Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles (2023) / Chapter Skim
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P A R T I I Conduct of Research
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15 This research was conducted to provide insight into the use of child restraint systems (CRS) in rideshare vehicles and taxis.
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16 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles caregivers should explain that the correct selection and use of car seats are essential for their child's safety, not only in the family vehicle, but also in rideshare vehicles and taxis. Additional state and/or city laws could be constructive, both through direct effects on compliance by parents, caregivers, and rideshare and taxi corporations and through their indirect influence in communicating safety expectations to these groups and other stakeholders.
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17 Background Rideshare services provided by companies like Uber and Lyft have become more popular over the last decade. In Q4 2021, Uber reported an average of 19.5 million trips a day worldwide (Uber Technologies, Inc., 2021)
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18 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles age and those 35 to 44 years old reported the highest percentage of ridesharing use (71% and 65%, respectively)
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19 Research Approach This chapter describes the methods used to complete each task: (1) document review, (2)
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20 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles These search and coding strategies were tested on five states and five cities to determine their feasibility and adequacy. Once the strategies were finalized, one team member performed all searches and all coding for the states and cities to ensure consistency.
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Research Approach 21 use for children by searching for the company name followed by multiple keywords on Google (i.e., car seat policy, child safety policy, and seat belt policy)
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22 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles caregivers and drivers toward child restraints and to determine barriers and facilitators for CRS or seat belt use in these two groups. Parent/Caregiver Survey In a national pilot study conducted in 2019, the research team found that 82% of rideshare users with children below the age of 10 reported traveling with their children on rideshare trips (Ehsani et al., 2021)
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Research Approach 23 Driver Survey Given that driver retention for ridesharing services and taxis is low and there is a high attrition rate (Cook et al., 2018) , the research team restricted the sample to those who have driven for a rideshare or taxi service within the previous 12 months.
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24 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles The rideshare section of the final for-hire driver survey included 30 items, whereas the taxi section included 28 items. Drivers took an average of 14 minutes to complete the survey.
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Research Approach 25 Expertise Area AG Member and Qualifications Child biomechanics Kristy Arbogast Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Expertise: Child seat testing and correlation of engineering design with crash injury outcomes. Compatibility and safe fitment of child safety seats in vehicles Tammy Franks Chairman, National Child Passenger Safety Board Expertise: Synthesis of research into practice and development of training curricula for 40,000 National Child Passenger Safety Technicians.
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26 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles a presentation for the AG members. These materials contained data generated by the document review (Tasks 1 and 2)
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27 Findings and Applications Task 1: Annotate Current State and Local Policies for Ensuring Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Motor Vehicles All 50 states have policies that require the use of child restraint systems (CRS) for children under a certain age, weight, or height.
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28 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Further details of this analysis are available in a peer-reviewed scientific paper by the research team included in Appendix H Task 2: Describe Current Company Practices, Both National and International, for Providing CRS in For-Hire Motor Vehicles Detailed findings of this search are included in Appendix E
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Findings and Applications 29 surmountable within a rideshare business model. However, further research would be necessary to determine how such a practice might translate to the U.S.
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30 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles the prevalence of child restraint use in rideshare vehicles was 87.2% [95% CI: 83.6% to 90.1%]
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Findings and Applications 31 Characteristic Total N = 627 Parent gender Male 207 (33.0%) Female 420 (67.0%)
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32 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Taxi Use Characteristics Total N = 324 Frequency of taxi use Daily 23 (7.1%) A few times a week 34 (10.5%)
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Findings and Applications 33 Child restraint use in personal vehicles and taxi vehicles is described in Table 6. All respondents reported that their child usually rode restrained when personal vehicles were used.
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34 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Restraint Use Infant, <1 Toddler, 1–4 Young Child, 5–8 Older Child, 9–12 Total N = 17 N = 95 N = 92 N = 107 N = 311* Child restraint use in personal vehicle*
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Findings and Applications 35 respondents (43.2%) stated that it was their own responsibility and 30.6% said it was the responsibility of the taxi company.
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36 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles represents strong disagreement and "10" represents strong agreement. The mean and standard deviation (SD)
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Findings and Applications 37 Number of vehicles 2 (1–2)
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38 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles those who used restraints in both personal vehicles and rideshare vehicles to those who used restraints exclusively in personal vehicles. Univariate analyses were conducted to test the association between individual-level characteristics and child restraint use in personal and rideshare vehicles.
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Findings and Applications 39 Knowledge of CRS law for personal vehicle Yes 177 (67.6%)
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40 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Restraint Use Total N = 627* Restraint use in front seat of personal vehicle Always 518 (82.6%)
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Findings and Applications 41 Table 13. Parent/caregiver restraint use in personal and taxi vehicles and crashes/near-crashes while using taxis.
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42 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Driver Type Rideshare Taxi Total p-Value* Characteristics N = 198 N = 93 N = 291 Race .002 Black 7 (3.5%)
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Findings and Applications 43 Table 15. Rideshare and taxi driver trip characteristics and safety behaviors.
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44 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Who is responsible for CRS Driver 2 (1.0%)
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Findings and Applications 45 Rideshare/taxi company provided information on local CRS laws Yes 60 (30.3%)
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46 Identifying and Prioritizing Behavioral Interventions to Improve Child Passenger Safety in For-Hire Vehicles Video data from in-vehicle video recorders could be another approach to collecting objective data on the use of CRS in for-hire vehicles. The use of cameras in rideshare vehicles is not uncommon (e.g., to monitor passenger behavior)
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Findings and Applications 47 Task 8: Develop Targeted Behavioral Change Strategies and Messages to Promote Child Passenger Safety, Including At-Risk and Hard-to-Reach Populations The AG suggested a three-pronged approach to promote child safety in for-hire vehicles. These approaches involve education and environmental changes that are likely to influence behavior: 1.
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48 C H A P T E R 8 Areas for Further Research and Intervention The research conducted in pursuit of the objectives prescribed by the BTSCRP provides new and valuable information to inform strategies to improve child safety by increasing child restraint use in rideshare and taxi vehicles. While additional research is needed to refine approaches and prioritize interventions, the findings point to several areas of potential.
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Conclusions and Suggested Research 49 likely to have occurred for these jurisdictions. The team also limited its search to the 50 largest cities, which constrained the number of legal environments examined.
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50 Burns J
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51 Appendices A–J Appendices A–J are not printed herein but are available for download from the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org) by searching for BTSCRP Research Report 6.
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Abbreviations and acronyms used without denitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration GHSA Governors Highway Safety Association HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
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Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED ISBN 978-0-309-69860-3 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 6 9 8 6 0 3 9 0 0 0 0
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