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From page 221... ... research satellite, 105, 1 72, 1 74-1 75, 1 80, 1 82, 1 84, 189, 216 Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 185-186 Aerospace Corporation, 119 Air Line Pilots Association, 150 Air traffic control, 26 Airlines, commercial flights, 4, 25-26, 86, 91, 110, 113, 149-151, 192-193, 194-195 Alamo, 38 Alfven, Hannes, 67-68 Allen, Joe, 23, 27, 122-123, 134 American Civil War, 37 American Science and Engineering, 72 American Telephone and Telegraph, 110 Amos (Hebrew prophet) , 33-34 Ampere, Andre-Marie, 63 Anasazi culture, 164 Anaxagoras, 45 Anik E1 and E2 satellites, 23, 121123, 124, 155 221 Read the entire page →
From page 222... ... H., 57-58 Barnes, Paul, 103 Battle of Hastings, 38 BBC World Service, 113 Biermann, Ludwig, 68 Birkeland, Kristian, 64-65, 66, 67-68, 212, 213 Bogdan, Tom, 85 Bonner Ball neuron detector, 6 Boteler, David, 101, 105, 214 Brekke, Pal, 180, 188, 197 British Antarctic Survey, 17, 177-178 Brooks, John, 7, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 Butler, John, 169, 170 C Canadian Broadcast Company, 121 Canadian Geological Survey, 101 Canadian Space Agency, 177 Carrington, Richard, 51-54, 55, 61, 72, 79, 85, 95, 111, 155, 171, 180 Cassini, Giovanni, 161 Catholic Church, 45, 46 CBS News, 11, 25 Celsius, Anders, 43, 62, 63, 212 Central Florida Astronomical Society, 96-97 Chaos theory, 183 Chapman, Sydney, 66-67, 68, 71 Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, 97 Chinese Television Network, 25 Christofilos, Nicholas, 72-73 Chromosphere, 35 Chronometer, 212 Read the entire page →
From page 223... ... , 4, 5 and auroras, 44-45 cause and formation process, 80, 86-87, 142, 187 composition, 90, 127 coordinated studies of, 178-179, 196 defined, 13 discovery, 54, 138 Earth impacts, 13, 14-15, 16, 1718, 19, 21, 87-89, 91, 95, 131, 138, 179, 182-183, 185, 187, 193, 196 force of, 13, 87-89, 91, 185 geoeffectiveness, 88-89 halo, 95, 184 prediction, 188 rate of occurrence, 87, 94 size of cloud, 14, 86-87, 179 solar cycle and, 155, 157 and solar wind, 8, 14, 36, 75, 87 time-lapse photos, 71-72 Cosmic rays, x, 69, 111, 127, 142, 148, 149, 150, 163, 167, 168 CS-3B communications satellite, 98 Cyanogen, 38-39 D Danilov, Valentin, 215 Danish Meteorological Institute, 169 Danish Space Research Institute, 167 Darwin, Charles, 63 de Coulomb, Charles Augustin, 63 De Maculis in Sole Observatis, 46 DeForest, Craig, 80 Descartes, Rene, 43 Dessler, Alex, 66 Dielectric charging hypothesis, 22-24, 121-124 Dielectric materials, 123-124 DOSMAP dosimetric mapping experiment, 5 Dressier, Alex, 213 Dynamics Explorers, 176 E Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment, 165 Earthquakes celestial events and, 35-36, 179 monitoring network outage, 132 ~ 223 Read the entire page →
From page 224... ... alternating current, 101-102 economic impacts, 98-99, 100, 103-104 electromagnetic pulse and, 73 forecasting, 104-105, 175, 185 geology and, 102 GICs and, 98, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111, 175 Hydro-Quebec blackout, 99-101 hypothetical worst-case event, 103104 mitigation measures, 4, 104-105, 193 North American system vulnerability, 101-102, 109110, 214 nuclear power plants, 98-99, 175, 194 power-sharing structure and, 104 on satellites, 22-24 for telegraph operators, 59-60, 214 transformer failure cycle, 102, 138, 140 vulnerability to, 8, 159, 194 Electrical energy from solar storms, 16, 85, 91 Electromagnetic furnace, 212 Electromagnetic pulse, 73 Electromagnetic waves, x, 63, 79 Electromagnetism, 62-63, 80, 101, 181-182 Eponym Canon, 34 Equator-S satellite, 22 Escouber, Philippe, 89 Eskimos, 42 European Space Agency, 79, 89, 174, 177, 180, 195, 205 European Union, 150 Explorer satellites, 69, 70, 71, 141, 176, 214 Extravehicular activity (EVA) , 5, 145146, 148 Eyde, Sam, 212 Ezekiel (prophet) Read the entire page →
From page 225... ... , 71-72, 85, 108, 162, 205 High-energy particles. See also Radiation hazards detection, 69-70 dielectric charging hypothesis, 2224, 121-123 electron-beam theory, 66 killer electrons, 12, 23-24, 90, 123, 197 penetration of spacecraft, 86 solar proton events, 15, 86, 94, 96, 124-126, 127, 138, 140-149, 159, 184-186 sources, 15, 85, 86-90 in Van Allen radiation belts, 19, 89-90, 91 High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI) Read the entire page →
From page 226... ... system, 113 Loomis, Elias, 56, 58, 61, 63, 72, 111, 180, 212 Loral Space & Communications, 132 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2021, 90, 177 Louis I, 35 Lucent Technologies, 133 Ludwig, George, 69 Lunar base, 148, 192 Lunik spacecraft, 71 Lyot, Bernard-Ferdinand, 35-36 M MacQueen, Bob, 71-72 Magnetic field lines, 14, 19, 43-44, 65, 81, 87, 89 Magnetic fields Earth's, see Geomagnetism; Magnetosphere interaction, 87, 89, 146 interplanetary, 83, 167-168 in solar wind, 68-69, 82, 83 Sun's, 3, 82, 84, 87, 89, 153, 154155, 156, 168 Magnetic observatories, 51, 52, 63 Magnetic reconnection, 87, 89, 183, 187 Magnetic storms, xi. See also Communications disruptions; Satellites 1847, 57-58 1859, 54-57, 58-60, 111, 212 1909, 44 1958, 7, 107-112 1989, 44, 95-96, 97-101, 102, 105, 113, 122, 127, 145, 149, 213 1991, 127 1997, 131-133 1998, 12-16, 18-19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 118-119 2000, 81, 118-119, 147, 157, 175, 184-186 2001, 1, 2-5 alerts, 97, 120 cause and formation process, 89 CMEs and, 88-89 equatorial, 66, 67 first direct observation, 62 hypothetical worst-case, 103-104 solar cycle and, 138, 154, 155 solar flares and, 85 solar wind and, 83, 174-175 sunspots and, 48, 55-56, 59-60, 64, 83-84, 85 Read the entire page →
From page 227... ... . See also specific missions and spacecraft ESA joint missions, 79 flight rules, 147-148 launch/mission delays, 4, 140 monitoring projects, 189 radiation risk study, 146-147 Solar Cycle 23 Project, 156-157 Space Radiation Analysis Group, 5, 143, 148, 173 spacecraft design, 195 web sites, 205 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 168 National Geophysical Data Center, 122 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 24, 94, 98, 119, 120, 122, 124, 127, 137, 147, 148, 156-157, 159, 168, 172, 173, 177, 181, 195, 205 National Public Radio (NPR) Read the entire page →
From page 228... ... , 57 Picard, lean, 161 Plague of 1665, 37 Planetary Society, 195, 206 Plasma auroral flows, 177 composition, 49, 67 coronal flows, 82, 86 energy transport, 78, 80 formation, 76 ionospheric, 112-113 particle detectors, 71 pervasiveness, 212 physics, 67-68 properties, 35, 89, 112-113 surface charging of spacecraft, 126-127 in Van Allen radiation belts, 19, 89, 188 Photospheric granules, 3 Plutarch, 37 Poey, Andreas, 57 Poincare, Henri, 64 Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites, 21, 22, 177, 184, 186, 216 Pompeii, 37 Pope Callixtus III, 38 Prescott, George B., 58-59 Printy, Tom, 96-97 Prophecies and predictions of celestial events, 31-32, 33-34, 38 Ptolemy, Claudius, 37 Public Service Electric and Gas Co., 98-99 R Radar, 114-115 Radiation hazards to airline passengers and crew, 4, 86, 149-151, 194-195, 206 to astronauts, 5-6, 7, 8,20, 86, 137, 139, 140-149, 185, 192, 197 in auroral zones, 111, 146, 150 cancer risk, 143, 144-145, 146147, 149, 150, 151 from cosmic rays, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150 detection/detectors, 69-70 dose measures, 215 exposure limits, 141, 143, 146147, 150-151 genetic mutation, 143, 149 high-energy particles (ionizing) , 12, 15, 23-24, 86, 142-143 in ionosphere, 142 lethal dose, 143, 145 long-term, low-level doses, 148149 Read the entire page →
From page 229... ... . and missions applications, 117 atmospheric drag, 96, 97, 98, 128, 186 backup systems, 27, 121, 135-136, 184 CMEs and, 88, 96 and commerce, 118 communication problems of, 91, 98, 114, 121, 127, 128, 159, 184 communications-related, 8, 11-12, 20, 22, 23-25, 26-27, 98, 117118, 121-123, 131-133, 157, 179 data recorders, 69, 120 deep dielectric charging, 22-24, 121-124 design and construction shortcomings, 127, 129, 130131, 194 dielectric materials, 123-124 economic investment, 117 electrostatic discharge, 126-127 environment-related losses, 119120, 128-133 failure rates, 27-28, 118, 133, 175 forecasting and, 175 in geostationary orbit, 14, 94, 98, 115, 123, 128-129 geosynchronous orbit, 16, 20, 96, 185 GPS, 8, 98, 114, 125, 127, 128129, 191, 193 hardened/shielded, 20, 22, 23, 28, 119, 126, 129, 130-131, 134135, 194, 211 HS 601 model, 26 insurance claims, 118-119, 132 ionospheric scintillation and, 114 ~ 229 Read the entire page →
From page 230... ... , 166 and particle emissions, 153 and polar shift, 154-155 research satellite, 94, 97 and solar flares, 155, 157, 213, 216 and solar irradiance, 164-166, 168-169 and solar wind, 155, 162, 167 and space weather predictions, 156-157, 159 and spacecraft/astronaut risk, 28, 124, 145-146 Sporer minimum, 164 and stratospheric oscillation, 168169 and sunspot patterns, 48, 51, 55, 79-80, 153, 154-156, 157-158, 162, 216 and terrestrial weather, 168-170 transformer failure cycle and, 102 ultraviolet radiation, 165-166 Solar dynamo, 79-80 Solar eclipses, 32-36 Solar flares and auroras 44-45, 55, 85 Read the entire page →
From page 231... ... , 181 South Atlantic Anomaly, 20, 125-126, 142 Southwest Research Institute, 80 Space Environment Center (SEC) , 94, 119, 120, 122, 124, 137, 148, 159, 168, 172, 173, 177, 183, 184, 188, 189, 195, 196, 205 Space lightning, 126-127 Space physics, 63, 129-130 Space shuttle Atlantic, 145 Endeavor, 5, 6 mission STS-100, 5 radiation hazards, 20, 148 Space telescopes, 81, 13, 15-16, 79 Space tourism, 192, 195 Space weather. Read the entire page →
From page 232... ... See also Satellites; individual spacecraft Special world interval advisory, 108 Spectroheliograph, 63-64 Speich, Dave, 119, 122-123 Sporer, Gustav, 160, 162 Springsteen, Bruce, 171 Sputnik satellites, 69, 70-71, 176 SRI International, 28 Stanford University, 79 Starfish High Altitude Nuclear Test program, 73 Stewart, Balfour, 51, 55-56, 59-60, 63, 72 Stoermer, Carl, 65-66 Stonehenge, 33 Sullivan, Walter, 109, 111-112 Sun atmosphere, 8, 35-36, 46, 71, 76, 187 changes in, 7-8, 167, 187; see also Solar cycle chromosphere, 80, 85 composition, 77, 78 convection zone, 78-79, 80 core, 79 corona, 35-36, 68, 71-72, 80-82, 86, 120, 155, 156, 162, 196 distance to Earth, ix, 77 energy transport in, 78-79, 167 far-side imaging and modeling, 187 fusion process, 77 magnetic fields, 3, 82, 84, 87, 89, 153, 154-155, 156, 168 nonthermal emissions, x, 4, 77, 153 photosphere, 35, 78, 80, 82 radiation zone, 78, 79, 80 radiative output, ix, x, 165-167 radio noise from, 108 rotation rates, 51, 64, 79, 155-156 safe viewing, 2, 52 seasons, see Solar cycle seismic waves, 85-86, 108 size and age, 76-77, 213 temperatures, ix, 78, 82, 84, 196 toroidal fields, 79-80, 81-82, 156 Sunspots active region 5395, 93-94, 95 active region 5935, 95, 97 active region 8210, 14-16 active region 9077, 184 active region 9393, 2-3, 4 active region 9415, 3, 4-5 active region 9433, 3-4 active region ABOO, 108 and auroras, 161, 162 cause, 49, 80, 84, 85 and climate change, 85 and CMEs, 142 cycle, 48, 51, 55, 154-156, 169, 216 discovery and early studies, 45-48, 79, 84 emissions, 85 location, 51 and magnetic storms, 48, 55-56, 59-60, 64, 83-84, 85 prolonged minimum, 160-161, 162-163, 164, 167 properties, 83-84 and solar flares, 85, 94, 142 structures, 3, 45 Read the entire page →
From page 233... ... Naval Research Laboratory, 71, 87, 178-179 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 175 Usachev, Yury, 4 V Van Allen, James, 19, 20, 69-70, 71, 214 Van Allen radiation belts composition, 19 discovery, 19, 69-70 dose modeling, 135, 196 intensity changes, 20-21, 89-90 new belts, 21, 73 nuclear weapons tests and, 72-73 particle accumulation and acceleration in, 19, 89-90, 91, 124-126, 131, 138, 179, 196, radiation hazards from, 20-21, 6970, 73, 89, 127, 135, 142, 146 solar wind and, 21, 188 and spacecraft, 20, 22-23, 91, 127 structure, 19-20, 70, 90 weather maps of, 21-22 Van Dyke, James, 103 van Loon, Harry, 168, 170 Venus, 45, 71 Verne, Jules, 193 Vernov, Sergei, 70-71 Vesuvius eruption, 37 Vikings, 42 ~ 233 Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... INDEX Voice of America, 113 X Volcanoes, and auroras, 43 von Humboldt, Alexander, 48, 51, 62, X-ray telescope, 72, 181 63 X rays Voss, lames, 4 Voyager 2 spacecraft, 192 Vulcan, 45, 47, 48 W Watson-Watt, Robert, 114 Weapon systems control, 114 Weber, Wilhelm, 63 Weyland, Mark, 146 William the Conqueror, 38 Wind spacecraft, 16, 177, 182, 216 Winkler, John, 111 Withbroe, George, 187 Wood, O.S., 58 World Data Center on Solar Activity, 108 ~ World War II, 114-115 235) World Warning Agency, 109 auroras and, 111 and communications equipment, 91 dose to humans, 5-6, 144 intensity of solar flares, 3, 54, 85, 86, 138 speed, 184 sunspot emissions, 85 y Yale University, 56 Yohkoh satellite, 174, 184, 204 z Zurich Observatory, 46-47 Read the entire page →

From page 221...

... research satellite, 105, 1 72, 1 74-1 75, 1 80, 1 82, 1 84, 189, 216 Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 185-186 Aerospace Corporation, 119 Air Line Pilots Association, 150 Air traffic control, 26 Airlines, commercial flights, 4, 25-26, 86, 91, 110, 113, 149-151, 192-193, 194-195 Alamo, 38 Alfven, Hannes, 67-68 Allen, Joe, 23, 27, 122-123, 134 American Civil War, 37 American Science and Engineering, 72 American Telephone and Telegraph, 110 Amos (Hebrew prophet) , 33-34 Ampere, Andre-Marie, 63 Anasazi culture, 164 Anaxagoras, 45 Anik E1 and E2 satellites, 23, 121123, 124, 155 221

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From page 222...

... H., 57-58 Barnes, Paul, 103 Battle of Hastings, 38 BBC World Service, 113 Biermann, Ludwig, 68 Birkeland, Kristian, 64-65, 66, 67-68, 212, 213 Bogdan, Tom, 85 Bonner Ball neuron detector, 6 Boteler, David, 101, 105, 214 Brekke, Pal, 180, 188, 197 British Antarctic Survey, 17, 177-178 Brooks, John, 7, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 Butler, John, 169, 170 C Canadian Broadcast Company, 121 Canadian Geological Survey, 101 Canadian Space Agency, 177 Carrington, Richard, 51-54, 55, 61, 72, 79, 85, 95, 111, 155, 171, 180 Cassini, Giovanni, 161 Catholic Church, 45, 46 CBS News, 11, 25 Celsius, Anders, 43, 62, 63, 212 Central Florida Astronomical Society, 96-97 Chaos theory, 183 Chapman, Sydney, 66-67, 68, 71 Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, 97 Chinese Television Network, 25 Christofilos, Nicholas, 72-73 Chromosphere, 35 Chronometer, 212

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From page 223...

... , 4, 5 and auroras, 44-45 cause and formation process, 80, 86-87, 142, 187 composition, 90, 127 coordinated studies of, 178-179, 196 defined, 13 discovery, 54, 138 Earth impacts, 13, 14-15, 16, 1718, 19, 21, 87-89, 91, 95, 131, 138, 179, 182-183, 185, 187, 193, 196 force of, 13, 87-89, 91, 185 geoeffectiveness, 88-89 halo, 95, 184 prediction, 188 rate of occurrence, 87, 94 size of cloud, 14, 86-87, 179 solar cycle and, 155, 157 and solar wind, 8, 14, 36, 75, 87 time-lapse photos, 71-72 Cosmic rays, x, 69, 111, 127, 142, 148, 149, 150, 163, 167, 168 CS-3B communications satellite, 98 Cyanogen, 38-39 D Danilov, Valentin, 215 Danish Meteorological Institute, 169 Danish Space Research Institute, 167 Darwin, Charles, 63 de Coulomb, Charles Augustin, 63 De Maculis in Sole Observatis, 46 DeForest, Craig, 80 Descartes, Rene, 43 Dessler, Alex, 66 Dielectric charging hypothesis, 22-24, 121-124 Dielectric materials, 123-124 DOSMAP dosimetric mapping experiment, 5 Dressier, Alex, 213 Dynamics Explorers, 176 E Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment, 165 Earthquakes celestial events and, 35-36, 179 monitoring network outage, 132 ~ 223

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From page 224...

... alternating current, 101-102 economic impacts, 98-99, 100, 103-104 electromagnetic pulse and, 73 forecasting, 104-105, 175, 185 geology and, 102 GICs and, 98, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111, 175 Hydro-Quebec blackout, 99-101 hypothetical worst-case event, 103104 mitigation measures, 4, 104-105, 193 North American system vulnerability, 101-102, 109110, 214 nuclear power plants, 98-99, 175, 194 power-sharing structure and, 104 on satellites, 22-24 for telegraph operators, 59-60, 214 transformer failure cycle, 102, 138, 140 vulnerability to, 8, 159, 194 Electrical energy from solar storms, 16, 85, 91 Electromagnetic furnace, 212 Electromagnetic pulse, 73 Electromagnetic waves, x, 63, 79 Electromagnetism, 62-63, 80, 101, 181-182 Eponym Canon, 34 Equator-S satellite, 22 Escouber, Philippe, 89 Eskimos, 42 European Space Agency, 79, 89, 174, 177, 180, 195, 205 European Union, 150 Explorer satellites, 69, 70, 71, 141, 176, 214 Extravehicular activity (EVA) , 5, 145146, 148 Eyde, Sam, 212 Ezekiel (prophet)

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From page 225...

... , 71-72, 85, 108, 162, 205 High-energy particles. See also Radiation hazards detection, 69-70 dielectric charging hypothesis, 2224, 121-123 electron-beam theory, 66 killer electrons, 12, 23-24, 90, 123, 197 penetration of spacecraft, 86 solar proton events, 15, 86, 94, 96, 124-126, 127, 138, 140-149, 159, 184-186 sources, 15, 85, 86-90 in Van Allen radiation belts, 19, 89-90, 91 High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI)

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From page 226...

... system, 113 Loomis, Elias, 56, 58, 61, 63, 72, 111, 180, 212 Loral Space & Communications, 132 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2021, 90, 177 Louis I, 35 Lucent Technologies, 133 Ludwig, George, 69 Lunar base, 148, 192 Lunik spacecraft, 71 Lyot, Bernard-Ferdinand, 35-36 M MacQueen, Bob, 71-72 Magnetic field lines, 14, 19, 43-44, 65, 81, 87, 89 Magnetic fields Earth's, see Geomagnetism; Magnetosphere interaction, 87, 89, 146 interplanetary, 83, 167-168 in solar wind, 68-69, 82, 83 Sun's, 3, 82, 84, 87, 89, 153, 154155, 156, 168 Magnetic observatories, 51, 52, 63 Magnetic reconnection, 87, 89, 183, 187 Magnetic storms, xi. See also Communications disruptions; Satellites 1847, 57-58 1859, 54-57, 58-60, 111, 212 1909, 44 1958, 7, 107-112 1989, 44, 95-96, 97-101, 102, 105, 113, 122, 127, 145, 149, 213 1991, 127 1997, 131-133 1998, 12-16, 18-19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 118-119 2000, 81, 118-119, 147, 157, 175, 184-186 2001, 1, 2-5 alerts, 97, 120 cause and formation process, 89 CMEs and, 88-89 equatorial, 66, 67 first direct observation, 62 hypothetical worst-case, 103-104 solar cycle and, 138, 154, 155 solar flares and, 85 solar wind and, 83, 174-175 sunspots and, 48, 55-56, 59-60, 64, 83-84, 85

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From page 227...

... . See also specific missions and spacecraft ESA joint missions, 79 flight rules, 147-148 launch/mission delays, 4, 140 monitoring projects, 189 radiation risk study, 146-147 Solar Cycle 23 Project, 156-157 Space Radiation Analysis Group, 5, 143, 148, 173 spacecraft design, 195 web sites, 205 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 168 National Geophysical Data Center, 122 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 24, 94, 98, 119, 120, 122, 124, 127, 137, 147, 148, 156-157, 159, 168, 172, 173, 177, 181, 195, 205 National Public Radio (NPR)

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From page 228...

... , 57 Picard, lean, 161 Plague of 1665, 37 Planetary Society, 195, 206 Plasma auroral flows, 177 composition, 49, 67 coronal flows, 82, 86 energy transport, 78, 80 formation, 76 ionospheric, 112-113 particle detectors, 71 pervasiveness, 212 physics, 67-68 properties, 35, 89, 112-113 surface charging of spacecraft, 126-127 in Van Allen radiation belts, 19, 89, 188 Photospheric granules, 3 Plutarch, 37 Poey, Andreas, 57 Poincare, Henri, 64 Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites, 21, 22, 177, 184, 186, 216 Pompeii, 37 Pope Callixtus III, 38 Prescott, George B., 58-59 Printy, Tom, 96-97 Prophecies and predictions of celestial events, 31-32, 33-34, 38 Ptolemy, Claudius, 37 Public Service Electric and Gas Co., 98-99 R Radar, 114-115 Radiation hazards to airline passengers and crew, 4, 86, 149-151, 194-195, 206 to astronauts, 5-6, 7, 8,20, 86, 137, 139, 140-149, 185, 192, 197 in auroral zones, 111, 146, 150 cancer risk, 143, 144-145, 146147, 149, 150, 151 from cosmic rays, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150 detection/detectors, 69-70 dose measures, 215 exposure limits, 141, 143, 146147, 150-151 genetic mutation, 143, 149 high-energy particles (ionizing) , 12, 15, 23-24, 86, 142-143 in ionosphere, 142 lethal dose, 143, 145 long-term, low-level doses, 148149

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From page 229...

... . and missions applications, 117 atmospheric drag, 96, 97, 98, 128, 186 backup systems, 27, 121, 135-136, 184 CMEs and, 88, 96 and commerce, 118 communication problems of, 91, 98, 114, 121, 127, 128, 159, 184 communications-related, 8, 11-12, 20, 22, 23-25, 26-27, 98, 117118, 121-123, 131-133, 157, 179 data recorders, 69, 120 deep dielectric charging, 22-24, 121-124 design and construction shortcomings, 127, 129, 130131, 194 dielectric materials, 123-124 economic investment, 117 electrostatic discharge, 126-127 environment-related losses, 119120, 128-133 failure rates, 27-28, 118, 133, 175 forecasting and, 175 in geostationary orbit, 14, 94, 98, 115, 123, 128-129 geosynchronous orbit, 16, 20, 96, 185 GPS, 8, 98, 114, 125, 127, 128129, 191, 193 hardened/shielded, 20, 22, 23, 28, 119, 126, 129, 130-131, 134135, 194, 211 HS 601 model, 26 insurance claims, 118-119, 132 ionospheric scintillation and, 114 ~ 229

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From page 230...

... , 166 and particle emissions, 153 and polar shift, 154-155 research satellite, 94, 97 and solar flares, 155, 157, 213, 216 and solar irradiance, 164-166, 168-169 and solar wind, 155, 162, 167 and space weather predictions, 156-157, 159 and spacecraft/astronaut risk, 28, 124, 145-146 Sporer minimum, 164 and stratospheric oscillation, 168169 and sunspot patterns, 48, 51, 55, 79-80, 153, 154-156, 157-158, 162, 216 and terrestrial weather, 168-170 transformer failure cycle and, 102 ultraviolet radiation, 165-166 Solar dynamo, 79-80 Solar eclipses, 32-36 Solar flares and auroras 44-45, 55, 85

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From page 231...

... , 181 South Atlantic Anomaly, 20, 125-126, 142 Southwest Research Institute, 80 Space Environment Center (SEC) , 94, 119, 120, 122, 124, 137, 148, 159, 168, 172, 173, 177, 183, 184, 188, 189, 195, 196, 205 Space lightning, 126-127 Space physics, 63, 129-130 Space shuttle Atlantic, 145 Endeavor, 5, 6 mission STS-100, 5 radiation hazards, 20, 148 Space telescopes, 81, 13, 15-16, 79 Space tourism, 192, 195 Space weather.

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From page 232...

... See also Satellites; individual spacecraft Special world interval advisory, 108 Spectroheliograph, 63-64 Speich, Dave, 119, 122-123 Sporer, Gustav, 160, 162 Springsteen, Bruce, 171 Sputnik satellites, 69, 70-71, 176 SRI International, 28 Stanford University, 79 Starfish High Altitude Nuclear Test program, 73 Stewart, Balfour, 51, 55-56, 59-60, 63, 72 Stoermer, Carl, 65-66 Stonehenge, 33 Sullivan, Walter, 109, 111-112 Sun atmosphere, 8, 35-36, 46, 71, 76, 187 changes in, 7-8, 167, 187; see also Solar cycle chromosphere, 80, 85 composition, 77, 78 convection zone, 78-79, 80 core, 79 corona, 35-36, 68, 71-72, 80-82, 86, 120, 155, 156, 162, 196 distance to Earth, ix, 77 energy transport in, 78-79, 167 far-side imaging and modeling, 187 fusion process, 77 magnetic fields, 3, 82, 84, 87, 89, 153, 154-155, 156, 168 nonthermal emissions, x, 4, 77, 153 photosphere, 35, 78, 80, 82 radiation zone, 78, 79, 80 radiative output, ix, x, 165-167 radio noise from, 108 rotation rates, 51, 64, 79, 155-156 safe viewing, 2, 52 seasons, see Solar cycle seismic waves, 85-86, 108 size and age, 76-77, 213 temperatures, ix, 78, 82, 84, 196 toroidal fields, 79-80, 81-82, 156 Sunspots active region 5395, 93-94, 95 active region 5935, 95, 97 active region 8210, 14-16 active region 9077, 184 active region 9393, 2-3, 4 active region 9415, 3, 4-5 active region 9433, 3-4 active region ABOO, 108 and auroras, 161, 162 cause, 49, 80, 84, 85 and climate change, 85 and CMEs, 142 cycle, 48, 51, 55, 154-156, 169, 216 discovery and early studies, 45-48, 79, 84 emissions, 85 location, 51 and magnetic storms, 48, 55-56, 59-60, 64, 83-84, 85 prolonged minimum, 160-161, 162-163, 164, 167 properties, 83-84 and solar flares, 85, 94, 142 structures, 3, 45

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From page 233...

... Naval Research Laboratory, 71, 87, 178-179 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 175 Usachev, Yury, 4 V Van Allen, James, 19, 20, 69-70, 71, 214 Van Allen radiation belts composition, 19 discovery, 19, 69-70 dose modeling, 135, 196 intensity changes, 20-21, 89-90 new belts, 21, 73 nuclear weapons tests and, 72-73 particle accumulation and acceleration in, 19, 89-90, 91, 124-126, 131, 138, 179, 196, radiation hazards from, 20-21, 6970, 73, 89, 127, 135, 142, 146 solar wind and, 21, 188 and spacecraft, 20, 22-23, 91, 127 structure, 19-20, 70, 90 weather maps of, 21-22 Van Dyke, James, 103 van Loon, Harry, 168, 170 Venus, 45, 71 Verne, Jules, 193 Vernov, Sergei, 70-71 Vesuvius eruption, 37 Vikings, 42 ~ 233

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From page 234...

... INDEX Voice of America, 113 X Volcanoes, and auroras, 43 von Humboldt, Alexander, 48, 51, 62, X-ray telescope, 72, 181 63 X rays Voss, lames, 4 Voyager 2 spacecraft, 192 Vulcan, 45, 47, 48 W Watson-Watt, Robert, 114 Weapon systems control, 114 Weber, Wilhelm, 63 Weyland, Mark, 146 William the Conqueror, 38 Wind spacecraft, 16, 177, 182, 216 Winkler, John, 111 Withbroe, George, 187 Wood, O.S., 58 World Data Center on Solar Activity, 108 ~ World War II, 114-115 235) World Warning Agency, 109 auroras and, 111 and communications equipment, 91 dose to humans, 5-6, 144 intensity of solar flares, 3, 54, 85, 86, 138 speed, 184 sunspot emissions, 85 y Yale University, 56 Yohkoh satellite, 174, 184, 204 z Zurich Observatory, 46-47

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Index Pages 221-234

Index
Pages 221-234