Fisheries Technologies for Developing Countries (1988) / Chapter Skim
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4. Coastal Mariculture
4. Coastal Mariculture
Pages 115-141
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From page 115... ...
Marine plant and animal production is controlled by a number of basic chemical and physical constraints. Assuming that the organisms under consideration for coastal mariculture are indigenous, physical factors such as salinity and temperature should not be limiting at normal animal densities.
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From page 116... ...
has shown that mariculture of fine algal turfs, commonly found on highly productive coral reefs and similar hard bottom communities, is biologically feasible. The tropical open ocean is known to be nutrient poor, and its fisheries develop ment potential has long been considered rather limited.
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From page 117... ...
Sea Farming Many large marine algae, or seaweeds, are nutritious or pros vice special flavors and are routinely consumed by Asian peoples. Throughout the world, seaweed extracts are used in a variety
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From page 118... ...
Some marine algae have been evaluated as biomass energy sources through their conversion to alcohol or methane. Gelidium and Gracilaria, the traditional sources for agar, are harvested worldwide from natural populations.
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From page 119... ...
Modern farming involves growth of spores in indoor tanks with shells of molluscs as substrate and transfer of young plants to synthetic fiber nets for cultivation in intertidal zones (figure 4.4~. Crop maintenance includes fertilizing, pest control, and weeding.
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From page 120... ...
FINNISH Cage or pen culture is the most promising method for culturing marine fish in coastal environments. Freshwater fish were cultured in cages only several decades ago by the Japanese; perfection of this technique has increased yields of yellowtail (Seriola quineradiata)
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From page 121... ...
COASTAL MARICULTURE 121 \~/ ,/ ^iq \ k~ ..^ \ ~ ~ ~ ~K / ~ (~)
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From page 122... ...
Yellowtail The fast-swimming, pelagic yellowtail fSeriola quineradiata) is the marine fish most commonly cultured in Japan.
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From page 123... ...
in the University of Hawaii's Sea Grant Program has shown them to be extremely fast growers and suitable for cage culture. This species is circumtropical and would be ideal for culture in coral atoll lagoons.
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From page 124... ...
Hatchery operations have produced marketable sizes on a pilot scale, but commercial culture has not yet been successful. Recent development of the algal turf production technology by the Smithsonian Institution's Marine Systems Laboratory could provide a means for producing low-cost food, which would allow the culture of this species in nutrient-poor tropical waters.
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From page 125... ...
Specially formulated pelleted foods are provided until market size is reached. New work on manipulating the gene complement of salmon may yield faster growing or sterile fish for certain aquaculture applications.
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From page 126... ...
New off-bottom culture techniques produce far higher yields than do natural bottom areas. Environmental degradation of estuarine ecosystems, where oysters reproduce and grow, endangers oyster cultivation in many areas.
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From page 127... ...
An artificial collector has recently been introduced to replace the mangrove branches. The innovation, which simulates a mangrove branch, ~ made of aluminum wire and has 24 branches Before it is hung, the artificial collector is given a cement bath creating an improved surface for spat attachment.
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From page 128... ...
They are cultured in Western Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia. About 90 percent of the green mussels consumed in the Philippines are cultured.
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From page 129... ...
Culture trials of green mussels attached to ropes suspended from bamboo rafts, have been performed at Asau Bay in Western Samoa. Production has ranged from 7 to 15 kg of mussels per m of rope (figures 4.5 and 4.6~.
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From page 130... ...
~ ~,-~ :- 557 -. - ~~ ~ ~~ , ~~ ~ ~~ ..~ ~ , ,~ ~: FIGURE 4.5 Green mussels have been successfully grown at Asau Bay in Western Samoa.
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From page 131... ...
In most cases, these animals feed on small algae (see discussion above under algal turf mariculture) , and the basic requirements are those of providing an algal growth surface and sometimes a protective cage.
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From page 132... ...
:::::::::::::::::::::_— of :- 5 z.: ':::::::-:: :~ I: I: ~ :~ I: _ - .~z>~s :.`,.,.,,.~ ,~ , ,., , .i :;: FIGURE 4.6 Inspection of the growing mussel crop simply involves lifting the rope out of the water. At harvest time, the rope is untied from the raft and brought to shore.
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From page 133... ...
Cage culture for abalone also seems promising, and several organizations in Caribbean countries have been testing larger scale operations. The transition period from the hatchery to grow-out conditions seems to be especially critical, and more work is needed on nursery systems to reduce high juvenile mortality.
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From page 134... ...
During this period, the small crabs feed on algae growing on the screen of the box. Between 60 and 100 days after hatching, screens covered with algal turf are introduced into the cages to provide food to the juvenile crabs.
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From page 135... ...
An increased number of marine animals and plants will inevitably be farmed once husbandry techniques have been developed. Special attention needs to be given to the cage culture of marine fish, a technique that is still in its infancy.
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From page 136... ...
Control of a coastal area will be necessary for many mariculture systems. Therefore, cooperation with governmental regulating agencies and local fishing communities must be considered.
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From page 137... ...
1984. Highly productive eastern Caribbean reefs: synergistic effects of light, wave action and geology on coral reef primary production.
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From page 138... ...
Report SCS/78/WP/69 of the South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines Cho, C
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From page 139... ...
1980. Report SCS/880/WP/991 of the South China Sea Fisheries Developments and Coordinating Programme, Manila, Philippines.
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From page 140... ...
Cage Culture of Marine Fish Binangonan Research Station, Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines. Council for Agricultural Planning and Development, 37 Nanttai Road, Taipei, Taiwan 107 (J.
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From page 141... ...
COASTAL MARICULTURE 141 International Center for Aquaculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4201, USA (E.
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