Forced Migration and Mortality (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 1-37
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1... ...
11 Understanding Mortality Patterns in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies Charles B Keely, Holly E
|
From page 2... ...
2 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES ties that "(t) he crude mortality rate (CMR)
|
From page 4... ...
4 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES or other natural causes. Complex emergencies, in addition to being caused by human beings, typically involve large-scale population displacements and the disruption of normal life to an extent that is beyond the means of typical coping mechanisms of a society.
|
From page 6... ...
6 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES 11.6 million refugees, almost twice as many as there were 36 years ago. Yet in recent years, since about 1991, the number of refugees has generally declined, despite a brief rise in the late 1990s (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2000)
|
From page 8... ...
8 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES Although the CMR and CDR are essentially the same concept, there are reasons for preferring to use one rather than the other. Demographers have traditionally favored longer reference periods for demographic rates as they are generally interested in average mortality over a period of time.
|
From page 10... ...
10 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES CMR in Baidoa, Somalia, in 1992 was almost 17 deaths per 10,000 per day and in both Sudan in 1992-1993 and Angola in 1995, it was over 7 per 10,000 per day. Crude mortality rates among Muslims in Bosnia during the war in 1993 were about four times the baseline level (Toole et al., 1993)
|
From page 12... ...
12 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES Waldman, 1990)
|
From page 14... ...
14 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES A collapse of or lack of health services can also contribute to increased mortality. The breakdown of health services, particularly preventive services such as immunization and prenatal care, is often due to a combination of infrastructure collapse, economic failure, and lack of resources for public services.
|
From page 16... ...
16 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES Figure 1-4 shows the relative risk of dying in the Rwandan refugee camp compared to the risk of dying for a stable population with a life expectancy of 45.5 years at birth (approximately the same as that for the population of Rwanda before the 1994 crisis)
|
From page 18... ...
18 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 <10 1-4 5-9 10 -14 15 -19 20 -24 25 -29 30 -34 35 -39 40 -44 45 -49 50 -54 55 -59 60 -64 65 -69 70 -74 75 -79 80 -84 85 -89 90 -95 Age Group (Years) R el at iv e R is k of M or ta lity FIGURE 1-6 Relative risk of mortality for male Cambodian refugees in Thailand, June 1987-May 1988 compared to risk of mortality for stable population based on Coale-Demeny life table "West" level 14, male.
|
From page 20... ...
20 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES How Can Excess Mortality Be Reduced in a Complex Emergency? The basic mechanisms to reduce excess mortality in complex emergencies are widely agreed upon in the emergency assistance community and are based on many years of experience.
|
From page 22... ...
22 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES NEW CONTEXTS FOR COMPLEX EMERGENCIES Having provided a brief overview of current knowledge on mortality in crisis situations, we now turn to the critical question of whether the nature and scope of complex emergencies are changing over time and how. There are many facets of today's complex emergencies that deserve attention: the shifting geopolitical map, a changing epidemiological context, new actors and new roles for older actors, increasing attention to the quality of relief, and a growing appreciation of information needs.
|
From page 24... ...
24 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES In this context, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Sadako Ogata, perhaps ought to be singled out for using her office to call attention to IDPs. While certainly not alone in identifying IDPs as requiring international attention, her efforts lent authority and legitimacy to this issue, requiring at least an acknowledgement by states of this issue and its importance.
|
From page 26... ...
26 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES rapidly has meant that the military was called on to deliver assistance, despite the typically high cost of the military. Furthermore, there is increasing interaction between military and civilian aid workers in situations where each has more or less different roles but some overlap and a need to coordinate.
|
From page 28... ...
28 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES two of the most important areas in need of further study (Waldman and Martone, 1999)
|
From page 30... ...
30 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES Composition of Denominators Even more demanding than estimating the total population is obtaining information on the composition of a given population. Of special interest in the study of mortality is age composition because of the vulnerability of children less than five years of age in developing countries.
|
From page 32... ...
32 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES often unknown and unreachable, it is very difficult to obtain a representative and unbiased sample in an emergency setting. Again, the major bias of current knowledge of demographic processes among refugee and internally displaced populations is the heavy reliance on information gathered from populations in camps.
|
From page 34... ...
34 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES mating mortality, such as the importance of chronic diseases, reproductive health, and psychosocial trauma. In the third case study, Court Robinson, Myung Lee, Ken Hill, and Gilbert Burnham use indirect estimation techniques to estimate mortality rates among an isolated population suffering from famine: North Korea.
|
From page 36... ...
36 MORTALITY PATTERNS IN COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES Hansch, S 1999 The Evolution of Mortality Patterns in Complex Emergencies.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.