National Academies Press: OpenBook

Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)

Chapter: 6 References

« Previous: 5 Local and Regional Indicators
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 132
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 137
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 138
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 139
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 140
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 142
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 143
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 145
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 146
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 147
Suggested Citation:"6 References." National Research Council. 2000. Ecological Indicators for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9720.
×
Page 148

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Aber, J. D. 1979a. Foliage-height profiles and succession in northern hardwood forests. Ecology 60:18-23. Aber, J. D. 1979b. A method for estimating foliage-height profiles in broad-leaved forests. J. Ecology 67:3540. Aber, J. D., J. Pastor, and J. M. Melillo. 1982. Changes in forest canopy structure along a site quality gradient in southern Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 108:256-265. Acevedo, M. F., D. L. Urban, and M. Ablan. 1995. Transition and gap models of forest dynamics. Ecological Applications 5:1040-1055. Adamus, P. R., and K. Brandt. 1990. Impacts of Quality of Inland Wetlands of the United States: A Survey of Indicators, Techniques, and Applications of Community Level Biomonitoring Data. EPA/600/3-90/073. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. Agren, G. I., R. E. McMurtrie, W. J. Parton, J. Pastor, and H. H. Shugart. 1991. State-of-the- art of models of production-decomposition linkages in conifer and grassland ecosys- tems. Ecological Applications 1:118-138. Allen, T. F. H., and T. B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives from Ecological Complexity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Alley, R. B., D. A. Meese, C. A. Schuman, A. J. Gow, K. C. Taylor, P. M. Grootes, J. W. C. White, M. Ram, E. D. Waddington, P. A. Mayewski, and G. A. Zielinski. 1993. Abrupt accumulation increase at the Younger Dryas termination in the GISP2 ice core. Nature 362:527-529. Alves, D. S., and D. L. Skole. 1996. Characterizing land cover dynamics. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17:835-839. Angermeier, P. L., and J. R. Karr. 1994. Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives. BioScience 44:690-697. Anonymous. 1996. Forest Health Monitoring. Forest Health Monitoring National Office, USDA, Research Triangle Park, NC. 131

132 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Arbaugh, M., and L. Bednar. 1996. Statistical Considerations for Plot Design, Sampling Procedures, Analysis, and Quality Assurance of Ozone Injury Studies. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-gtr-155-29-34. Arrhenius, O. 1921. Species and area. J. Ecol. 9:95-99. Ayres, R. U., W. H. Schlesinger, and R. H. Socolow. 1994. Human impacts on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Pp. 121-155 in R. H. Socolow, C. Andrews, F. Berkhout, and V. Thomas, eds. Industrial Ecology and Global Change. University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Baker, L. A., and P. L. Brezonik. 1988. Dynamic model of internal alkalinity generation: calibration and application to precipitation-dominated lakes. Water Resour. Res. 24:65- 74. Baker, W. L. 1989. A review of models of landscape change. Landscape Ecology 2:111-113. Ball, J. T., I. E. Woodrow, and J. A. Berry. 1986. A model predicting stomata! conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. Progress in Photosynthesis Research. Volume 4. J. Biggins, ed. Martinus- Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Pp. 221-224. Band, L. E., D. L. Peterson, S. W. Running, J. C. Coughlan, R. Lammers, J. Dungan, and R. R. Nemani. 1991. Ecosystem processes at the watershed level: Basis for distributed simu- lation. Ecological Modeling 56:171-196. Band, L. E., P. Patterson, R. R. Nemani, and S. W. Running. 1993. Forest ecosystem pro- cesses at the watershed scale: 2. Incorporating hillslope hydrology. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 63:93-126. Barbour, M. T., J. B. Stribling, and J. R. Karr. 1995. Multimetric Approach for Establishing Biocriteria and Measuring Biological Condition. In W. S. Davis and T. P. Simon, ed. Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. Barlett, M. S. 1975. The Statistical Analysis of Spatial Pattern. Chapman and Hall, London. Bauer, A., and A. L. Black. 1994. Quantification of the effect of soil organic matter content on productivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:185-193. Beadle, C. L., H. Talbot, and P. G. Jarvis. 1982. Canopy structure and leaf area index in a mature Scots pine forest. Forestry 55:105-123. Beasley, D. B., and L. F. Huggins. 1982. ANSWERS Areal Nonpoint Watershed Environ- mental Response Simulation: Users' Manual. USEPA document 905/9-82-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago. Beck, M. B. 1987. Water quality modeling: A review of the analysis of uncertainty. Water Resources Research 23:1393-1442. Benke, A. C. 1990. Perspective on America's vanishing streams. J. North American Benthological Soc. 9:77-88. Beven, K. J., ed. 1997. Distributed Models in Hydrology: Applications of TOPMODEL. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K. Beven, K. J., and M. J. Kirkby. 1979. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24:43-69. Binkley, D. 1984. Ion exchange resin bags: Factors affecting estimates of nitrogen availabil- ity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48:1181-1184. Black, C. A. 1993. Soil fertility evaluation and control. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL. Bovee, K. B. 1996. Managing instream flow for biodiversity: A conceptual model and hypotheses. Pp. 83-100 in Proceedings of the Northern River Basins Study, NRBS Project Report No. 66, Edmonton, Alberta. Bradshaw, G. A., and B. A. McIntosh. 1993. Detecting climate-induced change using wave- let analysis. Environmental Pollution 83~1 & 2~:135-142.

REFERENCES 133 Bradshaw, G. A., and T. A. Spies. 1992. Characterizing canopy gap structure in forests using the wavelet transform. Journal of Ecology 80:205-215. Brezonik, P. L. 1994. Chemical Kinetics and Process Dynamics in Aquatic Systems. Lewis- CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Broecker, W. S. 1987. Unpleasant surprises in the greenhouse? Nature 328:123-126. Brown, C. D., D. E. Canfield, Jr., R. W. Bachman, and M. V. Hoyer. 1998. Seasonal patterns of chlorophyll, nutrient concentrations, and secchi disk transparency in Florida lakes. Lake and Reservoir Management 14:60-76. Brown, D., R. Warwick, L. Cavalier, and M. Roller. 1977a. The persistence and condition of Douglas County, Minnesota lakes. Rept. No. 5021, Minn. Land Manag. Inform. Sys- tem, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Brown, D. A., R. Warwick, and R. Skaggs. 1977b. Lake condition in east central Minnesota. Rept. No. 5022, Minn. Land Manag. Inform. System, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Brush, G. S. 1986. Geology and paleoecology of Chesapeake Bay: A long-term monitoring tool for management. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences (special vol- ume in the Historical Perspective of the Estuary in Management) 76~3~:146-160. Brush, G. S., and F. W. Davis. 1984. Stratigraphic evidence of human disturbance in an estuary. Quaternary Research 18:91-108. Buckley, J. 1986. Environmental effects of DDT: Case study. Pp. 358-374 in Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem Solving:Concepts and Case Studies. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Burkholder, J. M. 1998. Implications of harmful microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagel- lates in management of sustainable marine fisheries. Ecological Applications 8~1) Supplement:S37-S62. Burnham, K. P., and W. S. Overton. 1979. Robust estimation of population size when capture probabilities vary among animals. Ecology 60:927-936. Cairns, J., Jr., and J. R. Pratt. 1993. A history of biological monitoring using invertebrates. Pp. 10-27 in D. Rosenberg and V. Resh, eds., Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York. Carlson, R. E. 1977. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22:361-369. Carlson, R. E., and J. Simpson. 1996. A Coordinator's Guide to Volunteer Lake Monitoring Methods. North American Lake Management Society, Madison, WI. Caswell, H. 1989. Matrix Population Models. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA. Chacon-Torres, A., L. G. Ross, and M. C. M. Beveridge. 1992. The application of SPOT multispectral imagery for the assessment of water quality in Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico. Int. J. Remote Sens. 13:587. Chao, A. 1987. Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics 43:783-791. Chapra, S. C., and S. T. Tarapchak. 1976. A chlorophyll a model and its relationship to phosphorus loading plots for lakes. Water Resour. Res. 12:1260-1264. Charles, D. F., J. P. Smol, and D. R. Engstrom. 1994. Paleolimnological approaches to biological monitoring. Pp. 233-293 in Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems, S.L. Loeb and A. Spacie, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Chazdon, R. L., R. K. Colwell, J. S. Denslow, and M. R. Guariguata. 1998. Statistical meth- ods for estimating species richness of woody regeneration in primary and secondary rain forests of NE Costa Rica. In: F. Dallmeier, J. A. Comiskey, eds. Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling:Conceptual Background and Old World Case Studies. Parthenon, Paris. Chesson, P. L. 1994. Multispecies competition in variable environments. Theoretical Popu- lation Biology 45:227-276.

34 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Clark, J. S. 1988a. Drought cycles, the "little ice age" and fuels: A 750-year record of fire in northwestern Minnesota. Nature 334:233-235. Clark, J. S. 1988b. Stratigraphic charcoal analysis on petrographic thin sections: Applica- tion to fire history in northwestern Minnesota. Quaternary Research 30:81-91. Clark, J. S., J. Merkt, and H. Muller. 1989. Post-glacial fire, vegetation, and human history on the northern alpine forelands, south-western Germany. Journal of Ecology 77:897- 925. Cliff, A. D., and J. K. Ord. 1981. Spatial Processes: Models and Applications. Pion, Lon- don. Cochrane, W. G. 1983. Planning and Analysis of Observational Studies. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Cody, M. L. 1975. Towards a theory of continental diversities:bird distribution over Medi- terranean habitat gradients. Pp. 214-257 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds., Ecol- ogy and Evolution of Communities. Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. Cohen, Y., and J. Pastor. 1991. The responses of a forest ecosystem model to serial correla- tions of global warming. Ecology 72:1161-1165. Collatz, G. J., J. A. Berry, and C. Grivet. 1992. Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conduc- tance model for leaves of C4 plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 19:519-538. Colwell, R. K., and J. A. Coddington. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Trans. Royal Society of London B 345:101-118. Conquest, L. L. 1993. Statistical approaches to environmental monitoring: Did we teach the wrong things. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 23~2-3~:107-124. Cooper, C. F. 1983. Carbon storage in managed forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Re- search 13:155-166. Cooper, S. R., and G. S. Brush. 1991. Long-term history of Chesapeake Bay anoxia. Science 254:992-996. Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetland and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Cramer, W., and C. B. Field. 1999. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Introduction. Global Change Biology 5 (Supplement):iii-iv. Cramer, W., D. W. Kicklighter, A. Bondeau III, G. Churkina, B. Nemry, A. Ruimy, A. Schloss, J. Kaduk, and participants of the Potsdam NPP Model Intercomparison. 1999. Com- paring global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Overview and key results. Global Change Biology 5 (Supplement):1-15. Cressie, N. A. C. 1993. Statistics for Spatial Data. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Cude, C. 1996. Oregon Water Quality Index: Revision and Application. Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, OR. Dahl, T. E., and C. E. Johnson. 1991. Wetland Status and Trends in the Conterminous United States Mid-1970s to Mid-1980s. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Dai, A., and I. Y. Fung. 1993. Can climate variability contribute to the "missing" CO2 sink? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7:599-609. Daniel, T. C., A. N. Sharpley, and J. L. Lemunyon. 1998. Agricultural phosphorus and eutrophication:A symposium overview. J. Environ. Quality 27:251-257. David, M. B., L. E. Gentry, D. A. Kovacic, and K. M. Smith. 1997. Nitrogen balance in and export from an agricultural watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 26:1038-1048. Davis, F. W. 1985. Historical evidence of submerged macrophyte communities of upper Chesapeake Bay. Ecology 66:981-993.

REFERENCES 135 Davis, M. B. 1985. History of the vegetation on the Mirror Lake watershed. Pp. 53-65 in An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology: Mirror Lake and Its Environment, G. E. Likens, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York. Defries, R. S., and J. R. G. Townshend. 1994. NDVI-derived land-cover classifications at a global scale. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20~17~:3567-3586. Diamond, J. 1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. Dillon, P. J., and F. H. Rigler. 1974a. The phosphorus-chlorophyll relationship in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19:767-773. Dillon, P. J., and F. H. Rigler. 1974b. A test of a simple nutrient budget model predicting the phosphorus content of lake waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 31:1771-1778. Dixit, A. S., S. S. Dixit, and J. P. Smol. 1992. Algal microfossils provide high temporal resolution of environmental trends. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 62:75-87. Dobson, A. P., J. P. Rodriguez, W. M. Roberts, and D. S. Wilcove. 1997. Geographic distri- bution of endangered species in the United States. Science 275:550-553. Doljido, J. R., et al. 1994. Water quality index applied to rivers in the Vistula River Basin in Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33:33-42. Doyle, R. 1998. Forest density in the U.S. Scientific American 278:28. Drake, J. A., H. A. Mooney, F. di Castri, R. H. Groves, F. J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek, and M. Williamson, eds. 1989. Biological Invasions. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Elton, C. 1942. Voles, Mice, and Lemmings:Problems in Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, London. Emanuel, W. R., D. C. West, and H. H. Shugart. 1978. Spectral analysis of forest model time series. Ecological Modelling 4:313-326. Emlen J. T., Sr. 1974. An urban bird community in Tucson, Arizona: Derivation, structure, regulation. Condor 76:184-197. Engstrom, D. R., E. B. Swain, and J. C. Kingston. 1985. A paleolimnological record of human disturbance from Harvey's Lake, Vermont: Geochemistry, pigments, and dia- toms. Freshwater Biology 15:216-288. Environment Canada. 1991. The State of Canada's Environment. Ministry of Supply and Service, Ottawa. Erwin, K. L. 1991. An Evaluation of Wetland Mitigation in the South Florida Management District, Volume 1. South Florida Management District, West Palm Beach. FAO. 1994. Agro-ecological land resources assessment for agricultural development plan- ning: A case study of Kenya. Making land use choices for district planning. World Soil Resource Reports 71/9. FAO, Rome, Italy. Farquhar, G. D., S. von Caemmerer, and J. A. Berry. 1980. A biogeochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149:78-90. Fisher, R. A., A. S. Corbet, and C. B. Williams. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. J. Animal Ecology 12:42-58. Foley, J. A., C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, S. Levis, D. Pollard, S. Sitch, A. Haxeltine. 1996. An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10~4~:603-628. Folke, C, J. Larsson, and J Sweitzer 1996. Renewable resource appropriation. Pp. 201-221 in: R. Costanza and O. Segura, eds. Getting Down to Earth. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Forbes, S. A. 1887. The lake as a microcosm. Bulletin of the Peroria (Ill.) Science Associa- tion. Reprinted 1925 in the Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 15:537-550. Ford, E. D. 1982. High productivity in a pole-stage Sitka spruce stand and its relation to canopy structure. Forestry 55:1-17.

136 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Forest Stewardship Council. 1996. Web site http://www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk/ Foster, D. 1995. Lane-use history and four hundred years of vegetation change in New England. Pp. 253-319 in Global Land Use Change: A Perspective from the Columbian Encounter, B. L. Turner, A. G. Sal, F. G. Bernaldez, and F. diCastri, eds. Madrid, Spain: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Franklin, J. F., and R. T. T. Forman. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology 1~1~:5-18. Franklin, J. F., K. Cromack, Jr., W. Denison, A. McKee, C. Maser, J. Sedell, F. Swanson, and G. Juday. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. USDA- Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-118, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. Franklin, J. F., D. A. Perry, T. D. Schowalter, M. E. Harmon, A. McKee, and T. A. Spies. 1989. Importance of ecological diversity in maintaining long-term site productivity. Pp. 82-97 in D. A. Perry et al., eds. Maintaining the Long-term Productivity of Pacific Northwest Forests. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Frayer, W. E. 1991. Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats in the Conter- minous United States, 1970s to 1980s. Michigan Technological University, Houghton. Frost, T. M., D. L. DeAngelis, S. M. Bartell, D. J. Hall, and S. H. Hurlbert. 1988. Scale in the design and interpretation of aquatic community research. Pp. 229-258 in S. R. Carpen- ter, ed. Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer-Verlag, New York. Fung, J. C. J. Tucker, and K. C. Prentice. 1987. Application of very high resolution radiom- eter vegetation index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2. Journal of Geophysical Research 92:2999-3015. Gallie, E. A., and P. A. Murtha.1993. A modification of chromaticity analysis to separate the effects of water quality variables. Remote Sens. Environ. 44:47-65. Gerritsen, J. 1995. Additive biological indices for resource management. JNABS 14~3~:451- 457. Gorham, E. 1995a. The biogeochemistry of northern peatlands and its possible responses to global warming. Pp. 169-187 in Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System. G. M. Woodwell and F. T. Mackenzie, eds. Oxford University Press, New York. Gorham, E. 1995b. Wetlands: An essential component of curricula in limnology. Pp. 234- 246 in Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Education in Limnology. National Acad- emy Press, Washington, D.C. Gorham, E. 1991. Northern peatlands role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications 1:182-195. Government of the Netherlands. 1991. National Environmental Program, 92-95. Second Chamber of Parliament, The Hague. Graumlich, L. J. 1993. A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 39:249-255. Greenwalt, L. A. 1992. Global indicators: What the people expect. Pp. 109-114 in D. H. McKenzie, D. E. Hyatt, and V. J. McDonald, eds. Ecological Indicators, Volume 1. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. Grime, J. P. 1997. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: The debate deepens. Science 277:1260-1261. Grootes, P. M., M. Stuiver, J. W. C. White, S. J. Johnson, and J. Jouzel. 1993. Comparison of the oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366:552-554. Gunderson, L. H., C. S. Holling, and S. S. Light. 1995. Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. Columbia University Press, New York.

REFERENCES 137 Hall, D. K., G. A. Riggs, and V. V. Salomonson. 1995. Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometric data. Re- mote Sens. Environ. 54:127. Hall, F. G., D. B. Botkin, D. E. Strebel, K. D. Woods, and S.J. Goetz. 1991. Large-scale pat- terns of forest succession as determined by remote sensing. Ecology 72:628-640. Hammond, A., A. Adriaanse, E. Rodenburg, D. Bryant, and R. Woodward. 1995. Environ- mental Indicators: A Systematic Approach to Measuring and Reporting on Environ- mental Policy Performance in the Context of Sustainable Development. World Re- sources Institute, Washington, D.C. Harmon, M. E., W. K. Ferrell, and J. F. Franklin, 1990. Effects on carbon storage of conver- sion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science 247:699-701. Harris, B. L., T. L. Nipp, D. K. Waggoner, and A. Lueber. 1995. Agricultural water quality program policy considerations. J. Environ. Qual. 24:405411. Haxeltine, A., and I. Colin Prentice. 1996. BIOM3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, reosurce availability, and competition among plant functional types. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10~4~:693-709. Heinselman, M. L. 1996. The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Heiskary, S. A., and W. W. Walker, Jr. 1988. Developing phosphorus criteria for Minnesota lakes. Lake and Reservoir Management 4:1-10. Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1987. An improved biotic index of organic stream pollution. Great Lakes Ent. 20:31-39. Hilsenhoff, W.L. 1982. Using a biotic index to evaluate water quality in streams. Wisc. Dept. Nat. Res. Tech. Bull. 132:1-22. Horn, H. S. 1975. Markovian processes of forest succession. Pp. 196-211 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, eds. Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Belknap Press, Cam- bridge, MA. Howarth, R. W., G. Billen, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, N. Jaworski, K. Lajtha, J. A. Downing, R. Elmgren, N. Caraco, T. Jordan, F. Berendse, J. Freney, V. Kudeyarov, P. Murdoch, and Z. Zhao-Liang. 1996. Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:Natural and human influences. Biogeochem. 35:75-139. Hubbard, B. B. 1996. The World According to Wavelets. A. K. Peters. Wellesley, MA. Hughes, M. K., and L. J. Graumlich. 1996. Multimillennial dendroclimate records from the western United States. Pp. 109-124 in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 years. In R. S. Bradley, P. D. Jones, and J. Jouzel, eds. Springer Verlag, New York. Hurtt, G. C., and R. A. Armstrong. 1996. A pelagic ecosystem model calibrated with BATS data. Deep-Sea Research II 43:653-683 Hurtt, G. C., P. R. Moorcroft, S. W. Pacala, and S. Levin. 1998. Terrestrial models and global change. Challenges for the future. Global Change Biology 4:581-590. HydroQual, Inc. 1998. Advanced eutrophication model of the Upper Mississippi River. Task 3. Prepared for Metropolitan Council Environmental Services, St. Paul, MN. HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ. (draft) HydroQual, Inc. 1991. Water quality modeling analysis of hypoxia in Long Island Sound. Prepared for Management Committee Long Island Sound Estuary Study and New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission. HydroQual, Inc., Mahwah, NJ. IGBP. 1995. The IGBP Terrestrial Transects. IGBP Report 34, IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. IGBP. 1992a. Global change and terrestrial ecosystems: The Operational Plan. IGBP Re- port 21, IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm.

138 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION IGBP. 1992b. Improved global data for land applications: A proposal for a new high resolution data set. J. R. G. Townshend, ed. IGBP Report 20, IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. IPCC. 1995. Second Assessment Report. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, U.K. Jaakko-Poyry Consulting. 1992. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for Expansion of the Pulp and Paper Industry in Minnesota. Report for Environmental Quality Board, St. Paul, Minn. Janetos, A. et al. 1997. Workshop Report. CEOS Pilot Project:Global Observations of Forest Cover (GOFC). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 7-10, 1997. Jarvinen, O. 1985. Conservation indices in land use planning:Dim prospects for a panacea. Orins Fennica 62:101-106. Jenkinson, D. S., and K. A. Smith, eds. 1988. Nitrogen Efficiency in Agricultural Soils. Elsevier Applied Sci. Publ., London. Jenny, H. 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Jin, K. R., R. T. James, W. S. Lung, D. P. Loucks, R. A. Park, and T. S. Tisdale. 1998. Assessing Lake Okeechobee eutrophication with water-quality models. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 124:22-30. Johnson, D. W., and S. E. Lindberg, eds. 1992. Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling. Springer-Verlag, New York. Johnston, C. A., and R. J. Naiman. 1990. The use of geographic information systems to analyze long-term landscape alteration by beaver. Landscape Ecology 4:5-19. Justice, C. O., and J. R. G. Townshend. 1988. Selecting the spatial resolution of satellite sensors required for global monitoring of land transformations. International Journal of Remote Sensing 9~2~:187-236. Justice, C. O., J. P. Malingreau, and A. Setzer. 1993. Satellite remote sensing of fires:Potential and limitation. Pp. 77-88 in P. Crutzen and J. Goldammer, eds. Fire in the Environ- ment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K. Justice, C. O., J. D. Kendall, P. R. Dowty, and R. J. Scholes. In press. Satellite remote sensing of fires during the SAFARI Campaign using NOAA-AVHRR data. Journal of Geo- physical Research. Karr, R. J. 1996. Ecological integrity and ecological health are not the same. Pp. 97-109 in P. C. Schulze, ed. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Karr, R. J., and E. W. Chu. 1999. Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological Monitoring. Island Press, Washington, DC. Karr, R. J., L A. Toth, and D. R. Dudley. 1985. Fish communities of midwestern rivers: A history of degradation. Bioscience 35:90-95. Karr, R. J., K. D. Fausch, P. L. Angermeier, P. R. Yant, and I. J. Schlosser. 1986. Assessment of biological integrity in running waters: A method and its rationale. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication No.5. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL. Kates, R. W., and W. C. Clark. 1996. Environmental surprise: Expecting the unexpected. Environment 38:6-34. Keenan, R. J., J. P. Kimmins, and J. Pastor. 1995. Modeling carbon and nitrogen dynamics in western red cedar and western hemlock forests. Pp. 547-568 in Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Proceedings from the 8th North American Forest Soils Con- ference, Gainesville, FLa. Soil Science Society of American, Madison, WI. Keeney, D. R., and T. H. DeLuca. 1993. Des Moines River nitrate in relation to watershed agricultural practices:l945 versus 1980s. J. Environ. Qual. 22:267-272.

REFERENCES 139 Keith, L. B. 1963. Wildlife's Ten Year Cycle. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. Kelly, C. A., J. W. M. Rudd, R. H. Hesslein, D. W. Schindler, P. J. Dillon, C. T. Driscoll, S. A. Gherini, and R. E. Hecky. 1988. Prediction of biological acid neutralization in acid- sensitive lakes. Biogeochemistry 3:129-140. Kenkel, N. C. 1993. Modeling Markovian dependence in populations of Aralia nudicalis. Ecology 74:1700-1706. Kidwell, K. B. 1997. NOAA Global Vegetation Index User's Guide, July 1997 Revision. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Washington D.C. http: / /www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/. Kirchoff, V. W. J., II. 1994. TAHBIS - A tropical atmosphere-hydrosphere-biosphere inte- grated study in the Amazon. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics (Revista Brasilera de Geofisica) 12~1~:3-8. Kloiber, S., T. Anderle, P. L. Brezonik, L. Olmanson, M. Bauer, and D. Brown. In press. Satellite imagery: An efficient approach to regional monitoring of lake trophic state conditions. Arch. Hydrobiol. Ergebn. Limnol. Kolkwitz, R., and M. Marsson. 1909. Oekologie der tierischen Saproben. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 2:126-152. Kolpin, D. 1997. Agricultural chemicals in groundwater of the midwestern U.S.:Relations to land use. J. Environ. Quality 26:1025-1037. Kratz, T. K. 1995. Temporal and spatial variability as neglected ecosystem properties: Lessons learned from 12 North American Ecosystems. Conference on Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-Scale Ecosystems. D. J. Rapport, C. Gaudet, and P. Calow, eds. NATO ASI Series Vol. 28:359-384. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. Kratz, T. K., B. J. Benson, E. Blood, G. L. Cunningham, and R. A. Dahlgren. 1991. The influence of landscape position on temporal variability in four North American eco- systems. American Naturalist 138:355-378. Kusler, J. A., and M. E. Kentula. 1989. Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. Volume 1: Regional Reviews. Volume 2: Perspectives. Report 600/3-89/038. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR. Landres, P.B. 1992. Ecological indicators: Panacea or liability? Pp. 1295-1318 in D. H. McKenzie, D. E. Hyatt, and V. J. McDonald, eds. Ecological Indicators, Volume 2. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. Laporte, N., C. O. Justice, and J. Kendall. 1995. Mapping the humid forests of central Africa using NOAA-AVHRR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 16~6~:1127-1145. Larson, W. E., and F. J. Pierce. 1991. Conservation and enhancement of soil quality. Pp. 175-203 in Evaluation for Sustainable Land Management in the Developing World, Vol. 2. IBSRAM Proc. 122 Technical Papers. Thailand: International Board for Soil Research and Management, Bangkok. Lasaga, A. C. 1985. The kinetic treatment of geochemical cycles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44:815-828. Lathrop, R. G. 1992. Landsat thematic mapper monitoring of turbid inland water quality. Photogram. Engrg. Remote Sens. 58:465. Leith, H. 1972. Modeling the primary productivity of the world. Nature and Resources 8~2~:5-10. Leitner, W. A., and M. L. Rosenzweig. 1997. Nested species - area curves and stochastic sampling:A new theory. Oikos 79:503-512. Letourneau, D. K. 1997. Plant-arthropod interaction in agroecosystems. Pp. 239-290 in Ecology in Agriculture, L.E. Jackson, ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

140 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Lichtenberg, E., and L. K. Shapiro. 1997. Agriculture and nitrate concentrations in Mary- land community water system wells. J. Environ. Qual. 26:145-153. Lillesand, T. M., W. L. Johnson, R. L. Deuell, O. M. Lindstrom, and D. E. Meisner. 1983. Use of Landsat data to predict the trophic state of Minnesota lakes. Photogram. Engrg. Remote Sens. 49:219-229. Lindeman, R. L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23:399418. Lindsey, S. D., R. W. Gunderson, and J. P. Riley. 1992. Spatial distribution of point soil moisture estimates using Landsat TM data and Fuzzy-C classification. Water Resour. Bulletin 28:865. Linthurst, R. A., D. H. Landers, J. M. Filers, P. E. Kellar, D. F. Brakke, W. S. Overton, R. Crowe, E. P. Meter, P. Kanciruk, and D. S. Jeffries. 1986. Regional chemical character- istics of lakes in North America. II. Eastern United States. Water, Air, and Soil Pollu- tion 31:577-591. Lippe, E., J. Y. DeSmidt, and D. C Glenn-Lewin. 1985. Markov models and succession:A test from a heathland in the Netherlands. J. Ecology 73:775-791. Lloyd, A. H., and L. J. Graumlich. 1997. Holocene dynamics of beeline forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology 78:1199-1210. Lluch-Belda, D., R. J. M. Crawford, T. Kawasaki, A. D. MacCall, R. H. Parrish, R. A. Schwartzoise, and P. E. Smith. 1989. World-wide fluctuations of sardine and anchovy stocks: The regime problem. South African J. of Marine Science 8:195-205. Los, S. O., G. J. Collatz, P. J. Sellers, C. M. Malmstrom, N. H. Pollack, R. S. DeFries, C. J. Tucker, L. Bounova, and D. A. Dazlich. In press. A global 9-year biophysical landsurface dataset from NOAA AVHRR data. Journal of Geophysical Research. Lozano-Garcia, D. F., and R. M. Hoffer. 1985. Evaluation of a layered approach for classify- ing multi-temporal Landsat MSS. Pp. 189-199 in Pecora 10: Remote Sensing in Forest and Range Resource Management: Proceedings, August 20-21, 1985, Student Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. William T. Pecora Memorial Sym- posium on Remote Sensing. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sens- ing, Falls Church, VA. Lutz, E., and S. El-Serafy. 1989. Environmental and Resource Accounting: An Overview. The World Bank, Washington, DC. Lyche, A., T. Andersen, K. Christofferen, D. O. Hessen, P. H. Berger Hansen, and A. Klysner. 1996. Mesocosm tracer studies. 1. Zooplankton as sources and sinks in the pelagic phosphorus cycle of a mesotrophic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:460-474. MacArthur, R. H. 1959. On the breeding distribution pattern of North American migrant birds. Auk. 75:318-325. MacArthur, R. H., J. W. MacArthur, and J. Preer. 1962. On bird species diversity. II. Prediction of bird census from habitat measurements. American Naturalist 96:167-174. MacArthur, R. H., H. Recher, and M. L. Cody. 1966. On the relation between habitat selection and bird species diversity. American Naturalist 100:319-332. MacDonald, G. M., T. W. D. Edwards, K. A. Moser, R. Pienitz, and J. P. Smol. 1993. Rapid response of beeline vegetation and lakes to past climate warming. Nature 361:243- 246. Magdoff, F., L. Lanyon, and B. Liebhardt. 1997. Nutrient cycling, transformation and flows:Implications for a more sustainable agriculture. Advances Agron. 60:1-71. Martin, M. E., and J. D. Aber. 1997. High spatial resolution remote sensing of forest canopy lignin, nitrogen, and ecosystem processes. Ecological Applications 7:431443. Matson, P. A., W. J. Parton, A. G. Power, and M. J. Swift. 1997. Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504-509.

REFERENCES 141 McAndrews, J. H., and M. Boyko-Diakonow. 1989. Pollen analysis of varved sediment at Crawford Lake, Ontario: Evidence of Indian and European farming. Pp. 528-530 in Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland, R. J. Fulton, ed. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Metcalfe, J. L. 1989. Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: History and present status in Europe. Environmen- tal Pollution Series A 60:101-139. Meyer, W. B., and B. L. Turner III, eds. 1994. Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink. 1993. Wetlands, 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Publishing Company, New York. Mittenzwey. K.-H., S. Ullrich, A. A. Gitelson, and K. Y. Kondratiev. 1992. Determination of chlorophyll a of inland water on the basis of spectral reflectance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37:147-149. Mladenoff, D. J., and J. Pastor. 1993. Sustainable forest ecosystems in the northern hard- wood and conifer region:Concepts and management. Pp. 145-180 in G. H. Aplet, J. T. Olson, N. Johnson, and V. A. Sample, eds. Defining Sustainable Forestry. Island Press and The Wilderness Society, Washington, DC. Mooney, H. A., J. H. Cushman, E. Medina, O. E. Sala, and E.-D. Schulze. 1996. Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Morrow, J. E. 1980. The Freshwater Fishes of Alaska. Alaska Northwest Publishing Com- pany, Seattle, WA. Myneni, R. B., C. D. Keeling, C. J. Tucker, G. Asrar, and R. R. Nemani. 1997. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981-1991. Nature 386:698-702. Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734-737. National Research Council (NRC). 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Prob- lem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1992. Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program. II. Ecology. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1993. Soil and Water Quality:An Agenda for Agricul- ture. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1994. Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Surface Waters. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1995a. Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Overall Evaluation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. NationalResearch Council (NRC). 1995b. Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries. Na- tional Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1996a. The Bering Sea Ecosystem. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1996b. Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educa- tional Programs in Limnology. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council (NRC). 1999a. Sustaining Marine Fisheries. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Research Council (NRC). l999b. Water for the Future: The West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Neilson, R. P. 1995. A model for predicting continental-scale vegetation distribution and water balance. Ecological Applications 5:362-385.

42 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Nicholson, S., C. J. Tucker, and M. B. Ba. 1998. Desertification, drought, and surface veg- etation: An example from the West African Sahel. Bulletin of the American Meteoro- logical Society 79:815-831. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1996. Our Living Oceans:Report on the Status of U.S. Living Marine Resources 1995. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS - F/ SPO-l9. National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. Norris, R. H. 1995. Biological monitoring: The dilemma of data analysis. JNABS 14~3~:440- 450. Nyquist, H. 1928. Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineering 47:617-644. Odum, E. P. 1984. Properties of Agroecosystems. Pp. 3-12 in Agricultural Ecosystems: Unifying Concepts. R. Lowrance, B. R. Stinner, and G. J. House, eds. Wiley Interscience, New York. Ohio EPA. 1987. Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Volume I, II, III. Ohio EPA Division of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Surface Water Sec- tion, Columbus, OH. Overpeck, J. T. 1996. Warm climate surprises. Science 271:1820-1821. Pacala, S. W., C .D. Canham, J. Saponara, J. A. Silander, R. K. Kobe, and E. Ribbens. 1996. Forest models defined by field measurements: Estimation, error analysis and dynam- ics. Ecological Monographs 66:1-43. Palacios-Orueta, A. and S. L. Ustin. 1996. Multivariate statistical classification of soil spec- tra. Remote Sens. Environ. 57:108. Parker, R. A. 1968. Simulation of an aquatic ecosystem. Biometrics 24:803-821. Parr, J. F., R. I. Papendick, S. B. Hornick, and R. E. Meyer. 1992. Soil quality:Attributes and relationship to alternative and sustainable agriculture. Amer. J. Alter. Agriculture 7:5- 11. Parton, W. J., W. M. Pulliam, and D. S. Ojima. 1994. Application of the CENTURY model across the LTR network: Parameterization and climate change simulations. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 75:186-194. Parton, W. J., A. N. Scott, D. S. Ojima, R. McKane, and E. B. Rastetter. 1992. Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems: A comparison of the CENTURY and GEM ecosystem simula- tion models. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 73:340. Parton, W. J., J. Stewart, and C. Cole. 1988. Dynamics of C, N. P and S in grassland soils: A model. Biogeochemistry 5:109-131. Pastor, J., and Y. Cohen. 1997. Nitrogen cycling and the control of chaos in a boreal forest model. Pp. 304-319 in K. Judd, A. Mees, K. L. Teo, and T. L. Vincent, eds. Control and Chaos. Birkhauser, Boston. Pastor, J., and D. J. Mladenoff. 1993. Modelling the effects of timber mangement on popu- lation dynamics, diversity, and ecosystem processes. Pp. 16-29 in D. C. Le Master and R. A. Sedjo, eds. Modelling Sustainable Forest Ecosystems. American Forests, Wash- ington, DC. Pastor, J., and W. M. Post. 1993. Linear regressions do not predict the transient responses of eastern North American forests to CO2 induced climate change. Climatic Change 23:111-119. Pastor, J., and W. M. Post. 1988. Response of northern forests to CO2-induced climatic change. Nature 334:55-58. Pastor, J., and W. M. Post. 1986. Influence of climate, soil moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles. Biogeochemistry 2:3-27. Pastor, J., R. H. Gardner, V. H. Dale, and W. M. Post. 1987. Successional changes in soil nitrogen availability as a potential factor contributing to spruce dieback in boreal North America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:1394-1400.

REFERENCES 143 Pastor, J., J. Bonde, C. A. Johnston, and R. J. Naiman. 1992. Markovian analysis of the spatially dependent dynamics of beaver ponds. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences 23:5-27. Pastor, J., B. Dewey, R. Moen, M. White, D. Mladenoff, and Y. Cohen. 1998. Spatial pat- terns in the moose-forest-soil ecosystem on Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. Ecological Applications 8:411424. Patrick, R., J. Cairns, Jr., and S. Roback. 1967. A study of the numbers and kinds of species found in rivers of the eastern United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., PA. Pauly, D. 1995. Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. TREE 10~10~:430. Paustian, K., H. P. Collins, and E. A. Paul. 1997. Management controls on soil carbon. Pp. 1549 in E. A. Paul, E. T. Elliot, K. Paustian, and C. V. Cole, eds. Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agroecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Peterjohn, B. J., J. R. Saner, and S. Orsillo. 1995. Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92. Pp. 17-21 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, eds. Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abun- dance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC. Peterson, D. L., and V. T. Parker, eds. 1998. Ecological Scale: Theory and Application. Columbia University Press, New York. Plafkin, J. L., M. T. Barbour, K. D. Porter, S. K. Gross, and R. M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA/440/41-89-001. Assessment and Water Protection Division, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Platt, T., and K. L. Denman. 1975. Spectral analysis in ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:189-210. Poff, N. L., J. D. Allan, M. B. Bain, J. R. Karr, K. L. Prestegaard, B. D. Richter, R. E. Sparks, and J. C. Stromberg. 1997. The natural flow regime: A paradigm for river conserva- tion and restoration. BioScience 47:769-784. Post, W. M., and J. Pastor. 1996. Linkages - an individual-based forest ecosystem model. Climatic Change 34:253-261. Potter, C. S., J. T. Randerson, C. B. Field, P. A. Matson, P. M. Vitousek, H. A. Mooney, and S. A. Klooster. 1993. Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7~4~:811-841. Prentice, I. C., M. T. Sykes, and W. Cramer. 1993. A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forested landscapes. Ecological modelling 65:51-70. Preston, F. W. 1962. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 43:185- 215; 410-432. Preston, F. W. 1960. Time and space and the variation of species. Ecology 41:785-790. Pulliam, H. R. 1988. Sources, sinks and population regulation. Amer. Natur. 132:652-661. Pulliam, H. R., and B. J. Danielson. 1991. Sources, sinks, and habitat selection:A landscape perspective on population dynamics. Amer. Natur. 137:S50-S66. Rabalais, N. N., W. J. Wiseman, Jr., R. E. Turner, D. Justic, B. K. Sen Gupta, and Q. Dortch. 1996. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi River and system responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries 19:386407. Race, M. S., and M. S. Fonseca. 1996. Fixing compensatory mitigation: What will it take? Ecological Applications 6:94-101. Raich, J. W., E. B. Rastetter, J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, P. A. Steudler, B. J. Peterson, A. L. Grace, B. Moore III, and C. J. Vorosmarty. 1991. Potential net primary productivity in South America: Application of a global model. Ecological Applications 1~4~:399- 429.

44 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Ramsey, F. L., and D. W. Schafer. 1997. The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis. Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA. Ratcliffe, D. A. 1967. Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature 215:208- 210. Reeves, D.W. 1997. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research 43:131-167. Renberg, I. 1990. A 12,600 year perspective of the acidification of Lilla Oresj on, southwest Sweden. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B. 327:357-361. Repetto, R., W. Magrath, M. Wells, C. Beer, and F. Rossini. 1989. Wasting Assets:Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. Reynoldson, T. B., R. H. Norris, V. H. Resh, K. E. Dey, and D. M. Rosenberg. 1997. The reference condition: A comparison of multimetric and multivariate approaches to as- sess water-quality impairment using benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16~4~:833-852. Riley, M. J., and H. G. Stefan. 1987. A dynamic lake water quality simulation model. Ecol. Model. 43:155-182. Ripley, B. D. 1981. Spatial Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Root, T. L. 1993. Effects of global climate change on North American birds and their com- munities. Pp. 280-292. in P. Kareiva, J. Kingsolver, and R. Huey, eds., Biotic Interac- tions and Global Change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. Root, T. L., and L. McDaniel. 1995. Winter population trends of selected songbirds. Pp. 21- 23 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, eds. Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington D.C. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1998. Preston's ergodic conjecture:The accumulation of species in space and time. In M. L. McKinney, ed. Biodiversity Dynamics. Columbia University Press, New York. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K. Sado, K., and M. M. Islam. 1996. Effect of land cover on areal evapotranspiration using Landsat TM data with meteorological and height data:The case of Kitami City, Japan. Hydrolog. Sci. J. 41:207. Sagoff, M. 1996. On the value of endangered species. Environmental Management 20~6~:897-911. Sakamoto, M. 1966. Primary production by the phytoplankton community in some Japa- nese lakes and its dependence on depth. Arch. Hydrobiol. 62:1-28. Sarmiento, J., C. LeQuere, and S. Pacala. 1995. Limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 9:121-137. Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, G. Gough, I. Thomas, and B. G. Peterjohn. 1997. The North Ameri- can Breeding Bird Survey Results and Analysis, Version 96.4. Patuxent Wildlife Re- search Center, Laurel, Md. Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. 2nd. ed. Aca- demic Press, New York. Schnoor, J. L. 1981. Fate and transport of dieldrin in Coralville Reservoir: Residues in fish and water following a pesticide ban. Science 211:840-842. Schumann, G. L. 1991. Plant Diseases and Their Social Impact. The American Phytopatho- logical Society. St. Paul, MN.

REFERENCES 145 Sellers, P. J., R. E. Dickinson, D. A. Randall, A. K. Betts, F. G. Hall, J. A. Berry, G. J. Collatz, A. S. Denning, H. A. Mooney, C. A. Nobre, N. Sato, C. B. Field, and A. Henderson- Sellers. 1997. Modeling the exchange of energy, water, and carbon between conti- nents and the atmosphere. Science 275:502-509. Shannon, C. E., and W. Weaver. 1964. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Uni- versity of Illinois Press, Urbana. Sharpley, A., and M. Meyer.1994. Minimizing agricultural non-point-source impacts:A sym- posium overview. J. Environ. Qual. 23:1-3. Sharpley, A. N., J. J. Meisinger, A. Breeuwsma, T. Sims, T. C. Daniel, and J. S. Schepers. 1996. Impacts of animal manure management on ground and surface water quality. Pp. 1-50 in J. Hatfield, ed. Effective Management of Animal Waste as a Soil Resource. Lewis Publ. Boca Raton, FL. Shmida, A., and S. Ellner. 1984. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetatio 58:29-55. Shugart, H. H. 1984. A Theory of Forest Dynamics:The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Silver, W. L., T. G. Siccama, C. Johnson, and A. H. Johnson. 1991. Changes in red spruce populations in montane forests of the Appalachians, 1982-1987. Am. Midland Natu- ralist 125:340-347. Simberloff, D. 1990. Hypotheses, errors, and statistical assumptions. Herpetologica 46:351- 357. Simenstad, C. A., J. A. Estes, and K. W. Kenyon. 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities. Science 200:403411. Sims, J. T., and D. C. Wolf. 1994. Poultry waste management: Agricultural and environ- mental issues. Advances in Agronomy 52:1-83. Sims, J. T., R. R. Simard, and B. C. Joern. 1998. Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research. J. Environ. Qual. 27:277-293. Simpson, R. S., and R. C. Houts. 1971. Fundamentals of Analog and Digital Communica- tion Systems. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Smith, R. A., G. E. Schwarz, and R. B. Alexander. 1997. Regional interpretation of water- quality monitoring data. Water Resources Research 33~12~:2781-2798. Skole, D., and C. J. Tucker. 1993. Tropical deforestation and hibitat fragmentation in the Amazon:Satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science 260:1905-1910. Skole, D., C. O. Justice, A. Janetos, and J. R. G. Townshend. 1997. A Land Cover Change Monitoring Program:A Strategy for International Effort. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Nether- lands. Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual. USDA Handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Solomon, A. M. 1986. Transient responses of forests to CO2-induced climate change:Simu- lation modelling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia 68:567-579. Solomon, A. M., and H. H. Shugart. 1984. Integrating forest stand simulations with paleo- ecological records to examine long-term forest dynamics. Pp. 333-356 in G. I. Agren, ed. State and Change of Forest Ecosystems Indicators in Current Research. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Report Number 13, Uppsala, Sweden. Spaulding, R. F., and M. E. Exner. 1993. Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater:A review. J. Environ. Qual. 22:392-402. Spies, T. A., J. F. Franklin, and T. B. Thomas. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69:1689-1702.

146 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Stefan, H. G., M. Hondzo, X. Fang, J. G. Eaton, and J. H. McCormick. 1995. Predicted effects of global climate changes on fishes in Minnesota lakes. Pp. 57-72 in R. J. Beamish, ed. Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 121. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa. Stefan, H. G., M. Hondzo, X. Fang, J. G. Eaton, and J. H. McCormick. 1996. Simulated long- term temperature and dissolved oxygen characteristics of lakes in the north-central United States and associated fish habitat limits. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:1124-1135. Strauss, D. J. 1990. Have There Been Growth Changes in the Sierra Nevada: A Statistical Analysis. Technical Report No. 181. University of California, Riverside. Streeter, H. W., and E. B. Phelps. 1925. A study of the pollution and natural purification of the Ohio River. III. Factors concerned in the phenomena of oxidation and reiteration. U.S. Public Health Service, Public Health Bull. Washington, D.C. Sudhakar, S., and D. K. Pal. 1993. Water quality assessment of Lake Chilka. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14:2575. Susskind, L. E., and L. Dunlap. 1981. The importance of nonobjective judgments in envi- ronmental impact assessments. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2:335-366. Suter, G. W., II. 1993. Ecological Risk Assessment. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. Swengel, A. B. 1995. Fourth of July butterfly count. Pp. 171-172 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, eds. Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Eco- systems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington DC. Swetnam, T. W., and J. L. Betancourt. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal scale climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climate 11:3128-3147. Thomann, R. V., and J. A. Mueller. 1987. Principles of Surface Water Quality Modeling and Control. Harper & Row, New York. Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: Population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77:350-363. Tilman, D., and J. A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367:363-365. Townshend, J. R. G., C. O. Justice, D. Skole, J. P. Malingreau, J. Cihlar, P. Teillet, F. Sadowski, and S. Ruttenberg. 1994. The 1 km resolution global data set:Needs of the Interna- tional Geosphere Biosphere Programme. International Journal of Remote Sensing 15:3417-3441. Trautman, M. B. 1981. The Fishes of Ohio. Second Edition. Ohio State University Press, Columbus. Turner, B. I., II, R. H. Moss, and D. L. Skole. 1993. Relating land-use and global land-cover change. IGBP Report 24. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. U.S. Bureau of Census. 1987. 1987 Census of Agriculture, Final County File. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. USDA. 1997. Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 1996-97. USDA Eco- nomic Research Service, Natural Resources and Environment Division. Agricultural Handbook Number 712. USDA Forest Service. 1994. Forest Health Monitoring: A National Strategic Plan. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, Ga. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1990. County-level fertilizer sales data. Rep PM-221. Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. National Water Quality Inven- tory: 1996 Report to Congress. EPA 841-F-97-003, Washington, D.C. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Agricultural waste management field handbook. Chapter 4 in National Engineering Handbook. U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

REFERENCES 147 Usher, M. B. 1981. Modelling ecological succession, with particular reference to Markovian models. Vegetatio 46:11-18. Van der Molen, D. T., A. Breeuwsma, and P. C. M. Boers. 1998. Agricultural nutrient losses to surface water in the Netherlands: Impact, strategies and perspectives. J. Environ. Qual. 27:4-11. van der Ploeg, R. R., H. Ringe, G. Machulla, and D. Hermsmeyer. 1997. Postwar nitrogen use efficiency in West German agriculture and groundwater quality. J. Environ. Qual- ity 26:1203-1212. Van Hulst, R. 1979. On the dynamics of vegetation:Markov chains as models of succession. Vegetatio 40:3-14. Vannote, R. L., G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, and C. E. Cushing. 1980. The river continuum concept. Canad. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:130-137. VEMAP Member. 1995. Vegetation/ecosystem modeling and analysis project. Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9~4~:407-434. Vitousek, P., H. A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, and J. M. Melillo. 1997. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 277:494499. Vogelmann, J. E. 1988. Detection of forest change in the Green Mountains of Vermont using multispectral scanner data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 9:1187- 1200. Vogelmann, J. E., and B. N. Rock. 1989. Assessing forest damage in high-elevation conifer- ous forests in Vermont and New Hampshire using Thematic Mapper data. Remote Sensing of the Environment 24:227-246. Vogelmann, J. E., T. Sohl, and S. M. Howard. 1998. Regional characterization of land cover using multiple sources of data. Photogram. Engrg. Remote Sens. 64:45. Vollenweider, R. A. 1976. Advances in defining critical loading levels for phosphorus in lake eutrophication. Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. 33:53-83. Vollenweider, R. A. 1975. Input-output models with special reference to the phosphorus loading concept in limnology. Schweiz. A. Hydrol. 37-53-84. Vollenweider, R. A. 1969. Moglichkeiten und Grenzen elementarer Modelle der Stoffbilanz von Seen. Arch. Hydrobiol. 66:1-36. Walker, W. W. 1987. Empirical Methods for Predicting Eutrophication in Impoundments. Report 4, Phase III: Applications Manual. Tech. Report. E-8-9, U.S. Army Engineer Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Waring, R. H. 1982. Estimating forest growth and efficiency in relation to canopy leaf area. Advances in Ecological Research 13:327-354. Washington, H. G. 1984. Diversity, biotic, and similarity indices: A review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Water Research 18:153-694. Wessman, C. A., J. D. Aber, D. L. Peterson, and J. M. Melillo. 1988. Remote sensing of canopy chemistry and nitrogen cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. Nature 335: 154-156. Whitaker, R. H., and G. E. Likens. 1973. Carbon in the biota. Pp. 281-302 in G. M. Woodwell, and E. V. Pecan, eds. Carbon and the Biosphere, Washington, DC. Whittier, T. R., and E. T. Rankin. 1992. Regional patterns in three biological indicators of stream condition in Ohio. Pp. 975-995 in D. H. McKenzie, D. E. Hyatt, and V. J. McDonald, eds. Biological Indicators. Volume 2. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York. Wickerhauser, M. V. 1994. Adapted Wavelet Analysis from Theory to Software. A.K. Peters, Wellesley, Massachusetts. Williamson, C. B. 1943. Area and the number of species. Nature 152:264-267.

148 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION Wischmeier, W. H., and D. D. Smith. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses - A Guide To Conservation Planning. Agriculture Handbook 537. Science and Education Ad- ministration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Wofsy, S. C., M. L. Goulden, J. W. Merger, S.-M. Fass, P. S. Bakwin, B. C. Daube, S. L. Banow, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1993. Net exchange of CO2 in a unit-latitude forest. Science 260:1314-1317. Wood, E. F., M. Sivapalan, and K. Beven. 1990. Similarity and scale in catchment storm response. Reviews of Geophysics 28:1-18. Woodwell, G. M., F. T. Mackenzie, R. A. Houghton, M. J. Apps, E. Gorham, and E. A. Davidson. 1995. Will the warming speed the warming? Pp. 393411 in Biotic Feed- backs in the Global Climate System. G. M. Woodwell and F. T. Mackenzie, eds. Ox- ford University Press, New York. Wright, Jr., H. E. 1971. Late Quaternary vegetational history of North America. Pp. 425- 464 in The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. K. K. Turekian, ed. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Wydoski, R. S., and R. R. Whitney. 1979. Inland Fishes of Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Young, R. A., C. A. Onstad, D. D. Bosch, and W. P. Anderson. 1989. AGNPS:A nonpoint- source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44~2~:168-172.

Next: Appendix A: Variability, Complexity, and the Design of Sampling Procedures »
Ecological Indicators for the Nation Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $55.00 Buy Ebook | $43.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Environmental indicators, such as global temperatures and pollutant concentrations, attract scientists' attention and often make the headlines. Equally important to policymaking are indicators of the ecological processes and conditions that yield food, fiber, building materials and ecological "services" such as water purification and recreation.

This book identifies ecological indicators that can support U.S. policymaking and also be adapted to decisions at the regional and local levels. The committee describes indicators of land cover and productivity, species diversity, and other key ecological processes—explaining why each indicator is useful, what models support the indicator, what the measured values will mean, how the relevant data are gathered, how data collection might be improved, and what effects emerging technologies are likely to have on the measurements.

The committee reviews how it arrived at its recommendations and explores how the indicators can contribute to policymaking. Also included are interesting details on paleoecology, satellite imagery, species diversity, and other aspects of ecological assessment.

Federal, state, and local decision-makers, as well as environmental scientists and practitioners, will be especially interested in this new book.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!