Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants for Regulatory Consideration (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 20-44
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1Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List: Past, Present, and Future INTRODUCTION The provision of safe drinking water throughout the United States has been a major triumph in U.S. public health practice since the turn of the twentieth century.
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utilized by interstate carriers such as buses, trains, airplanes, and ships (NRC, 1997)
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basis for a mandated EPA decision to regulate (or not) at least five new contaminants every five years.3 EPA published the first draft CCL on October 6, 1997 (EPA, 1997a)
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and for a conservative approach that errs on the side of public health protection. During the first phase of study, the committee also organized and conducted an NRC workshop on emerging drinking water contaminants and subsequently published a second report entitled Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants (NRC, 1999b)
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the committee's attempt to demonstrate and validate the utility of the recommended approach. Lastly, Chapter 6 responds to EPA's request that the committee explore the feasibility of developing VFARs as a tool to help identify emerging waterborne pathogens and provides some initial guidance and recommendations on the necessary steps for their construction and use.
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draft 1998 CCL. At the first meeting of the working group, EPA proposed a total of 391 contaminants (including 25 microorganisms)
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TABLE 1–1 Chemical Lists Considered for Development of Draft 1998 CCL List Summary and Notes 1991 Drinking Water Priority List (DWPL) Excluding disinfection by-products for which regulations were being developed under the Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule Health advisories (HAs)
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The draft 1998 CCL included 58 unregulated6 chemical and 13 microbiological contaminants and contaminant groups (chemical contaminants were further divided into preliminary data need categories such as those requiring additional health effects data but not occurrence data) and was made publicly available for comments in the Federal Register (EPA, 1997a)
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TABLE 1–2 1998 Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) Microbiological Contaminants Acanthamoeba (guidance)
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Chemical Contaminants CASRNa Metolachlor 51218–45–2 Metribuzin 21087–64–9 Molinate 2212–67–1 MTBE 1634–04–4 Naphthalene 91–20–3 Nitrobenzene 98–95–3 Organotins N/A Perchlorate N/A Prometon 1610–18–0 RDX (1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine) 121–82–4 Sodium 7440–23–5 Sulfate 14808–79–8 Terbacil 5902–51–2 Terbufos 13071–79–9 Triazines and degradation product of triazines (including, but not limited to Cyanizine [21725–46–2]
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FIGURE 1–1 Current time line and interaction of selected major regulatory requirements of the SDWA Amendments of 1996. SOURCE: Adapted from EPA, 1997c; NRC, 1999a.
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out of these categories since publication of the draft 1998 CCL as additional data have been obtained and evaluated. The current "regulatory determination priorities" category shown in Table 1–3 includes those contaminants considered to have sufficient data to evaluate both exposure and risk to public health and to support a regulatory decision (EPA, 2000b)
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of the development and current status of EPA's CCL Research Plan is provided below. A draft version of the research plan (EPA, 2000b)
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The CCL Research Plan was developed by EPA in close consultation with outside stakeholders, including the American Water Works Association (AWWA) , the AWWA Research Foundation (AWWARF)
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first report (NRC, 1999a) summarizes the development of the first CCL in detail.
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public, states, and the scientific community regarding the NCOD's design, structure, and use (AWWA, 1997; EPA, 1997c)
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• The NCOD does not contain occurrence data from every public water system or from every state. Only PWS occurrence data reported to the SDWIS are available using a public water system query in NCOD.
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new list of UCMR contaminants every five years; (2) a representative sample of small public water systems serving 10,000 persons or fewer to conduct the monitoring (in addition to all large systems)
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large PWSs serving more than 10,000 persons and at a representative national sample of 800 (out of 66,000) small systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons (EPA, 1999f,g)
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determination of practical quantitation levels, which are needed to support possible future regulations, as well as determining the occurrence of the analytes measured. Notably, the addition of the majority of List 2 contaminants will not require any PWS to monitor for more than 30 total unregulated contaminants during the first five-year UCMR monitoring cycle, as specified in the amended SDWA.
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• It would use mechanisms for identifying similarities among contaminants and contaminant classes to assess the potential risks of individual contaminants -- especially emerging contaminants. • It would result in CCLs containing only contaminants that when regulated would reduce disease, disability, and death, and excluding contaminants that have few or no adverse effects on human health (e.g., contaminants removed or detoxified through conventional drinking water treatment methods)
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is examined and narrowed to a preliminary CCL using simple screening criteria and expert judgment. All PCCL contaminants are next individually assessed using a "prototype" classification tool in conjunction with expert judgment to create the corresponding (and much smaller)
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