Storms from the Sun The Emerging Science of Space Weather (2002) / Chapter Skim
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4. Connecting Sun to Earth
4. Connecting Sun to Earth
Pages 61-74
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From page 61... ...
Successive experiments with the invisible force that attracts ant! repels objects ant!
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From page 62... ...
Graham, who was a fellow of Lonclon's Royal Society, publishecl his mysterious observations in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, but he had no satisfactory explanation. Seventeen years later Graham (in EnglancI)
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From page 63... ...
that changing magnetic fielcis produce electric currents ant! electric currents produce magnetic fields.
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From page 64... ...
Many magnetic storms occurrec! in tanclem with reports of solar flares or of large sunspot regions near the Sun's equator.
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He surmiser! that the Sun must have been shooting beams of corpuscles (what we now call electrons)
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From page 66... ...
4 Birkelancl continual to pursue his icleas, but over time the quality of his work cleclinecI. Alex Dessler, a pioneering space physicist and Birkelancl enthusiast, has suggested that Birkelancl suffered from mercury poisoning, a common hazard for laboratory scientists of the time.
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From page 67... ...
that magnetic storms ant! auroras were causer!
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From page 68... ...
Looking at the tails of comets, German scientists Cuno Hoffmeister and Ludwig Biermann proposed in the 1940s and 1950s that the Sun was con stantly emitting something extra, something more than just light and occasional plasma blobs. They noted that comets had two tails one of dust, one of ions and only the dust tail could be explained by the pressure of sunlight pushing against the comet.
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From page 69... ...
As the satellite rose up to the apogee of its orbit, the particle counts rose steaclily until they reacher! the highest level, stayocl at the maximum for a while, and then abruptly dropped to zero.
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From page 70... ...
the first substantial package of scientific instruments on a Soviet flight, inclucling another of Vernov's Geiger counters. To overcome the problem of raclio contact from Russia, engineers built a tape recorcler to collect ant!
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From page 71... ...
the first signs of Chapman ant! Ferraro's plasma clouds from the Sun with the NASA Orbiting Solar Observatory 7.
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From page 72... ...
Suspicious of the possible source of the radiation in the Van Allen belts nuclear weapons exploded by their enemies and fearful of the effects of exploding weapons in space, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted several nuclear "tests" in the magnetosphere. Military leaders and scientists were partly motivated by physicist Nicholas Christofilos's prediction that nuclear explosions in near-Earth space could produce artificial radiation belts with significant military effects.
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From page 73... ...
by the test lee! to power surges in electrical cables in Hawaii, blowing fuses, streetlights, ant!
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