 |
52 |
51 |
70 |
Parks/Recreation/Leisure/Fitness |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
44 |
Public Administration |
113 |
127 |
112 |
88 |
78 |
92 |
97 |
88 |
107 |
108 |
116 |
Social Work |
190 |
231 |
220 |
235 |
214 |
241 |
206 |
246 |
240 |
248 |
237 |
Theology/Religious Education |
227 |
212 |
240 |
240 |
254 |
251 |
232 |
271 |
273 |
292 |
240 |
Professional Fields, General |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
Professional Fields, Other |
17 |
6 |
18 |
30 |
54 |
47 |
47 |
59 |
42 |
42 |
15 |
OTHER FIELDS |
22 |
15 |
25 |
26 |
62 |
50 |
54 |
67 |
71 |
40 |
27 |
SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. |
APPENDIX TABLE B-2 Number of Doctorate Recipients, by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, 1978 and 1983–1993 Total All Doctorates
Years of Doctorate |
||||||||||||
1978 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
TOTAL MEN AND WOMEN |
30,875 |
31,282 |
31,337 |
31,298 |
31,899 |
32,367 |
33,499 |
34,324 |
36,068 |
37,517 |
38,853 |
39,754 |
U.S. Citizens |
25,291 |
24,359 |
24,027 |
23,370 |
23,083 |
22,983 |
23,290 |
23,400 |
24,906 |
25,559 |
25,975 |
26,386 |
Permanent Visas |
1,344 |
1,275 |
1,224 |
1,324 |
1,433 |
1,578 |
1,622 |
1,626 |
1,698 |
1,856 |
1,978 |
2,250 |
Temporary Visas |
3,421 |
4,499 |
4,832 |
5,228 |
5,276 |
5,610 |
6,194 |
6,646 |
8,093 |
9,309 |
9,950 |
9,923 |
Unknown Citizenship |
819 |
1,149 |
1,254 |
1,376 |
2,107 |
2,196 |
2,393 |
2,652 |
1,371 |
793 |
950 |
1,195 |
Total Known Race/Ethnicity |
28,451 |
29,398 |
29,280 |
29,058 |
28,924 |
29,216 |
30,345 |
30,940 |
33,868 |
35,751 |
37,128 |
38,194 |
U.S. Citizens |
23,778 |
23,739 |
23,423 |
22,848 |
22,653 |
22,504 |
22,900 |
23,014 |
24,525 |
25,063 |
25,601 |
26,152 |
Permanent Visas |
1,313 |
1,249 |
1,194 |
1,291 |
1,357 |
1,509 |
1,545 |
1,564 |
1,636 |
1,794 |
1,901 |
2,216 |
Temporary Visas |
3,246 |
4,254 |
4,509 |
4,848 |
4,837 |
5,141 |
5,838 |
6,293 |
7,555 |
8,783 |
9,531 |
9,661 |
Unknown Citizenship |
114 |
156 |
154 |
71 |
77 |
62 |
62 |
69 |
152 |
111 |
95 |
165 |
Native Americans |
61 |
82 |
74 |
96 |
100 |
116 |
94 |
94 |
97 |
132 |
152 |
120 |
U.S. Citizens |
60 |
81 |
74 |
96 |
99 |
115 |
94 |
94 |
96 |
130 |
149 |
119 |
Permanent Visas* |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Temporary Visas* |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
Unknown Citizenship |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Asians |
2,394 |
3,125 |
3,394 |
3,642 |
3,727 |
4,126 |
4,778 |
5,181 |
6,291 |
7,521 |
8,276 |
8,653 |
U.S. Citizens |
390 |
492 |
512 |
516 |
530 |
542 |
614 |
626 |
641 |
786 |
837 |
891 |
Permanent Visas |
642 |
551 |
507 |
553 |
528 |
625 |
621 |
635 |
664 |
741 |
914 |
1,118 |
Temporary Visas |
1,311 |
2,007 |
2,295 |
2,526 |
2,645 |
2,933 |
3,516 |
3,903 |
4,930 |
5,946 |
6,504 |
6,595 |
Unknown Citizenship |
51 |
75 |
80 |
47 |
24 |
26 |
27 |
17 |
56 |
48 |
21 |
49 |
Blacks |
1,381 |
1,384 |
1,494 |
1,440 |
1,270 |
1,218 |
1,263 |
1,246 |
1,349 |
1,458 |
1,421 |
1,606 |
U.S. Citizens |
1,031 |
922 |
953 |
912 |
823 |
768 |
814 |
821 |
898 |
1,003 |
961 |
1,106 |
Permanent Visas |
73 |
83 |
102 |
131 |
126 |
139 |
152 |
141 |
149 |
155 |
143 |
169 |
Temporary Visas |
269 |
365 |
419 |
395 |
313 |
305 |
291 |
273 |
290 |
293 |
310 |
319 |
Unknown Citizenship |
8 |
14 |
20 |
2 |
8 |
6 |
6 |
11 |
12 |
7 |
7 |
12 |
Hispanics |
861 |
969 |
916 |
1,000 |
1,056 |
1,054 |
1,048 |
1,062 |
1,228 |
1,318 |
1,400 |
1,429 |
U.S. Citizens |
486 |
539 |
534 |
561 |
572 |
617 |
595 |
581 |
721 |
731 |
778 |
834 |
Permanent Visas |
67 |
69 |
71 |
73 |
107 |
91 |
98 |
112 |
116 |
136 |
130 |
138 |
Temporary Visas |
293 |
342 |
300 |
360 |
372 |
338 |
349 |
363 |
386 |
445 |
481 |
453 |
Unknown Citizenship |
15 |
19 |
11 |
6 |
5 |
8 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
11 |
4 |
Whites |
23,754 |
23,838 |
23,402 |
22,880 |
22,771 |
22,702 |
23,162 |
23,357 |
24,903 |
25,322 |
25,879 |
26,386 |
U.S. Citizens |
21,811 |
21,705 |
21,350 |
20,763 |
20,629 |
20,462 |
20,783 |
20,892 |
22,169 |
22,413 |
22,876 |
23,202 |
Permanent Visas |
531 |
545 |
514 |
534 |
596 |
654 |
674 |
676 |
707 |
760 |
714 |
791 |
Temporary Visas |
1,372 |
1,540 |
1,495 |
1,567 |
1,506 |
1,564 |
1,682 |
1,754 |
1,948 |
2,099 |
2,234 |
2,293 |
Unknown Citizenship |
40 |
48 |
43 |
16 |
40 |
22 |
23 |
35 |
79 |
50 |
55 |
100 |
Unknown Race/Ethnicity |
2,424 |
1,884 |
2,057 |
2,240 |
2,975 |
3,151 |
3,154 |
3,384 |
2,200 |
1,766 |
1,725 |
1,560 |
U.S. Citizens |
1,513 |
620 |
604 |
522 |
430 |
479 |
390 |
386 |
381 |
496 |
374 |
234 |
Permanent Visas |
31 |
26 |
30 |
33 |
76 |
69 |
77 |
62 |
62 |
62 |
77 |
34 |
Temporary Visas |
175 |
245 |
323 |
380 |
439 |
469 |
356 |
353 |
538 |
526 |
419 |
262 |
Unknown Citizenship |
705 |
993 |
1,100 |
1,305 |
2,030 |
2,134 |
2,331 |
2,583 |
1,219 |
682 |
855 |
1,030 |
NOTE: The reader is referred to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. *In most cases, non-U.S. Native Americans are citizens of Canada or of Latin America. |
Doctorates: MEN
Year of Doctorate |
||||||||||||
1978 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
TOTAL MEN |
22,553 |
20,749 |
20,638 |
20,554 |
20,594 |
20,939 |
21,681 |
21,812 |
22,962 |
23,647 |
24,433 |
24,646 |
U.S. Citizens |
17,936 |
15,120 |
14,730 |
14,223 |
13,637 |
13,575 |
13,725 |
13,396 |
14,166 |
14,376 |
14,500 |
14,484 |
Permanent Visas |
1,052 |
953 |
892 |
999 |
1,068 |
1,117 |
1,164 |
1,139 |
1,190 |
1,224 |
1,291 |
1,461 |
Temporary Visas |
2,966 |
3,872 |
4,134 |
4,395 |
4,414 |
4,722 |
5,133 |
5,442 |
6,632 |
7,516 |
7,960 |
7,857 |
Unknown Citizenship |
599 |
804 |
882 |
937 |
1,475 |
1,525 |
1,659 |
1,835 |
974 |
531 |
682 |
844 |
Total Known Race/Ethnicity |
20,747 |
19,377 |
19,131 |
18,944 |
18,432 |
18,673 |
19,405 |
19,395 |
21,336 |
22,343 |
23,142 |
23,495 |
U.S. Citizens |
16,822 |
14,676 |
14,303 |
13,858 |
13,338 |
13,248 |
13,445 |
13,112 |
13,899 |
14,017 |
14,234 |
14,312 |
Permanent Visas |
1,029 |
931 |
867 |
971 |
1,004 |
1,064 |
1,097 |
1,094 |
1,150 |
1,176 |
1,233 |
1,436 |
Temporary Visas |
2,817 |
3,649 |
3,844 |
4,057 |
4,037 |
4,313 |
4,820 |
5,139 |
6,172 |
7,076 |
7,611 |
7,645 |
Unknown Citizenship |
79 |
121 |
117 |
58 |
53 |
48 |
43 |
50 |
115 |
74 |
64 |
102 |
Native Americans |
51 |
51 |
54 |
40 |
59 |
63 |
52 |
49 |
52 |
74 |
82 |
61 |
U.S. Citizens |
50 |
50 |
54 |
40 |
58 |
62 |
52 |
49 |
52 |
74 |
82 |
60 |
Permanent Visas* |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Temporary Visas* |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Unknown Citizenship |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asians |
1,972 |
2,543 |
2,780 |
2,945 |
3,040 |
3,349 |
3,843 |
4,154 |
5,030 |
5,875 |
6,422 |
6,605 |
U.S. Citizens |
287 |
312 |
338 |
329 |
347 |
369 |
414 |
441 |
427 |
481 |
528 |
554 |
Permanent Visas |
531 |
431 |
389 |
437 |
417 |
455 |
456 |
459 |
482 |
488 |
603 |
726 |
Temporary Visas |
1,114 |
1,732 |
1,982 |
2,137 |
2,258 |
2,505 |
2,955 |
3,241 |
4,076 |
4,870 |
5,273 |
5,287 |
Unknown Citizenship |
40 |
68 |
71 |
42 |
18 |
20 |
18 |
13 |
45 |
36 |
18 |
38 |
Blacks |
900 |
835 |
903 |
851 |
707 |
701 |
697 |
684 |
731 |
784 |
765 |
839 |
U.S. Citizens |
585 |
413 |
427 |
379 |
323 |
317 |
315 |
327 |
351 |
417 |
392 |
440 |
Permanent Visas |
65 |
73 |
81 |
117 |
106 |
118 |
126 |
125 |
128 |
131 |
122 |
138 |
Temporary Visas |
251 |
341 |
382 |
354 |
275 |
261 |
251 |
222 |
242 |
232 |
245 |
250 |
Unknown Citizenship |
2 |
8 |
13 |
1 |
3 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
10 |
4 |
6 |
11 |
Hispanics |
649 |
635 |
620 |
646 |
665 |
677 |
678 |
662 |
760 |
805 |
858 |
872 |
U.S. Citizens |
330 |
288 |
313 |
300 |
302 |
332 |
321 |
307 |
380 |
370 |
410 |
422 |
Permanent Visas |
54 |
45 |
47 |
50 |
71 |
50 |
64 |
69 |
69 |
88 |
71 |
93 |
Temporary Visas |
254 |
288 |
252 |
294 |
289 |
288 |
288 |
283 |
309 |
343 |
370 |
356 |
Unknown Citizenship |
11 |
14 |
8 |
2 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
7 |
1 |
Whites |
17,175 |
15,313 |
14,774 |
14,462 |
13,961 |
13,883 |
14,135 |
13,846 |
14,763 |
14,805 |
15,015 |
15,118 |
U.S. Citizens |
15,573 |
13,613 |
13,171 |
12,810 |
12,308 |
12,168 |
12,343 |
11,988 |
12,689 |
12,675 |
12,822 |
12,836 |
Permanent Visas |
379 |
381 |
350 |
367 |
410 |
441 |
451 |
441 |
471 |
469 |
437 |
479 |
Temporary Visas |
1,197 |
1,288 |
1,228 |
1,272 |
1,214 |
1,258 |
1,326 |
1,393 |
1,545 |
1,631 |
1,723 |
1,751 |
Unknown Citizenship |
26 |
31 |
25 |
13 |
29 |
16 |
15 |
24 |
58 |
30 |
33 |
52 |
Unknown Race/Ethnicity |
1,806 |
1,372 |
1,507 |
1,610 |
2,162 |
2,266 |
2,276 |
2,417 |
1,626 |
1,304 |
1,291 |
1,151 |
U.S. Citizens |
1,114 |
444 |
427 |
365 |
299 |
327 |
280 |
284 |
267 |
359 |
266 |
172 |
Permanent Visas |
23 |
22 |
25 |
28 |
64 |
53 |
67 |
45 |
40 |
48 |
58 |
25 |
Temporary Visas |
149 |
223 |
290 |
338 |
377 |
409 |
313 |
303 |
460 |
440 |
349 |
212 |
Unknown Citizenship |
520 |
683 |
765 |
879 |
1,422 |
1,477 |
1,616 |
1,785 |
859 |
457 |
618 |
742 |
Doctorates: WOMEN
Year of Doctorate |
||||||||||||
1978 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
|
TOTAL WOMEN |
8,322 |
10,533 |
10,699 |
10,744 |
11,305 |
11,428 |
11,818 |
12,512 |
13,106 |
13,870 |
14,420 |
15,108 |
U.S. Citizens |
7,355 |
9,239 |
9,297 |
9,147 |
9,446 |
9,408 |
9,565 |
10,004 |
10,740 |
11,183 |
11,475 |
11,902 |
Permanent Visas |
292 |
322 |
332 |
325 |
365 |
461 |
458 |
487 |
508 |
632 |
687 |
789 |
Temporary Visas |
455 |
627 |
698 |
833 |
862 |
888 |
1,061 |
1,204 |
1,461 |
1,793 |
1,990 |
2,066 |
Unknown Citizenship |
220 |
345 |
372 |
439 |
632 |
671 |
734 |
817 |
397 |
262 |
268 |
351 |
Total Known Race/Ethnicity |
7,704 |
10,021 |
10,149 |
10,114 |
10,492 |
10,543 |
10,940 |
11,545 |
12,532 |
13,408 |
13,986 |
14,699 |
U.S. Citizens |
6,956 |
9,063 |
9,120 |
8,990 |
9,315 |
9,256 |
9,455 |
9,902 |
10,626 |
11,046 |
11,367 |
11,840 |
Permanent Visas |
284 |
318 |
327 |
320 |
353 |
445 |
448 |
470 |
486 |
618 |
668 |
780 |
Temporary Visas |
429 |
605 |
665 |
791 |
800 |
828 |
1,018 |
1,154 |
1,383 |
1,707 |
1,920 |
2,016 |
Unknown Citizenship |
35 |
35 |
37 |
13 |
24 |
14 |
19 |
19 |
37 |
37 |
31 |
63 |
Native Americans |
10 |
31 |
20 |
56 |
41 |
53 |
42 |
45 |
45 |
58 |
70 |
59 |
U.S. Citizens |
10 |
31 |
20 |
56 |
41 |
53 |
42 |
45 |
44 |
56 |
67 |
59 |
Permanent Visas* |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Temporary Visas* |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
Unknown Citizenship |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Asians |
422 |
582 |
614 |
697 |
687 |
777 |
935 |
1,027 |
1,261 |
1,646 |
1,854 |
2,048 |
U.S. Citizens |
103 |
180 |
174 |
187 |
183 |
173 |
200 |
185 |
214 |
305 |
309 |
337 |
Permanent Visas |
111 |
120 |
118 |
116 |
111 |
170 |
165 |
176 |
182 |
253 |
311 |
392 |
Temporary Visas |
197 |
275 |
313 |
389 |
387 |
428 |
561 |
662 |
854 |
1,076 |
1,231 |
1,308 |
Unknown Citizenship |
11 |
7 |
9 |
5 |
6 |
6 |
9 |
4 |
11 |
12 |
3 |
11 |
Blacks |
481 |
549 |
591 |
589 |
563 |
517 |
566 |
562 |
618 |
674 |
656 |
767 |
U.S. Citizens |
449 |
509 |
526 |
533 |
500 |
451 |
499 |
494 |
547 |
586 |
569 |
666 |
Permanent Visas |
8 |
10 |
21 |
14 |
20 |
21 |
26 |
16 |
21 |
24 |
21 |
31 |
Temporary Visas |
18 |
24 |
37 |
41 |
38 |
44 |
40 |
51 |
48 |
61 |
65 |
69 |
Unknown Citizenship |
6 |
6 |
7 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
Hispanics |
212 |
334 |
296 |
354 |
391 |
377 |
370 |
400 |
468 |
513 |
542 |
557 |
U.S. Citizens |
156 |
251 |
221 |
261 |
270 |
285 |
274 |
274 |
341 |
361 |
368 |
412 |
Permanent Visas |
13 |
24 |
24 |
23 |
36 |
41 |
34 |
43 |
47 |
48 |
59 |
45 |
Temporary Visas |
39 |
54 |
48 |
66 |
83 |
50 |
61 |
80 |
77 |
102 |
111 |
97 |
Unknown Citizenship |
4 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
Whites |
6,579 |
8,525 |
8,628 |
8,418 |
8,810 |
8,819 |
9,027 |
9,511 |
10,140 |
10,517 |
10,864 |
11,268 |
U.S. Citizens |
6,238 |
8,092 |
8,179 |
7,953 |
8,321 |
8,294 |
8,440 |
8,904 |
9,480 |
9,738 |
10,054 |
10,366 |
Permanent Visas |
152 |
164 |
164 |
167 |
186 |
213 |
223 |
235 |
236 |
291 |
277 |
312 |
Temporary Visas |
175 |
252 |
267 |
295 |
292 |
306 |
356 |
361 |
403 |
468 |
511 |
542 |
Unknown Citizenship |
14 |
17 |
18 |
3 |
11 |
6 |
8 |
11 |
21 |
20 |
22 |
48 |
Unknown Race/Ethnicity |
618 |
512 |
550 |
630 |
813 |
885 |
878 |
967 |
574 |
462 |
434 |
409 |
U.S. Citizens |
399 |
176 |
177 |
157 |
131 |
152 |
110 |
102 |
114 |
137 |
108 |
62 |
Permanent Visas |
8 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
16 |
10 |
17 |
22 |
14 |
19 |
9 |
Temporary Visas |
26 |
22 |
33 |
42 |
62 |
60 |
43 |
50 |
78 |
86 |
70 |
50 |
Unknown Citizenship |
185 |
310 |
335 |
426 |
608 |
657 |
715 |
798 |
360 |
225 |
237 |
288 |
NOTE: The reader is referred to the explanatory note about this table in front of Appendix B. *In most cases, non-U.S. Native Americans are citizens of Canada or of Latin American countries. SOURCE: National Research Council, Survey of Earned Doctorates. |