Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations (2020) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 9-40
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 9... ...
9 The most prevalent applications for AGVT have been in the roadway sector, with numerous companies developing and testing AGVT for passenger cars. The Google self-driving car project was announced in 2009 and by 2014 it had evolved to encompass a completely autonomous prototype vehicle without a steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal (Hartmans, 2016)
|
From page 10... ...
10 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations A Caterpillar study confirmed the benefits of using advanced technologies in a study that compared traditional and technological assisted machines on a 400-foot stretch of road in East Peoria, Illinois. To replicate an actual job site, they used a mix of different equipment manufactured by both Caterpillar and their competitors.
|
From page 11... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 11 Applications at Ports Automation is successful at ports internationally and is currently being tested at ports in the United States. Although only four U.S.
|
From page 12... ...
12 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations Automated trucks for port applications are only implemented in China. TuSimple is developing test fleets for commercial use on the highways and local streets in the United States (S.
|
From page 13... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 13 need to be mowed regularly. Ensuring that grass is mowed to the appropriate height helps reduce wildlife hazards on the airfield, and proper upkeep is required by Part 139, Airport Certification.
|
From page 14... ...
14 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations from one place to another is a time-consuming and cumbersome task for employees in warehouses, and Canvas seeks to eliminate that task altogether with their automated carts, which can replace 20 miles of walking per shift on a single charge (Canvas Technology, n.d.)
|
From page 15... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 15 Automation in manufacturing results in a safer and more efficient process than reliance on human labor. This is especially true for tasks such as welding and lifting large, heavy, or awkward parts.
|
From page 16... ...
16 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations IATA identified automation as a solution for the increased demand for air travel. According to the StB report, AGVT offer, "a near-term option to improve airfield efficiency and effectiveness without significant capital outlay" (2017)
|
From page 17... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 17 Automated Airport Shuttles In summer 2018, Gatwick Airport in southeast England is introducing new electric-powered autonomous vehicles to shuttle airport employees. This trial is the first of its kind for an airport and aims to pave the way for future autonomous vehicles in airside operations.
|
From page 18... ...
18 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations Unlike the autonomous airport pods that have been moving passengers between the terminal and parking at Heathrow Airport since 2011, the vehicles with AGVT at Gatwick will not be confined to a closed course (Gatwick Airport Press Office, 2018)
|
From page 19... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 19 Use of smartphones will allow the technology in existing vehicles, rather than waiting for automakers to integrate the technology into new cars. This capability to work with existing vehicles may be valuable, given the long production cycles for vehicles.
|
From page 20... ...
20 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations Automated Jet Bridge Automated jet bridges may reduce aircraft damage, and a completely automated system may allow passengers to deplane from the aircraft even when ramp workers are not allowed on the ramp due to weather conditions such as lighting. Japanese company ShinMaywa makes specialty vehicles and aircraft parts and has 60% of the market for automated jet bridges in Southeast Asian airports.
|
From page 21... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 21 technology that will affect aircraft taxis is the use of a self-driving nose wheel with an electric motor powered by the plane's auxiliary power unit. Major aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus are both working on this technology, which would save time and reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
|
From page 22... ...
22 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations Online, 2015)
|
From page 23... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 23 Any automated tug system must also be able to respond to unforeseen events such as mechanical trouble, unexpected obstacles, and communications failures. Research is underway to address these issues to assure that an automated tug system can handle such contingencies (Morris et al., 2015)
|
From page 24... ...
24 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations also allows operations during lightning conditions, which further increases capacity and yields an additional $11 million in savings for the airlines. Altogether, the implementation of these automated docking systems saves airlines a total of $14.5 million annually (equivalent to $17 million in 2018)
|
From page 25... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 25 sorting system but rather will deliver individual bags directly to their destination using automated carts (International Airport Review, 2018)
|
From page 26... ...
26 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations Airports with ASDE-X and ASSC are able to track both transponder and non-transponder equipped vehicles in the movement area, and can utilize ground vehicle ADS-B transponder data, as well as data from other sensors or surveillance feeds. If ground vehicles use ADS-B transponders, there will be additional information regarding specific vehicle characteristics (e.g., identification, speed, and similar information to ADS-B equipped aircraft)
|
From page 27... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 27 the operating parameters (e.g., recognition of the runway threshold and deployment of associated warnings) are tailored to the airside environment.
|
From page 28... ...
28 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations The results found that the most readily implemented technology was the ATIMS, which was the only system that did not require the installation of additional equipment on the airfield. The ATIMS program includes a map that shows all vehicle locations, speed, direction of travel, and location history, as seen in Figure 10.
|
From page 29... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 29 Information from the newly referenced documents that are incorporated into the draft advisory circular may be useful as guidelines and eventually standards for other AGVT applications airside. Cameras and Infrared for ARFF Vehicles and Snowplows.
|
From page 30... ...
30 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations and safe way to conduct operational tasks, such as managing wildlife hazards and performing airfield inspections. The usefulness of the UAS program was highlighted during test flights in January 2018, when the UAS identified that a fallen tree had broken through the perimeter fence on the north end of the airport in an area that was very difficult to reach on foot or by watercraft.
|
From page 31... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 31 killing the sole human occupant (NTSB, n.d.)
|
From page 32... ...
32 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations An important lesson learned from AV safety in the roadway sector is that AV systems do not always behave as expected, are not always able to interpret environmental cues appropriately and operator vigilance may be difficult, especially for L3. Operator overreliance on automation may become a problem as advanced technologies are deployed.
|
From page 33... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 33 deployments at airports is the value of staged technology deployment, early integration of technology in the planning process, and confirmation that the technology readiness level is consistent with the proposed project. Other Considerations As new AGVT are utilized in the airside environment, there are a number of potential issues.
|
From page 34... ...
34 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations environment, many states do not require separate reporting for vehicles with automated or connected technologies. California, however, does require reporting of any accident involving AVs as well as vehicle disengagements.
|
From page 35... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 35 Integration in July of 2018. These guiding principles, shown in Appendix C, aim to assist companies, as well as government entities, in identifying their roles in data exchange.
|
From page 36... ...
36 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations can be used to jam GPS in AGVT to create false locations and confuse the internal systems. Many AGVT use redundant GPS systems to determine their location and route of travel; however, these have been identified as weak points where hackers can disrupt operations.
|
From page 37... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 37 driver seat) and others having vehicles contact a remote operator to assist in determining the appropriate action.
|
From page 38... ...
Figure 15. Selected projects in strategic transit automation research roadmap.
|
From page 39... ...
Applications and Lessons Learned 39 from partners, but will also enable the FTA to access datasets. These strategic alliances will facilitate progress and results that would be unavailable otherwise.
|
From page 40... ...
40 Advanced Ground Vehicle Technologies for Airside Operations Figure 16. Projects in NCHRP CV/AV research roadmap.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.