Poultry Inspection The Basis for a Risk-Assessment Approach (1987) / Chapter Skim
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2. Poultry Inspection in the United States: History and Current Procedures
2. Poultry Inspection in the United States: History and Current Procedures
Pages 12-29
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From page 12... ...
This incident led to an increased awareness of the need for ensuring product wholesomeness. As a result, cities, counties, and states began establishing their own inspection programs (USDA, 19 84b ~ O In 1926, the Federal Poultry Inspection Service (FPIS ~ was established to assist localities in their inspection programs.
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From page 13... ...
This dual role served to guide the federal government's voluntary poultry inspection program and provided the basis for passage of the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA)
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From page 14... ...
The fact that USDA certification was manditory in order to market products in certain localities further stimulated industry interest in a broader federal inspection program. The substantial growth in the poultry industry during and immediately after the War had transformed i t from one with primarily local markets to one with nationwide markets that could be effectively served only by uniform national inspection procedures and standards (USDA, 1984b)
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From page 15... ...
POULTRY INSPECTION ACTIVITIES To meet its statutory requirements under PPIA, the USDA administers at least eight public health-related inspection activities: antemortem inspection postmortem inspection condemnation and final disposition sanitary slaughter and dressing poultry chilling plant sanitation carcass reinspection residue monitoring Brief descriptions of each public health-related activity specified by PPIA are provided in the following paragraphs: l
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From page 16... ...
Birds so classified are segregated from other poultry and held for separate slaughter, evisceration, and postmortem inspection (USDA, 1984b~o Most producers augment the USDA process with their own antemortem inspection programs, primarily to provide the plant with early data on probable flock condemnation rates. At present, antemortem inspection accounts for less than 1% of a USDA inspector's inspection activities (USDA, 1984b)
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From page 17... ...
The heads of mature chickens may be removed before postmortem inspection, provided the inspector in charge has determined at antemortem inspection that such removal will not affect postmortem disposition. Permission to remove the heads from a particular group or lot of mature chickens may be rescinded by the inspector in charge, or a designee, if the the heads are needed to make a proper disposition.
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From page 18... ...
Preventing fecal contamination of the carcass from spillage of gastrointestinal contents or smearing of external fecal matter on outer skin surfaces is the single most important aspect of sanitary slaughter and dressing. Ideally, slaughter and dressing should be designed to reduce or preferably eliminate contamination from this source.
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From page 19... ...
Plant Sanitation Inspection of the sanitation practices of poultry plants begins in the poultry holding areas and continues through the handling of live birds, their carcasses, and the products derived from them. The inspectors examine structural aspects of the premises, water supply, manure and sewage disposal, equipment, personnel, and other features of the plant environment (Blair, 1975~.
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From page 20... ...
that covers such items as plant cleanliness, rodent and insect control, ice facilities, and dry storage areas O A copy of the daily report is provided to the establishment. Carcass Re inspects on After dressing operations and routine postmortem inspection are completed, selected samples of chickens are reinspected according to a preestablished sampling plan.
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From page 21... ...
Monitoring. Monitoring is accomplished through random sampling of imported poultry products and tissues from apparently healthy poultry as they pass through routine inspection at slaughter (postmortem inspection)
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From page 22... ...
The increased use of brand names, which are now given to 65% of all poultry products sold at retail, along with the growing selectivity of consumers and potential legal liability have provided strong motivation for-quality control on the part of producers.
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From page 23... ...
For example, one change instituted in the mid-1970s is the development and testing of alternative postmortem inspection procedures that partially shift the burden for maintaining the quality of inspected poultry from FSIS to plant management working under PSIS supervision. ALTERNATIVE POSTMORTEM POULTRY INSPECTION PROCEDURES Postmortem inspection procedures, the most labor-intensive aspect of inspection, have been the principal targets of efforts to increase efficiency.
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From page 24... ...
Eliminating the need for direct FSIS participation in the trimming of each carcass reduces inspector time per carcass. With NELS, the maximum line speed depends on a plant ' s ability to provide inspectors with properly presented birds.
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From page 25... ...
FSIS claims that this final step meets the legal requirements for bird-by-bird inspection (Berndt, 1985~. Recently, FSIS embarked on a program to modify MTI, still the most widely used postmortem inspection system, by incorporating some features found to be effective in the other systems it has explored.
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From page 26... ...
to examine the scientific basis of USDA's meat and poultry inspection program. The committee appointed to perform that task concluded that the new postmortem inspection procedures for poultry instituted between 1979 and 1983 ''are not likely to diminish protection of the public health," but noted that it could make no overall assessment of risks and benefits because it could find no comprehensive statement of criteria, no systematic accumulation of data, and no complete technical analys is of the hazards or benef its to human health in the traditional inspection program or as a consequence of the adoption of new techniques (NRC, 1985, pp .
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From page 27... ...
Through such a program, PSIS could establish limits on the concentrations of chemical residues that can be tolerated in poultry products, set priorities for controlling residues, and design programs to ensure compliance with established limits. The report prepared by the committee pointed to two key elements that are missing from the present FSIS approach to inspection and risk management: comprehensive assessment of the kinds of public health hazards that face the U.S.
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From page 28... ...
1977. Assessment of the Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., Study and Recommendations on a Reorganization of the Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Community Nutrition Institute , Washington, D .
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From page 29... ...
1984b. A Review of the Slaughter Regulations under the Poultry Products Inspection Act.
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