National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Biographies of Contributors
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 607
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 608
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 609
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 610
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 611
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 612
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 613
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 614
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 615
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 616
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 617
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 618
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 619
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
×
Page 620

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Index A Agricultural impacts air pollutants and fallout, 130 farming methods, 376-377, 400 grain crops, 123, 127- 130, 132, 194, 284, 286, 375-376, 558, 577; see also Food growing seasons, 118, 126, 130, 164, 286 precipitation changes, 123, 286, 400 reduced energy inputs, 127-128, 376, 558 soil deterioration and losses, 286, 400 sunlight reductions, 123, 127 temperature declines, 118- 119, 123- 130, 286, 558, 584 Air pollutants, 124-125, 130 Alcoholism British military, 504-505 personnel screening for, 510, 512-516, 518 security risks because of, 506-508 Soviet military, 503 U.S. military, 496-498, 500 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5-6 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 4-5 American Physical Society, 6 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 6 607 Antinuclear activism, 457-459, 462, 472, 476 Arab-Israeli War, 361, 488-489 Arms control studies, 4 Arms race, psychology of power in, 474-484; see also National leaders/ decision makers Atmospheric effects and responses chemically induced, 112- 114, 156, 163-164 convective cloud formation from fire plumes, 108-109, 159 environmental stresses associated with, 156 ozone layer reductions, 112-113, 156, 160-163, 320, 584 photochemical smog formation, 163-164 radioactive cloud dispersal, 169 smoke-related, 95, 110-112, 137, 146-148, 184, 584 stratospheric injection of fallout, 106, 179, 184, 195 structural modification, 143, 148, 154, 184 sulfuric acid removal, 164 uncertainties in assessments of, 137 see also Climatic impacts and responses; Nuclear winter; Tropopause; Troposphere

608 Attitudes and perceptions adult modal beliefs, 445-448, 461, 482, 584 adult modal feelings, 448-451, 468-473 aftermath expectations, 446-448 based on The Day After and Hiroshima Nagasaki: 1945 docudramas, 452-457, 563 Canadian youth, 419-420 children's and adolescents', 295-296, 413-432, 435-443, 449, 467, 471, 584 cognitive and emotional stances, 449 European youth, 421-424 false consensus bias, 461 foreign policy, 450-451 New Zealand youth, 420-421 nuclear power plant risks, 468 powerlessness and resignation, 436, 470 researcher, clinician feelings, 428-429 salience of nuclear war issue, 452-462, 470, 472 Scandinavian youth, 418, 421, 435-443 sources of consensus in, 451-457 Soviet youth, 421-422 see also Denial; Hope B BEIR report, 225-226, 329, 331 Black rain, see Precipitation scavenging Blast effects energy distribution, 26-27, 105, 274 injuries, 264-267, 276, 321, 353, 361, 366 nuclear weapons yield and, 26-27, 38, 105 overpressure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 26, 29-32, 61-64, 79 range from detonation and, 61-62, 210 shock wave development, 19-27, 30-31, 265 structural damage, 19, 22-28, 31-33, 59, 77-79, 274, 384 wind generation, 19-20 see also Casualties; Fatalities; Nuclear detonations Blast scaling, see Scaling, blast Brown, Harold, 6 Burns blood and fluid requirements for, 361-362 facilities for treating, 357-358 INDEX immune system suppression from, 320-321 types and treatment of, 24, 258, 267-269 see also Casualties; Fatalities; Injuries/ number of injured C Cancer incidence breast cancer, 331 calculation of, 331-332 latency period, 330, 333 leukemia, 329-330, 333-335 malignant solid tumors, 330, 333-335 radiation exposure, 202, 225-226, 228, 329-335 toxic chemicals, 158- 159 ultraviolet-B radiation, 320 Carcinogens, 158-159; see also Toxic chemicals/substances Carnegie Corporation of New York, 6 Casualties anti-industrial attack, 17, 67-68 antipopulation attack, 17, 69 blast and fire, 228 burn, 352 calculation sensitivities, 208; see also Models/modeling; Scaling, blast counterforce attack, 208-209, 218-230 economic and social collapse, 230 fallout, 223-226, 228 Hiroshima, 211 mass management of, 251-263, 269-278; see also Triage medical personnel, 354-357 number requiring medical treatment, 16 radiation, 234, 352 relative to range from detonation, 61-62, 210, 236 rules for predicting, 60-69; see also Models/modeling; Scaling, blast superfire, 16- 17, 58 trauma, 352-353 U.S. Civil War, 257 U.S. Department of Defense estimates of, 209, 220, 229-230 World War I, 258 World War II, 308-309 see also Fatalities; Injuries/number of . . . matures Chemicals, see Toxic chemicals/substances

INDEX Civil defense, 83, 293, 317, 382 Civil War (U.S.), mass casualty management during, 255-257, 262, 274, 277-278 Climatic impacts and responses aerosols causing, 102 black rain, 97 diurnal cycle, 573 precipitation changes, 111, 123- 125, 286, 400, 569 smoke-induced, 97-98, 141 sunlight reductions, 118, 122-123, 127, 557 temperature declines, 98, 110- 111, 118-119, 123-130, 139, 142, 152- 153, 156, 286, 557, 569, 571 see also Nuclear winter Coolidge, Calvin, 543 Cuban missile crisis, 221, 488, 540-541 D Deaths, see Casualties; Fatalities; Mortality rates Decision making, see Foreign policymaking; National leaders/decision makers Defense systems, efficacy of, 82, 208; see also Civil defense; Strategic defense; Strategic Defense Initiative Denial active, of nuclear war risk, 436, 467-468 dangers of, 468 distinction between hope and, 471 forms of, 469-471 public reaction to nuclear weapons policies, 296 response to disaster warnings, 297, 563 survival mechanism, 468 Developing countries food needs and availability postwar, 374- 377 impacts of nuclear war on, 288-289, 584 medical resources supply vs. demand, 370-374 Disaster analogies Bhopal, India, chemical gassing, 303 categorization of, 291-292, 294 earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, 292- 293, 302, 304-305, 562-563 epidemics, 233 floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes, 293, 297, 299-300, 303 609 Hyatt Hotel collapse (1981), 275 Mount St. Helens eruption, 301 Texas City fertilizer ship fire, 266, 271, 351 Three Mile Island nuclear plant accident, 302, 303, 492-494 World War II bombing raids, 307-313 see also Fires, urban Disaster Responses disaster syndrome, 304-305 physicians, 278 postdisaster behavior, 303-307 psychopathic behavior, 305 role conflict in emergency personnel, 306, 383 scapegoat-finding, 306 see also Human behavior; Psychological processes and problems Disaster warnings effects of, 301-302 responses to, 296-297 source credibility, 299-300, 383 studies of, 297-302 timing of, 298-301 Drug abuse by military personnel, 495-500, 503-508, 510, 513-515, 584 Drugs, medical production worldwide, 371-372, 392-395 supply and post-nuclear-war demand, 363-365 E Early Warning System, failure in, 494 Economic impacts critical industries, 409 EMP damage to electronic systems, 384-385 food production, 374-375 long-term health problems, 386-387 monetary systems, 385-386, 388, 401-402, 405-406 pharmaceutical industry, 392-395 recovery prospects, 387-388, 403-404 reliability of projections, 388 trading patterns, 388, 402-403 treatment of surviving capital, 403, 406 warnings of war, 382-383 see also Energy impacts Ecosystems effects of atmospheric oxidants on, 164;

610 see also Atmospheric effects and responses effects of nuclear war-induced stresses on, 118-122, 124-125, 574 human carrying capacity of, 559 needs for modeling capabilities, 573-576 recovery prospects of, 122-123, 574, 576-577 Educators for Social Responsibility, 413, 430 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) damage caused by, 106, 292, 384-386, 401, 405 effect on medical systems and supplies, 370, 386, 395 effect on relief operations, 290 generation of, 406 protection against, 384 Energy impacts domestic oil and gas reserves, 388, 396-400 energy-intensiveness of economic sectors, 396-397 recovery prospects, 395-400, 405 Extinction of species, 560, 574 Fallout, global agricultural effects of, 130 atmospheric distribution of, 185- 187, 223 atmospheric test-related, 340 casualties from, 223-226, 228 components of, 179 deposition pasterns, 115, 179-180, 188, 197, 226-227 doses from, 114-115, 180-190; see also Radiation doses ecosystem vulnerabilities to, 124-124 genetic effects of, 343 hotspots, 115, 186, 189 impact on humans, 198-199, 202 nuclear fuel cycle facility contribution to, 195-198, 340 from perturbed atmosphere, 184- 186, 190 rainout of, 185, 189 seasonal effects on, 182, 188 from unperturbed atmosphere, 180-183 Fallout, local calculation of, 176- 179 INDEX definition, 168 deposition patterns, 169-172, 174-178, 189 doses from, 106, 114, 168, 171-176, 189; see also Radiation doses enhancement of effects of, 178-179 generation of, 106 genetic effects of, 343 height-of-burst effects on, 221, 223 impact on humans, 199-202 levels from massive attack, 354 multiburst models for, 174-179 nuclear fuel cycle facility contribution to, 194-195 oncological effects of, 333-334 particle sizes, 169 protection against, 173-174; see also Radiation protection factors; Shelters/ sheltering rainout of, 169-170 settling velocities, 169 single-weapon model for, 170-174 uncertainties in calculation of, 114, 168, 178-179, 190, 199-200 wind effects on, 226-227, 229-230 Fatalities 1-Mt airburst, 215 anti-industrial attacks, 67 antipopulation attacks, 16 blast and fire, 58, 228 cancer, 333 casualty rules in predicting, 60-69; see also Models/modeling counterforce attack, 208-209, 227-228 fallout, 200-201, 226 Hiroshima, 51, 61-62, 65, 211, 233, 236 levels of toxic agents causing, 45, 50 limited nuclear attacks, 208 prediction of, see Models/modeling primary mechanism for, 118 radiation sickness, 224, 228 relative to ground zero, 61-65, 210, 236 in shelters, 43-44, 57-58, 94 superf~res, 59-66 weapon yield effects on estimates of, 67 World War II incendiary raids, 51, 75 see also Casualties; Mortality rates Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) crisis relocation strategy, 382

INDEX CRP-2B scenario of massive nuclear war, 350-366, 383-384, 389-392, 396, 398, 401, 405, 561 population distributions around nuclear targets, 216 Fire gases amounts generated by superf~res, 41-43 carbon dioxide, 41-44, 46, 48 carbon monoxide, 41-43, 45, 47-48, 56, 58 effects on ecosystems, 124-125 hydrogen cyanide, 41-43 physiological effects of, 44-46, 48, 50 sulfur dioxide, 41-43, 48, 50 see also Nitrogen oxides Fires, urban characteristics of, 80-86 development and spread of, 85-86 Dresden, Germany, 34, 75, 83, 87, 94 Hamburg, Germany, 38, 44, 51-58, 75-77, 87, 94, 309 history of, 73-80 London incendiary raids, 55 modeling of, 81-85 nuclear-nonnuclear contrasted, 81-82; see also Disaster analogies range of, 73 summary of experience on, 81 Tokyo, Japan, incendiary raids, 51, 53, 75 see also Superf~res Firestorms, see Superf~res Food contamination of, 164 grain stores and crops, 123, 127- 130, 132, 194, 375-376, 558 interdependence of countries for, 288-289, 374-375 production disruptions, 131-132, 134, 164, 284-286, 374-376 sanitation and preservation of, 287 transport disruptions, 284-285 world reserves of, 284 see also Agricultural impacts Food chain, radioactive contamination of, 188-190, 287 Foreign policymaking coping with issue complexity and inadequate information, 537-539, 544-545 crisis-induced stress impacts on, 529-545 611 efficacy of devil's advocates in, 549 groupthink, 544 minimization of impediments to information processing, 546-550 nonstress factors affecting quality of, 546 organizational behavior, 545 problems arising in, 547 small-group dynamics, 542-545, 548-549 subsystems for, 536-537 see also National leaders/decision makers Forrestal, James, 531 G Genetic effects calculation of, 341 cases of, 343 from 1 million manrem, 342 future generations, 343-344 post-nuclear-war response to, 344-345 radiation doses associated with, 338-340, 343 Geneva Conventions of 1949, 254, 255 Goldberger, Marvin, 3 Great Britain instability in military personnel, 504-505 youth perceptions of nuclear war threat in, 421 Growing seasons, 118, 126, 130, 164, 286 H Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan blast overpressure and thermal energy at, 26, 29-32, 61-64, 79 cancer incidence in survivors, 329-330 casualty management by, 269, 278 fatalities in, 51, 61-62, 65, 211, 233, 236 firestorm area in, 29, 33, 63, 77-80, 211-213 genetic effects in offspring of survivors, 341, 344 LDso radiation doses, 224-225, 234, 577 personal accounts of bombing, 309-313 radiation exposure in, 235-247, 339 structural damage in, 77-79 teratogenic effects in offspring of survivors, 344 weapon yield at, 210, 309 Hope children's sources of, 436 distinction between denial and, 471

612 grounds for, created by new technologies, 482-483 see also Attitudes and perceptions Hotline, upgrading of, 7 Human behavior adult actions regarding nuclear war threat, 451-461; see also Antinuclear activism; Sun~ivalism decision making under crisis-induced stress, 493-494, 529-548 disaster syndrome, 304-305 postdisaster, 303-307 psychology of power in national leaders, 474-484 response to disaster warnings, 296-303 Long, Frank, 6 role conflict in emergency personnel, 306, 383 see also Denial; Sociological impacts Immune system suppression after burns and trauma, 320-321 clinical experience on, 319-320 induced by stress, depression, and bereavement, 321-322 by ionizing radiation, 249, 318-319, 559 malnutrition-induced, 322-323 mechanism of, 319 similarity to AIDS, 323-324, 559, 577 by ultraviolet-B radiation, 163, 319-320 Injuries/number of injured anti-industrial attacks, 67 blast, see Blast effects casualty rules in predicting, 60-66 distribution of, from massive attack, 351 352 massive exchange, 350-354 range from detonation and, 61-62, 215 relative to number of surviving physicians, 262, 271-274 thermal, 367; see also Burns U.S. Civil War, 257 urban nuclear attacks, 272-273, 275-276, 366 Vietnam War, 261 World War I, 258 see also Casualties; Medical/physiological effects International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 329, 331, 334, 341 INDEX International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), 3 J Japan, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, 6 Johnson, Lyndon B., 543 K Kennedy, John F., 540 Kennedy, Robert, 541 L M Mass fires, see Superfires Media, see News media Medical effectiveness measures, 261 Medical facilities during conventional wars, 256-261 Medical Unit, Self-Contained, Transportable (MUST), 260-261 supply and post-nuclear-war demand, 263, 355, 357-358, 367-369, 561 Medical organizations active in nuclear war prevention, 3 Medical resources blood and blood products, 358-362, 365, 368-370 casualty ratio, 262 equipment and supplies, 275, 353, 356, 364, 368, 372-374 personnel, 271-274, 354-357, 367-369, 386 supply vs. post-nuclear-war demand, 350-374, 386, 392-395, 584 see also Drugs, medical Medical transport conventional wars, 256-261 nuclear war, 274-275, 354-366 Medical treatment conventional wars, 257-260 nuclear war, 274-275 radiation victims, 235 time constraints on, 262, 353-354 Medical/physiological effects anoxia, 45-46 carbon dioxide exposure, 44-47

INDEX carbon monoxide exposure, 45, 47, 56, 58 heat exposure, 44-45, 57 hematopoietic syndrome, 234, 319 hypovolemia, 277 malnutrition, 132, 249-250, 287, 322-323 radiation exposure, 201-202, 224-225; see also Radiation sickness of smoke and soot, 48 starvation, 287-288, 322, 558, 572 toxic chemical exposure, 157-160 tuberculosis, 323 ultraviolets radiation increases, 163, 320 see also Blast effects; Burns; Genetic effects; Immune system suppression; Injuries/number of injured Military personnel, instability effects of crisis-induced stress, 493-494, 562 psychiatric problems, 499-501, 506, 512-515, 584 substance abuse, 495-500, 503-508, 510, 513-515, 584 see also Nuclear weapons handling; Personnel Reliability Program Models/modeling biases in, 178 cancer fatalities, 333 casualties from nuclear attacks, 16-17; see also Casualties; Scaling, blast; Scenarios/reference cases conflagration, 17, 67-68, 81-85, 208, 212-214, 270-271 cookie cutter, 17, 60, 67-68 ecological and agricultural systems, 119, 128-130, 568, 573 fallout casualties, 223-227 fallout from escalating nuclear exchange, 176-179, 189-190 fission products injected into atmosphere, 181 global climate, 144, 568-569 GLODEP2, 179-182, 184-186, 188, 197 GRANTOUR, 182, 184-186, 199 influence of casualty rules on, 60, 208 KDFOC2, 170, 189 local fallout from multiple detonations, 174-176 local fallout from single burst, 170-174 military targets, 174 613 nuclear winter, 144, 575-576 overpressure, see Scaling, blast postwar economic recovery, 388-389 radiation casualties, 248 radiative and climatic effects of smoke injection, 98 smoke-induced atmospheric perturbations, 110, 139-141, 143-153 superfire environments, 86-94 superfire fatalities, 59-66 toxic gas concentrations in superfires, 41-42 uncertainties, 114, 137, 168, 178-179, 190, 199-200, 556-557, 566-573 urban fires, 81-85 WSEG-10, 223-224 Mortality rates as a function of time after detonation, 236-240, 243 cancer victims, 330-331, 333 hospitalized casualties, 278, 261 injured in urban nuclear attacks, 273, 277 radiation-related, 224, 233-250, 278 relative to distance from ground zero, 233, 240-246, 248 treatment delays and, 270 see also Fatalities Mutagens, 157 Mutations, 343-344; see also Genetic effects N Nagasaki, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan Nasser, G., 541 National Academy of Sciences, 3-4 National leaders/decision makers burdens imposed on, by military forces, 485 conceptual assimilation of nuclear and conventional weapons by, 479-480 coping patterns of, 532-533, 546-548 crisis impact on managerial capacities and performance of, 487-489, 529-550, 534-535, 539-542, 584 demonstration of resolve by, 480-481 ego defense mechanisms, 533 emotional instigators of violence in, 476-477 faith in weaponry, 478-479

614 medical support system for, 550 mental health of, 531-532 negative control of nuclear weapons by, 486 nuclear weapons management by, 485-489 perception of the enemy, 477-478 personal characteristics of, 475-476 resistance to public pressure for disarmament, 474-475 stress indicators in, 535-536 see also Foreign policymaking Nehru, J., 541 Nevada Test Site, 24 News media credibility attributed to disaster warnings by, 299-300 effects on adult feelings, beliefs, and actions regarding nuclear war, 452-457 youth attitudes toward, 437 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) ozone reduction by, 112- 113, 136, 160- 163 physiological effects of, 48 Nixon, Richard M., 546 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 254 Nuclear detonations airbursts, 18-28, 106, 385; see also Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) blast energy distribution from, 26-27, 105, 274 crater formation, 384 fireball formation and characteristics, 18-24, 28, 83-84, 106 height-of-burst implications, 19, 30, 61, 77, 82, 105, 200 incendiary effects of, 17-28, 105-106; see also Superfires on missile silos, 223 multiburst damages, 82 mushroom cloud formation, 21, 24 peak energy output from, 15, 30, 79 over rural targets, 97 shock wave development, 19-27, 30-31, 265 in space, 106 structural damage from, 19, 22-28, 31-33, 59, 77-79, 274, 384 surface burst damage, 82-83, 106, 108, INDEX 136; see also Fallout thermal energy distribution from, 27, 30, 83-85, 105 winds accompanying, 19, 22 see also Models/modeling; Scenarios/ reference cases Nuclear fuel cycle facilities adult perceptions of risk from, 468 fallout from attacks on, 195-198, 340 potential sources of fallout, 191-192, 194 radiological doses from attacks on, 115, 179, 190-193 reactor core integrity, 191-192 Three Mile Island accident, 302, 303, 492-494 Nuclear targets number of, 310 populations around, 216, 218 strategic, in U.S., 216, 218, 221-222 see also Scenarios/reference cases Nuclear terrorism, U.S.-Soviet agreement on, 7 Nuclear war characteristics of the issue of, 427-428 direct and indirect effects contrasted, 117-118 images and risk perceptions, see Attitudes and perceptions inadvertent, 530, 585; see also Nuclear weapons handling need for youth education on, 429-431, 563 population distributions after, 132- 134 prevention activities, 431-432, 436 risks to noncombatants, 288-289, 370-375, 558 scientific community's role in preventing, 1-11 socioeconomic structure after, 285 stresses induced by, 118-119 toxic environments following, 155-165 warnings of, 382-383 Nuclear weapons arsenals, 106, 161, 216, 221, 486, 520-524 command and control of, 479, 485-489; see also Nuclear weapons handling ICBMs, 176-177, 220, 221, 230, 504, 507, 520, 523 Minuteman missiles, 222, 520

INDEX Multiple, Independently Targetable, Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs), 161 negative control of, 486 radioactivity from, 167-168; see also Fallout submarine-based ballistic missiles, 221, 507, 521, 523 tactical, 115, 179, 190, 504 theater, 115, 504, 507 Nuclear weapons handling British military, 505 character of the work, 491-495 factors affecting performance, 492-495, 501-502, 584 ICBM launch crews, 491, 507 improving working conditions for, 519 instability of personnel, 490-519 managerial demands of, 485-489 personnel screening for, see also Personnel Reliability Program psychiatric problems and, 499-501, 506, 512-515, 584 security risks, 505-509, 512 Soviet military, 504 submarine patrol crews, 491-493, 501, 507-508 substance abuse and, 495-500, 503-508, 513-515, 584 U.S. military, 498-499, 501 in underground bases, 491-492 Nuclear weapons yield EMP effects relative to, 385 fatality estimates relative to, 67 mass fire generation and, 38, 94 radiation dose relative to, 182-183 thermal and blast effects relative to, 26 27, 38, 105 Nuclear winter absorption optical depth leading to, 102 103 contribution of plastics to, 98-103 duration of, 557 physical mechanism, 97, 141-142, 156 prevention of photochemical smog formation by, 164 reliability of studies of, 556-557, 566-573 smoke contribution to, 97 studies of, 97, 560-561 support for theory, 98 615 o Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) airburst casualty estimates, 61-64, 210 damage estimates, 384-385 Detroit, Michigan, nuclear attack scenario, 366-370 review of DOD casualty estimates, 220 Ozone depletion, 112-113, 156, 160-163, 320, 584 p Panofsky, Wolfgang, 3 Personnel Reliability Program decertifications by, 510, 512-517 positions under jurisdiction of, 509 qualifying standards for, 509 screening procedure, 509-510 Soviet counterpart of, 510-511 strengthening of, 515, 517-519 violations of security rules of, 512 weaknesses of, 511-515 Pharmaceutical production, see Drugs, medical Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), 3 Planetary Society, 6 Plastics contribution to nuclear winter, 98-103 optical perturbations from combustion of, 102 production, use, and properties, 98-102 treatment with flame and smoke retardants, 102 Policymaking, see Foreign policymaking; National leaders/decision makers Pollutants, see Air pollutants; Fire gases; Smoke; Toxic chemicals/substances Populations around military-industrial targets, 216-218 around strategic nuclear targets, 216-218 Precipitation scavenging of smoke, 97, 109, 112-114, 142-143, 145-146, 158 of toxic chemicals, 113- 114 see also Climatic impacts and responses Prodefense activism, 459-460 Psychiatric problems in national leaders, 531-532 in nuclear weapons personnel, 499-501, 506, 512-515, 584

616 postdisaster psychopathic behavior, 305 Psychological processes and problems of general public, see Attitudes and perceptions; Disaster responses; Human behavior; Stress, psychological hazard perceptions, 291-292, 296, 383; see also Attitudes and perceptions instability in military personnel, 490-519; see also Nuclear weapons handling leadership-related, see Foreign policymaking; National leaders/decision makers; Stress, crisis-induced mental health in leaders, 531-532 of nuclear arms race, see Arms race; Foreign policymaking; National leaders/ decision makers substance abuse by military personnel, 495-500, 503-508, 513-515, 584 theory of bounded rationality, 303 see also Denial; Disaster responses Psychosocial perceptions, see Attitudes and perceptions Psychosocial studies adult beliefs, feelings, and actions regarding nuclear war, 141-462 children's and adolescents' perceptions of nuclear war threat, 413-443 international, 418-422 methodological issues, 424-427, 437-439 qualitative, 422-424 questionnaires, 417-422, 435-443 systematic sampling for, 415-417 see also Attitudes and perceptions; Research and studies on nuclear war Pugwash, activities of, 5 Pyrotoxins, see Fire gases; Toxic chemicals/ substances R Rabin, I., 541 Radiation, beta, effects of, 115, 168, 179 Radiation, gamma biological repair of damage from, 199, 200, 224, 226 cancer incidence from, 202, 225-226, 228, 329-335 decay of, 168- 169 dose projections, 114- 115, 172- 174 factors influencing amounts dispersed, 168, 172 INDEX genetic effects of, 337-344 hematological effects of, 224 human sensitivity to, 224-225 immune system impairment by, 318-319 insect resistance to, 286, 559-560 prodromal effects, see Radiation sickness teratogenic effects of, 344 see also Fallout Radiation, neutron fallout estimates, 172-173 LDso relative to ground zero, 247 Radiation, ultraviolet-B cancer incidence from, 320 ecosystem impacts, 124-125, 163, 286 effect on plastics, 100 increases in, 113, 124-125, 130, 136, 156, 162-163, 573, 584 Radiation doses from attacks on nuclear power plants, 196-197 bases for, 247 bone marrow, 248 buildup of, 181 calculation of, from single bursts, 170- 172 cancer incidence and, 331-332 doubling method for calculating, 341 genetically significant, 337-340, 343 global human population, 181, 190, 196 immunosuppression-related, 319 ingestion and inhalation, 168, 179, 187- 190 internal total body dose, 189 LDso, 200, 224-225, 233-235, 239-241, 245, 247-250, 319, 559, 577, 583 leukemia-related, 330 organ, 247 peak equivalent residual, 224 sensitivity to warhead yield, 182-183 in shelters, 247; see also Radiation protection factors to survivors, 332, 335, 338-340 total cumulative external, 339-340 whole-body, from major exchange, 181, 198-199 Radiation protection factors, 173-174, 189, 200-201, 223-224, 226, 248-249 Radiation sickness medical supply needs, 362 mortality rate, 224

INDEX prodromal symptoms, 199, 202 see also Medical/physiological effects Radionuclide releases cesium-137, 188, 287 iodine-131, 187 strontium-90, 187-188, 194, 287 Research and studies on nuclear war concerned with avoidance, 4-5, 10- 11 environmental consequences, 96-97 recommendations for, 115- 116, 123, 426-427 see also Psychosocial studies Risk perceptions, see Attitudes and perceptions Roosevelt, Franklin D., 546 S Scaling laws for dose calculations, 171-172; see also Models/modeling, conflagration Scaling, blast of 100-city reference case, 64-65 of Hiroshima data, 63, 67 sensitivity of, 17, 67-68, 208, 210-214, 227 Scandinavian youth, 418, 421, 435-443 Scenarios/reference cases 6,500-Mt exchange, 138-139, 161-162 Detroit, Michigan, 366-370 FEMA CRP-2B scenario of massive nuclear war, 350-366, 383-384, 389 392, 396, 398, 401, 405, 561 military-industrial targets, 67-68, 107, 208-209, 216 New York City, 272-278, 354 nuclear reactor attacks, 195-196 nuclear winter, 102-116 Omaha, Nebraska, 272-273, 276 OTA, 366-370 SCOPE/ENUWAR, 104-135, 168, 176, 187, 197-199, 556 strategic nuclear targets, 216, 218, 220 222 urban targets, 17-28, 51, 61, 67-68, 208, 269, 272-273 Washington, D.C., 272-273, 276 see also Models/modeling Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Environmental Effects of Nuclear War (ENUWAR) report, 96, 104-135, 168, 176, 187, 617 197-199, 556 Segdaev, R.Z., 6 S helters/sheltering fatalities in, 43-44, 57-58, 94 in Hiroshima, Japan, 238 protection factors provided by, 173, 189, 200-201, 223-224 in Soviet Union, 382 time necessary in, 339 Smoke amount produced by superf~res, 137-139, 144-145, 570-572 composition and properties of, 107-108, 572 contribution to nuclear winter, 97, 141 distribution end residence time, 110, 142, 145-146, 148-152 effect on global fallout, 184 injection altitudes, 97, 111, 137-139 ozone destruction by, 162 particle coagulation, 109-110 particle size, 137-138 from plastics, 101-102 precipitation scavenging of, 97, 109, 112-114, 142-143, 145-146, 158, 557 solar radiation absorption by, 97, 111 113, 145-146, 148, 151, 156 uncertainties in calculations of, 568, 570-572 Sociological impacts recovery prospects, 389-392 shifts in social order and behavior, 390-392; see also Psychological processes and problems social cohesion and morale, 308 Sorensen, Theodore, 540-541 Soviet military chain of command, 504 instability in, 501-502 nuclear weapons handling in, 504, 510- 511, 522-523 substance abuse in, 503-504 Soviet Union civil defense system, 382 relations with United States, 6-7 rules of sea agreement between U.S. Navy and, 7 youth perceptions of nuclear war threat in, 421-422 Stalin, J., 541

618 Standing Consultative Commission (SCC), 8 Stanford University, 6 Strategic defense, crisis prevention approach to, 6-8 Strategic Defense Initiative, 6, 209, 480 Stress, crisis-induced coping patterns in leaders and decision makers, 532-533, 537-539, 544-548 effects on decision making, 487-489, 529-548, 584 imposed by the military on national leaders, 485 indicators of, in national leaders, 535-536 in nuclear weapons personnel, 493-494, 562 Stress, psychological denial of, 468-471 in general public, see Attitudes and perceptions; Human behavior immunosuppression induced by, 321-322 Superfires air temperatures in, 38, 40, 43-50, 59, 81, 87-90, 94-95 atmospheric responses, 52-53, 89-90, 108-109 casualties from, 16-17, 58, 210-211; see also Models/modeling characteristics of, 17, 80-86 climate effects of, see Climatic impacts and responses; Nuclear winter ecosystems impacts of, 124-125 environments of, 28-38, 86-94, 274 fatality estimates for, 59-66; see also Models/modeling firebreak efficacy in, 53 fuel loadings contributing to, 38, 40, 98-102, 107-108 generation of, 15-16 ignition mechanisms, 82-85, 212 merging of, 37-39 physiological effects, 45-48, 56-58 range of, 16-17, 28-29, 31-32, 38, 51, 60, 64, 67-68, 86-87, 94, 107-108, 212-213 safe exposure time for humans in, 49 secondary fires contributing to, 32-33 shock wave influences on, 31-32 survival rates, 58 toxic gas generation by, 17, 38-50, 112-114; see also Synergisms INDEX uncertainties in studies of, 567-568 variables in fire damage predictions, 83; see also Models/modeling weather influences on, 29, 31, 36, 60, 83 wind generation by, 34-37, 51, 53-54, 81, 87-94, 108, 274 see also Smoke Survivalism, 459-460 Survivors health maintenance of, 405 medical personnel, 354-356 number after massive nuclear exchange, 351 outside assistance to, 391, 405 radiation doses to, 332, 335, 338-340 uninjured, 356 Synergisms environmental impacts of, 559-560 in immune system suppression, 325 radiation and war-induced stresses, 225, 249, 584 toxic chemicals and radiation, 160 toxic fire gases and temperatures, 43-50 T Thermal pulse, see Nuclear detonations Toxic chemicals/substances asbestos fibers, 160 carcinogens, 158-159 detection of, 160, 164 dioxins, 157-159 environmental effects of releases of, 113, 157-160 mutagens, 157 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 157-158 polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs), 50 Triage categories, 252, 263-264, 266-267 concept, 251-255, 262 ethical issues in, 252-254 in nuclear war, 263-264, 274 Tropopause definition, 82 effect on lofting of fire products, 91-93 Troposphere fallout injection into, 106, 179, 184-185, 195 photochemical smog formation in, 163-164

INDEX smoke removal by, 146 structural changes in, 146 Truman, Harry, 533 U U.S. military allied nuclear role, 522 breakdown of nuclear roles of service branches, 520-522 substance abuse in, 495-499 United Nations Association of the United States, 6 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 329, 331, 334, 340 United States crisis relocation strategy, 382-383 defense policy, 209; see also Strategic Defense Initiative nuclear weapons policy, 219-220, 230 relations with People's Republic of China, 482 relations with Soviet Union, 6-7 rules of sea agreement between Soviet navy and, 7 youth perception of nuclear war threat in, 413-415, 422 University of California, 6 V Velikhov, E.P., 3, 6 Vietnam War, mass casualty management during, 260-261, 361 W Warnings, see Disaster warnings; Early Warning System 619 Water supplies for postattack medical uses, 369-370 radioactive contamination of, 187-188 Weapons destructive power of, 9 miniaturization of, 9 in space, studies of, 5-6 U.S. Civil War, 256 Vietnam War, 261 World War I, 259 see also Nuclear weapons Weather disruptions from smoke injections, 110-111 influences on firestorm development, 29-30; see also Climatic impacts and responses; Nuclear winter Wilson, Woodrow, 543 World Health Organization, 235 World Medical Association code of ethics for wartime physicians, 254 World War I, mass casualty management during, 252, 254, 257-259 World War II incendiary raids, 16-17, 51-59, 75-77, 83, 87-88, 94, 107 German cities burned during, 76 human response to bombing raids, 307- 309 Japanese cities burned during, 77 mass casualty management during, 259- 260; see also Casualties psychiatric discharges during, 500 y York, Herbert, 6

The Medical Implications of Nuclear War Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $155.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Written by world-renowned scientists, this volume portrays the possible direct and indirect devastation of human health from a nuclear attack. The most comprehensive work yet produced on this subject, The Medical Implications of Nuclear War includes an overview of the potential environmental and physical effects of nuclear bombardment, describes the problems of choosing who among the injured would get the scarce medical care available, addresses the nuclear arms race from a psychosocial perspective, and reviews the medical needs—in contrast to the medical resources likely to be available—after a nuclear attack. "It should serve as the definitive statement on the consequences of nuclear war." —Arms Control Today

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!