Materials Research to Meet 21st Century Defense Needs Interim Report (2001) / Chapter Skim
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4. Materials Science Challenges
4. Materials Science Challenges
Pages 31-54
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From page 31... ...
structural and multifunctional materials; (2) energy and power materials; (3)
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The impact of nanoscopic features of structural materials will be assessed, as well as nanoscale composites, including laminates and carbon nanotubes. Structurally efficient foams and engineered microtrusses will be discussed as a means of achieving lightweight structures with functionality, such as thermal-Ioad dissipation.
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From page 33... ...
will investigate the use of deterministic damage models with real-time ~ ~ · , ~ sensor input OI environmental parameters as a means of incorporating path dependence into lifetime predictions of structures. Dynamic stealth materials that allow the operator/system to change the signature characteristics at will to meet real-time threats will be investigated in terms of structural materials with built-in or overlaid stealth capabilities.
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From page 34... ...
; structural design; metallurgy; ceramics; polymers and polymer composites; computational materials science; aerospace/space applications for materials; land and sea applications for materials. Materials Advances to Meet Long-Term Needs Smart Materials There are many applications for structural materials that contain sensors and simple logic circuits that enable a structure to react to the signal from the sensor.
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In the structural materials arena, thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of complex alloys might someday be carried out and verified by experiments. Deterministic models of material damage would be useful for lifetime predictions.
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Research on automated manufacturing and highly tailored architecture will be necessary to qualify these materials for Defense After Next. Multifunctional Materials The types of functionality that might be built into structures include stealth, health monitonng, energy absorption, tailorable thermal properties, and selfhealing.
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, which will be covered by the structural and multifunctional materials panel. The energy and power materials pane} will attempt to identify challenges to efficient energy conversion.
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will also look into materials challenges to be met in fielding advanced weapons, that is, placing energy on target. Energy-on-target includes materials for some of the most advanced weapons systems concepts under consideration, including particle beams, advanced high-energy lasers, acoustic and high-power microwave weapons, and electromagnetic guns, in addition to conventional warheads (e.g., kinetic-energy penetrators)
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on energy and power materials will examine only materials challenges for novel sensors for energy (e.g., optical, thermal, mechanical) required by DOD that are not being covered by other panels.
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Flywheels (mechanical) -- > structural and multifunctional materials panel .| Energy Conversion L and Power Generation -Fuel cells -Microturbines, pulsed detonation engines -Electric motors, generators, switches -Electric drives -Other (materials for other conversion/generation components)
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report outline. The third meeting will involve some outside speakers but will focus mainly on the writing assignments.
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Maximizing mission duration and minimizing weight will require new materials that increase gravimetric energy density fivefold to tenfold by 2020. Advanced Individual Protective Materials Novel, lightweight body armor involving engineered combinations of polymer, ceramic, and metallic materials will be required to offset the increased lethality of individual weapons and the increasing weight burden on the soldier from added equipment and capabilities.
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Advanced airborne power generation would also benefit from high-temperature, low-Ioss, soft magnetic materials. Materials for Energy Harvesting The need for increasing amounts of power across a broad range of DOD applications places a premium on harvesting energy from mechanical, solar, and other sources.
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The need for research on organic materials that perform these functions (e.g., organic electronic or optical materials) will be covered by the functional organic and hybrid materials panel.
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Based on these talks, the panel will refine the outline and discuss preliminary observations and possible conclusions. The third meeting will feature additional speakers addressing important issues that have not yet been covered adequately.
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Materials Advances to Meet Long-Term Needs At the December ~ 999 Defense Science and Technology Reliance Subarea for Materials and Processes Meeting, the DOD panel on materials for electronic and sensor systems outlined the general areas in which materials advances would be necessary to meet DOD needs in the 2020 time frame. The following system needs were identified: · information gathering, which would be accomplished by appropriate sensors · information processing, which would require new approaches to signal processing, memory, and computation · transmission of information, which, above all, would require extremely high bandwidth · protection of information, which would involve both hardware and software approaches to nonvolatile information storage and encryption The range of the electromagnetic spectrum that has been identified as being of particular interest for sensors is very large, from 0.3 to 100 m.
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Future materials systems with specific functionalities adciressing particular system needs are: · molecular systems, including carbon-basect nanostructures quantum semiconductor nanostructures, such as superlattices, quantum wires, anct quantum dots photonic bandgap materials magnetic thin films for spintronics ferroelectncs and low k dielectric materials for memories new piezoelectr~c, ferroelectric, and thermoelectric materials FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC AND HYBRID MATERIALS Scope This panel will consider potential research opportunities in the area of organic and organic/inorganic hybrid materials, in which physical phenomena are present primarily as a result of molecular design anchor architectural textures with supramolecular, microscopic, or nanoscopic length scales. The materials will include both low anc!
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Pane} members will have broad expertise in the range of organic functional materials outlined above. The fields represented will thus include low molar-mass organic materials, macromolecular organic materials, polymer-ceramic hybrid materials, and metalbased functional materials that incorporate organic moieties.
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Optically Transparent Ferromagnetic Materials These materials will have multiple applications, ranging from sensor devices to displays. The development of magnetic nonmetallics is also an obvious weight reduction strategy for all electromagnetic areas and, possibly, for magnetic thin films.
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Piezo-Sensitive Multifunctional Materials These materials will be necessary for sensor applications in a wide range of contexts. The basic requirements of light weight, processibility, and versatility will require that new classes of materials be developed.
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will include: structural materials: weight reduction, ballistic protection, environmentally driven responsiveness, and self-healing functional materials: sensors, diagnostics, circuits, and high-density energy storage · battlefield/civilian chemical and biological warfare identification, interdiction, and counteraction medical: battlefield wound identification and countermeasures fast switching, molecular A preliminary outline of the pane] report is provided in Appendix D
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The need for additional expert visitors will be discussed, and appropriate speakers for the third panel meeting will be identified, if necessary. The report outline will be critically reviewed and initial writing assignments defined.
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Produced combinatorially, aptamers offer an attractive route to broad-based protection strategies for biological warfare.
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From page 54... ...
A tank armor material based on this concept has been produced and is currently being tested. DNA-Based Circuitry and Information Storage The controlled complexity that marks the primary structure and assembly behavior of DNA allows for high-density information storage in biology and has the potential to be the basis of very high-density information storage in nonbiolog~cal systems, either through the use of DNA or with DNA-mimetic molecules.
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