Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters BEIR IV (1988) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Index
Index
Pages 587-602
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 587... ...
Index A Alkaline earths autoradiographic studies, 183 metabolic model, 183-185,195 retention time in animals, 182 Alpha particles Bragg curve for, 404 charged-particle equilibrium, 402-404 cytotoxicity, 427 damage cause by, 398 distributions of specific energy, 409-414 dose averaging, 407-408 dose characterization, 401-402 dosimetry, 246,247,249-254, 401-408 energy loss in tissues, 220 exposure characterization, 401-402 hit size effectiveness factor, 419 linear energy transfer, 398-399, 417-418 mammalian cell survival studies relative to, 421-423 microdosimetry, 408-414 nonequilibrium dose, 403-40s particulate source distributions, 412-414 properties, 397-401 randomness, 408 range, 337,399-400,404 relative biological effectiveness, 17-18,326,376-377,406-407, 421-427 scattering by, 397 single-event densities, 41~411 specific energy, 408-409, 414,419 stopping power, 398-400,404 straggling by, 397,400-401, 403-404 in viva transformation of cells by, 423-427 Alpha-emitting radionuclides fetal effects, 17-18,381,384-391 genetic effects, 17, 79,367-375 human uptake routes, 2,4 ingestion hazards, 309 lifetime carcinogenic risks, 2, 11, 17 metabolism in humans, 4-5 methodologies for estimating risk from, sec Risk estimation methodologies most significant to humans, 4 neonatal effects in utero, 381-391 from nuclear fuel cycle, 1 risk estimates on cancer induction by, sec Lung-cancer risk from radon progeny, estimates/proj actions sources,1,2, 5 teratogenic effects, 381-383 variation in data on, 3 sec To ~pecipc mdionuclidc~ · · ~ Americium 587
|
From page 588... ...
588 accidental exposures, 314 animal studies, 308, 313-315, 319, 321-323, 325, 391 biomolecular complex formation, 161 chromosonal aberrations from, 376 dosimetry, 314, 391 fetoplacental dosimetry, 391 gastrointestinal uptake, 308 half-life, 303 hematological effects, 325 liver-cancer induction, 256, 322-323 lymph node accumulation, 313 lung-tumor induction, 319, 321 nitrate, 306, 308 prenatal effects, 391 sources and uses, 15, 303-304 uptake and deposition, 312, 314-315 waste disposal concerns, 303, 304 Animal studies alkaline earth retention, 182 americum, 308, 313-315, 319, 321-323, 325, 391 COGEMA, 431-435 i: INDEX extrapolation to humans, 3, 16, 17, 22, 172, 183, 237, 285, 289-290, 331, 348-366, 371, 441, 492 inhalation, 281, 290, 32~321, 43~439 Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, 349 .nterspecies differences in sensitivity to alpha-emitters, 14-15 life-span studies, 315, 318-319, 323 lung-cancer, 16, 29, 77, 289, 440~441 Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 317, 350, 436~439 plutonium, 16, 307-309, 311, 313-314, 316-326, 329, 348-351, 375, 389-390 Po-210, 10 polonium, 10, 163, 167 percutaneous absorption, 306 precision of risk estimates derived from, 4 radium in dogs, 12, 15, 186, 188, 190, 214, 222-223, 257-258, 349 radon, 3, 5, 29-30, 430-442 species differences in sensitivity, 284-286, 320-321 Thorotrast/thorium, 253, 255-258, 267 time-related effects in, 331 transuranic elements, 21-22, 237, 315-327 University of Rochester, 430-431 University of Utah, 349 uranium, 14-15, 278, 280-281, 283-290, 297-298 USSR, 166, 167, 287 Arteriosclerosis polonium induction of, 166, 167 Atherosclerosis from polonium, 171 B BEIR III report bone cancer risk estimates for radium, 188-189, 199 genetic effects estimates, 371-375 lung-cancer risk estimates for radon progeny, 8, 76-77, 569-570 Bismuth-214 half-life, 137 physical properties, 138 Bone cancer age factor in, 185, 187, 193-194, 206-210 cells at rick, 12, 185-188, 191 in children, 185 dose-response data, 11-12, 15, 194-205, 206-213, 214, 222, 257-258 dosimetry of radium relative to, 188-193 frequency from radium, 185-188 histologic types, distribution, 187, 210-211 hot-spot formation and, 189-192 hypothesis for initiation, 190-192, 214-215 latency period, 193-194, 213-215, 233-234, 352-353, 363-364, 366 linear nonthreshold hypothesis, 19~197 location of tumors, 186 model, 236 mortality rate, 230-231, 234, 363 plutonium induction, 16-17, 317-318, 324-325, 333-334, 348-363 polonium induction of, 165 in radium-dial painters, 184, 185, 188, 190, 193, 214, 232 radium induction of, 11-12, 19-20, 185-215, 232, 236-237, 287-288 research recommendations on, 19-20, 237-238
|
From page 589... ...
INDEX risk estimates, 11-17, 186, 188-189, 203, 208-209, 212-214, 236-237, 270-272, 288, 298, 366 rick estimation approach, 333-334, 348-366 spontaneously occurring, 185-188, 202, 211, 288, 324 Thorotrant induction, 13-14, 257-258, 260, 262, 263, 270-272 threshold dose, 213-215, 196, 200, 206 from transuranic elements, 16-17, 333-334 tumor rate, 193-194, 207, 237 uranium induction, 11, 15, 287-289, 298 Bronchial epithelium annual dose equivalent of alpha-emitting radionuclides, 5 polonium dose to, 17~171 radon progeny dose to, 25, 146-148, 154 thoron progeny dose to, 25, 261 C Calcium clearance rates for humans, 164 similarity to radium, 179, 183 Cancer induction bladder, 231-232 breast, 89, 231-232, 326 epithelial, 39, 89, 245 head carcinomas, 287 leukemias, 13-14, 194, 225-230, 232, 246, 288-289, 325-326 liver, 13-14, 16, 21, 246, 251, 254-269, 271-272, 322-323, 335 lymphomas, 165, 166 models of, 85, 86~87 myelo-proliferative disorders, 13 process, representations of, 194-195 risk estimates, 2, 12, 13-14 soft tissue tumors, 165-166 spleen, 255-257 temporal patterns for, 89, 237 sec also Bone cancer; Lung cancer; Sinus/mastoid carcinomas Carcinogenicity plutonium, 16-17, 317-323, 324-326, 333, 324, 348-366 polonium, 11, 163, 165-166 radium, 11, 185-215, 225-230, 236-237 radon progeny, 5, 9, 24, 25, 30, 77, 79, 219; sec also Lung cancer thorium, 245-246, 255-258 589 Thorotrast, 246, 251, 254-266 transuranic compounds, 16, 322-323, 325-337 uranium, 11, 15, 287-289, 293-295, 298, 478 Cellular Idiobiology application to risk estimation for alpha-emitters, 420-421 dose rate and fractionation, 417 dose-response curves, 415-416 LET effect, 417-417 mammalian cell survival, 421023 microdosimetry, 408-414, 418 mutation in vitro, 423 transformation in vitro, 423-427 Cigarette smoking gender-specific effects, 48 interaction between alpha-emitters and, 5, 7, 9, 28-30, 45, 50-51, 79, 322, 435, 437, 439, 454, 504-560 lung-cancer mortality rate from, 8, 29, 50, 56, 78 polonium contribution to lung cancer from, 24, 160, 166 respiratory effects of, 557-559 Cc also Miner cohorts Colloidal thorium-232 dioxide, sec Tho rot rest Curium animal studies, 313, 324-325 bone-tumor induction, 324-325 half-life, 303 liver deposition, 314 lung-cancer induction, 319 lymph node accumulation, 313 sources and user, 15, 303-304 waste disposal concerns, 303, 304 D Dose absorbed, 252-254, 402, 405-406 accumulated during gestation, 18 average absorbed, 402, 405 averaging, 407-408 basal cell, 146 breathing effects on, 140147 characterization, 401-402 determinants of, 27, 141, 146-147, 195 fractionation, 417 in homes, 144, 145 mean bronchial, 25, 146-148, 154, 170 nonequilibrium, 403-405
|
From page 590... ...
590 polonium, to body tissues, 162, 170 radon progeny, to bronchial epithelium, 25 rate, effect of, 417 threshold, from radium, 206, 213-215 threshold-nonthreshold issue, 177, 200 units of, 7, 8, 26-27, 100, 141, 406 arc ado Relative biological effectiveness Dose equivalent, annual age dependency, 151 to bronchial epithelium, 5 largest contributors, 5 population collective, isotopes contributing significantly to, 4 radon-220, 248 thorium-232, 246 Dose-response relationships age factor in, 208-210 in bone cancer, 11-12, 15, 194-205, 20~213, 214, 222, 257-258 calculation, 97-98, 196-205, 200213, 232-236, 332 cellular radiobiological ejects, 415-416, 418-420 cigarette-smoking in, 32 in genetic effects of alpha emitters, 256, 374-375, 416, 492 in lung cancer, 432-433, 435, 437-439 in sinus/mastoid carcinoma, 12, 222-224 for Thorotrast, 247, 255-256, 260 ace ado specific alpha emitters Dosimetry absorbed dose, 402, 405-406 alpha particle, 246, 401-414 average absorbed, 402, 405 charged-particle equilibrium, 402-404 dose averaging, 407-408 exposure and dose characterization, 401-402 fetoplacental, 385 frontal sinus, 219~220 mastoid air cell system, 20 measures of, 26 micro, 408-414, 418 polonium, 162-163 prenatal, 385 radium, 188-193, 195 radon-daughter, 26-29, 52, 137-156 relative biological effectiveness, 406-407, 418 INDEX sinus/mastoid cancer, 20, 216, 219-221 thorium, 13, 21, 246-254 thoron progeny, 25 units, 401, 406, 408, 409 Dosimetry models aerosol factors in, 140, 143, 145-146, 149, 150-152 age factors in, 50, 151 assumptions in, 6, 31, 142, 144, 149 breathing factors in, 147-148, 150-151, 153-155 clearance probabilities, 143 compartmental, 142, 143 equilibrium factors, 141, 150-153 extrapolation from mines to homes, 52, 149-156 gender treatment in, 151 Harley-Pasternak, 144-146, 155 hot-spot burial, 191 Jacobi-Eisfeld, 144-145 James, 144-145 multicomponent, of lung-cancer risk from radon, 30 nonquadratic, 418-420 particle-size factor in, 145, 150152, 310 physiological determinants in, 141, 143, 150-151, 153 proportionality factor in, 151, 155 in radioactive tracer tracer studies, 142-143 research recommended on, 155-156 respiratory tract, 31 smoking status and, 151 unattached radon fraction in, 14~141, 144, 146-147, 149, 150-155 uncertainties in, 143, 144, 149, 154 validation, 149 Drinking water, radium in, 230-232 EEinsteinium animal studier, 325 bone-tumor induction, 325 lung-cancer induction, 319 percutaneous absorption, 306 placental transfer and yolk sac deposition, 391 Emphysema polonium-induced, 166 Epidemiological studies ankylosing spondilitis patients, 20, 120, 205-206, 210, 228-229, 246 Badgastein spa patients, 492-493
|
From page 591... ...
INDEX biases In combining, 114 British luminizer~, 227-228 children of A-bomb survivors, 384 design recommendation, 290-291 extrapolation to general population indoors, 6 females exposed to radon, 48 Japanese atomic-bomb survivors, 39, 4050, 51, 58, 89-90, 111, 120, 194, 509, 516-518, 521-527, 560 Los Alamos employees, 328 plutonium workers, 16-17 precision of risk estimates derived from, 4, 10 radium chemists, 11, 168, 214, 226 radium-dial painters, 2, 11, 168, 177, 184, 185, 188, 190, 193, 196-197, 199-200, 214, 217, 224-230, 237, 288, 333, 348, 351, 353-354, 387 radon exposure in homes, 10, 31, 79-80, 470481, 515-516 risk estimation using external population rates, 95-98 risk estimation without external rates, 98-98 Rocky Flats employees, 327-328 statistical methodology for analysis of, 84, 86, 93-100 Thorotrast recipients, sec Thorotrast transuranic elements, 327-328 uranium mill workers, 290-291, 294, 296 uranium conversion and enrichment plant workers, 292-293 ace ale o Miner cohorts F Fetal effects epidemiological data, 384 mental retardation, 384 placental transfer and fetal accretion of radionuclides, 381, 384-391 of polonium, 387 of radium, 385, 387 of radon, 385-387 of transuranic elements, 385, 388-391 of uranium, 385, 388 591 G Genetic effects aneuploidy, 370 BEIR III estimates, 367-368, 371-375, 377-379 chromosomal aberrations, 10, 17, 79, 256, 322, 326, 367-370, 372-374, 376-378, 416, 492-493 cytogenetic abnormalities in miners, 79, 492-493 distribution factors in, 377-378 dominant lethals, 376, 377 dose-response relationship, 256, 374-375, 416, 492 doubling dose for, 372-373 extrapolation from animal studies, 371 extrapolation of high-LET effects from low-LET effects, 368, 374-375 gender sensitivity in, 371:, 377-378 mutations, 16, 17, 367, 369-370, 372-378, 416 numerical estimates, 378-381 plutonium-induced, 16, 17, 326, 375 projections, 370382 relative biological effectiveness for induction of, 374-378, 392, 423 research recommendations on, 23 risk estimation approach, 17, 367-368, 371-375, 377 Thorotrast-induced, 256 types, 369-371 H Human studies, 8Cd Epidemiological studies Hypertension polonium association with, 157 I International Commission on Radiation Protection, 147, 183 risk estimates for radon, 573-574 threshold dose research, 298 L Lead-210 half-life, 137, 140 in tissues of radium-dial painters, 168 Lead-212 retention in tissues, 188 Lead-214
|
From page 592... ...
592 half-life, 137 physical properties, 138 Low linear energy transfer radiation cancer induction effectiveness, 179 effect of dose rate and fractionation on, 417,417-418 estimation of high-LET effects from, 368,374-375 genetic effects, 17 models for extrapolation to, 36,89 time-since-exposure effects of, 120 Lung cancer animal studies, 16, 29, 77,289, 440-441 causes, 85 from cigarette smoking, 8,29,50, 56,78,504-560 dose-response relationships, 432-433,435,437-439 health outcomes, 79 histopathology, 289,433,435, 437-438,497-501 latency period, 432,433,435, 437, 511 mortality, 6-7,8, 29,40,56,78, 293; &ec Oreo Lung-cancer mortality from radon plutonium-induced, 317-321 polonium-induced, 24,160,166, 321 primary site of, 5 radionuclide contributors to, 5,15 radium-induced, 231-232 radon exposure correlated with histopathological cell type, 498-501 radon-induced, ace Lung-cancer mortality from radon; Lungcancer risk from radon, estimates/projections research recommendations on, 79-80,560 small-cell carcinoma from radon daughters, 9, 79 Thorotrast-induced, 260-262,266 from transuranic compounds, 16, 320, 329-333,337 in underground miners, 6-7, 40; sec also Miner cohorts uranium-induced, 289,293-295, 478 Lung-cancer mortality from radon age-specific, model for, 38,132 confounding effects in miners, 464, 469-470,473-474 death certificate accuracy for, 44 in females, 56,61 INDEX lifetime exposure, 8,48,56-58, 76 lifetime risk, 8,58,61, 76, 78, 131-134 in males, 56,61, 78,132,134 in miners, sec Miner cohorts in nonsmokers, 56 in smokers, 528 in presence of other causes of death, 133 Lung-cancer risk analyses additive model, 41,49, 77,91-92, 512,517 age treatment in, 94-95,114-116, 119, 331 application to transuranic elements, 331-332 biases in, 37,44,86,114,513 choice-of-model errors, 46,58 cigarette-smoking treatment in, 91-92,96,518-556 cohort analyses, ecc Miner cohorts Committee approach to, 30-31, 34, 77,330; &" onto Miner cohorts; TSE model concentration variability of radon in, 459 constant-relative-risk models, 39-40,46,51-52,57-58,60,88, 90,98,100,109-110,115-117, 119,122 determinants of risk in, 34,45-46, 54,84,87 dose fractionation in, 59 dose-group-specific SRMs in, 34, 40,93,102,108-110,113-115, 117 dosimetric approach vs. epidemiological approach, 6-7 doe-response data treatment, 332 extrapolation from animal studies, 331 exposure characterization in, 119 gender treatment in, 91-93, 96 grouped data in, 94,104 hazard function analysis, 433 indirect, from other alpha emitters, 171 latency years in, 54, 101, 108, 118, 294 life table analyses, 437, 456,461, 465 Mantel-Bryan procedure in, 332-333 measures of risk, 52-57, 74-75, 131-134 misclassification of disease in, 44-45,111,119
|
From page 593... ...
uranium miners, 6,32,40,43,97, 01-103,106-107,109-110, 115-117,121,123-124,461-467, 483-484,500,508,515,565 Canadian fluorspar miners, 470-471,483,498-499,565, 573 cause-specific risks of mortality among, 481-484,489 characteristics, 33,153,154 Chinese tin miners, 468-470 cigarette smoking in, 32, 34, 4s, 50, 294,452,473-475,478,498, 504-518,520-521,527-531 Colorado Plateau uranium miners, 6,32,34,36,40,45,50,93, 00-103,105-110,112-118, 121-122,129-130,290-291,294, 446-454,483,489-494,498-499, 506-507,511-514,527-531,560 combined analyses of, 11 4-l l9 Committee analyses of, 32-35,37, 43,45,46-48,84-134 constant relative risk, 40,116-117, 119 Cornish tin miners, 468,483-484 cumulative exposures, 101, 102, 123-130 cytogenetic abnormalities in, 79, 492-493
|
From page 594... ...
metal miners, 6,29, 32,40,43,51, 01,103-104,106, 110,113, 115-117,121,127-128, 471-474, 483-484, 505-506, 509-510,565 Swedish (Oeland miners, 515-516 Swedish miners general) , 477 time-since-expos re effects, 85, 108-110, 112,114-118,120-122 uranium dust effects, 291-294,297 UNSCEAR risk estimates for, 565, 573 Models/modeling alkaline earth metabolism, 183-185,195 alpha-particle energy loss in tissue, 220 carcinogenesis, 85 computer, 28-29 dose calculations for miners, 149 dosimetry, sec Dosimetry models health effects, computerized, 367-368,371,379 lung, for radon exposure, 14~149 risk, ecc Risk modeling and methodologies uranium metabolism by humans, 279,297 N National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 185-188, 217, 218 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
|
From page 595... ...
INDEX polonium dose estimates, 170 risk estimates of lung-cancer mortality from radon progeny, 8, 76-78, 560569 Neptunium half-life, 303 gastrointestinal tract absorption, 308 liver and skeletal deposition, 314-315 percutaneous absorption, 306 preimplantation mortality, 388-389 sources and uses, 15, 303-304 waste disposal concerns, 303-304 p Paranasal sinuses dosimetry, 210220 physiology of, 215-216, 220 Peteasthor, 205-206 Phosphates radium concentrations in, 139, 228 Plutonium absorption and deposition in humans, 16, 305, 307-309, 311-314, 323, 327, 336, 348 animal studies, 16, 307-309, 311, 313-314, 316-326, 329, 348-351, 375, 380390 autopsy tissue studies, 305 biomolecular complex formation, 161 bone-tumor induction, 16-17, 317-318, 324-325, 333, 334, 348-366 chromosomal aberrations, 17, 326, 376 clearance from respiratory tract, .310-312 developmental toxicity, 380390 dosimetry, 313, 328, 41~411 dose-response trends, 328, 390 electrolyte imbalances, 326 emphysema induction, 166 epidemiological studies, 327-328 gonadal burden, 378 half-life, 303 hematological effects, 325-326 human injection studies, 334, 351, 362-364 fallout exposure, 305, 313, 327 fetal hematological changes, 391 fetoplacental distribution, 389 gonadal burden, 378 hot-particle problem, 163, 321 595 life-span-shortening effects, 164 liver-tumor induction, 322-323 lung-cancer induction, 317-321 mammary-tumor induction, 326 mutation rates, 375-376 nitrates, 306-308, 311, 313 nonmalignant health effects, 16, 315-319 nuclear properties, 304 occupational exposure, 305, 306, 308, 313, 327 oxides, 16, 307, 310-314, 317-321, 325-326, 336 Pu-238, 304, 312, 376, 423, 426 Pu-239, 1, 3, 10, 17, 164, 303-304, 307, 312, 314, 323, 327, 375-377, 390, 410-412 paranasal tumors, 317 placental transfer, 389-390 pneumonitis from, 16, 315-319 prenatal mortality from, 390~391 prolonged exposure, 321 relative biological effectiveness, 17, 376, 377, 423, 426 releases from nuclear plant accidents, 304 risk estimates, 329, 333, 337, 363, 366 risk estimation approach, 3, 348-366 single-event densities, 410 sources and uses, 1, 15, 303-304, 305 specific energy for absorbed doses, 412 spermatogenic damage, 326 target tissues in humans, 16, 162, 281 threshold dose, 319 toxicity, 10, 164, 172 389 yolk sac deposition, 389-390 waste disposal concerns, 303 Polonium aggregated (colloidal) , 161-164 animal studies, 10, 163-167 biomolecular complex formation, 161 bronchial epithelium dose in smokers, 170-171 carcinogenesis, 11, 163, 165-166 chemical behavior, 160-161 in children, 168 clearance rates from humans, 164 co-exposure with other pollutants, 441 dietary availability, 169 dosimetry, 10, 162-163, 170
|
From page 596... ...
596 fetal effects, 387 functional changes in animals from, 167 histopathology in animals, 165-166 hot-particle theory, 171 human studies, 11, 167-169 importance, 159 isotopes, 159 life-span-shortening effects, 164 lung-cancer role in smokers, 24, 160, 166, 170 lung damage/cancer from, 24, 160, 166, 321 maximum permissible burden, 168 metabolism in humans and animals, 11, 161, 162-163, 169 in milk of lactating animals, 164 nonmalignant health effects, 166, 167-168 nuclear properties, 137, 159-160, 162, 167, 188 physical properties, 138 placental transfer, 387 Po-210, 10, 24, 159-160, 162, 164, 168, 17~171, 321, 422, 441 Po-214, 24, 137-138, 159-160 Po-216, 188 Po-218, 10, 137-138, 159-160 in radium-dial painters, 168 relative biological effectiveness, 422 research recommendations on, 19 risk estimation approach, 11, 169, 171-172 sources and uses, 10, 159-160, 169-171 target tissues and cells, 10, 161-162, 167-168 tissue distribution and excretion, 163-164, 169-170 in tobacco, 169-170 toxicity, 10, 162, 164, 172 tracer studies, 167 USSR studies, 166-168 R Radium accidental exposure, 177 anemias from, 225-226, 228, 230 animal studies, 12, 15, 186, 188, 190, 214, 222-223, 257-258, 349 biomolecular complex formation, 161, 178 bone-cancer induction, 11-12, 19-20, 185-215, 232, 236-237 cells at risk, 188, 191 INDEX chemistry, 178 clearance rates, 164, 185 dietary intake, 192 dose localization, 162 dose-response data, 11-12, 15, 182, 194-214, 222, 225, 228, 230237 dosimetry, 188-193, 195, 237 fetal effects, 387 fibrotic tissue development from, 192-193 gender-specific risk, 231 health effects data on, 3, 11, 176-178, 181 isotopes, 176 leukemia from, 225-230 monitoring in humans, 181-182 nuclear properties, 178-179 research recommendations on, 19-20, 237-238 risk estimation approach, 196-213, 232-237 risk from, 12, 19, 176-177, 236-237 similarity to calcium, 179, 183 sinus/mastoid carcinoma induction, 197, 215, 225 soil concentrations, 139 sources, 24, 139 target tissues, 11-13 threshold doses, 177, 213-215 tissue distribution, 179, 181, 183-185, 188, 237, 281 toxicity, 10, 164, 172, 226 U.S. research consolidation, 197, 226 uses, 176 in water, 176, 202, 205, 228, 23~232 Radium-224 bone-cancer induction, 19, 186-187, 188, 193-194, 195, 205-213, 229, 232-236 decay series, 180 dose-response relationship, 206~213, 233 dose to bone, 252 epidemiological studies of exposure to, 2, 11, 20, 120, 205-206, 210, 228-229 fibrotic tissue development from, 193 formation, 13, 246-247 half-life, 188, 195, 228, 236 importance, 13 leukemia from, 228-230 measures of exposure, 232 risk estimation approach, 232-236 target tissues, 13
|
From page 597... ...
INDEX uncertainty in risk estimated for, 12 uses, 205-206, 228-230 Radium-226 animal studies, 186 bone-sarcoma induction, 12, 19, 20, 177, 185-188, 193-205, 222, 287-288 decay products, 24, 168, 181 deposition on bone, 189 dose-response relationships, 196-205, 233 dosimetry, 189-193, 195, 221 epidemiological studies of exposure to, 2, 11 half-life, 139 life-span-shortening effects, 164 measures of exposure, 232 physical properties, 138 placental transfer and prenatal effects, 387 risk estimation approach, 196-205, 232-233, 235-236 sinus/mastoid carcinoma induction, 12, 20, 217 sources, 24 toxicity in animals, 10-11 Radium-228 bone-sarcoma induction, 12, 19, 20, 177, 185-188, 193-205, 232-233, 235-236, 287-288 decay series, 180 deposition on bone, 189, 248 dose-response relationships, 190205, 233 dosimetry, 189, 191-193, 195, 221 epidemiological studies of exposure to, 2, 11 half-life, 195 intake pathway, 246 lung cancer from, 480 risk estimation approach, 196-205, 232-233, 235-236 sinus/mastoid carcinoma induction, 12, 20, 217 target tissues, 13, 195 Radon and daughters aerosol carrier influence in, 431 age at exposure to, 36, 49-50 air concentrations, 139, 401 ambient concentrations, 78 animal studies, 3, 5, 2030, 430-442 background, 140, 481 body fluid concentrations, 141 carcinogenicity, 5, 9, 24, 25, 30, 77, 79, 431; Cc also Lung-cancer 597 risk from radon progeny, estimates/proj ections cells at risk, 144, 154-155 cigarette-smoking interaction with, 5, 7, 9, 28-30, 45, 50-51, 79, 322, 435, 437, 439, 454, 498, 504-560 clearance from respiratory tract, 144, 151 conditional lifetime ejects, 61-74 conditions increasing concentration, 24 decay, 10, 24, 26, 137-140, 160, 162, 179, 185, 188 deposition in human lungs, 28, 31 diffusion in human blood, 179 dose to bronchial epithelium, 25, 28 dosimetry, 26-29, 52, 137-156 fetal effects in utero, 386-387 gaps in information on, 9, 79 genetic effects, 10, 79, 492-493 health benefits of eliminating exposure, 61, 74 histopathology of lung cancer correlated with, 497-501 human and animal studies, 3, 5, 25, 29-30; sec also Epidemiological studies; Miner cohorts inhalation studies, 430-439 interval exposure to, 59-61 isotopes, 24, 25, 159 life-span shortening, 435, 437, 439 lifetime risk of lung-cancer mortality; sec Lung-cancer mortality from radon lung function reduction, 9 lung-cancer risk estimation, ace Lung-cancer risk analyses; Lung-cancer risk from radon progeny, estimates/projections; TSE model measures of risk from, 52-57 most important daughters, 137 movement through tissue adjacent to bone, 185 nonmalignant health effects, 9, 432, 437, 480494, 558 occupational exposure, 24, 30; ecc ado Miner cohorts occupational limit, 7, 78 placental transfer, 387 polonium contribution to dose from, 159 polonium risk estimation from, 171 prenatal mortality from, 380387
|
From page 598... ...
~ caremogenesls mec 1anlsm treatment, 353 cellular biology applications to, 420-421 combined effect of cigarette smoking and radon exposure, 531 combining animal and human studies, 354-366 comparing fit of two models, 97 constant-relative-risk, 39-40,46, 51-52,57-58,60,88,90,98, 100,109-110,115-117,119, 122,528-529 determinants of risk in, 89 dose-response calculation, 97, 196-205,232-236,332-334,355, 365,418-420,452 dose scaling, 349 for epidemiological cohort analysis, 84,86,93-100 epithelial cancers, 39 excess cancer risk, 86-93,102-107 exposure characterization in, 87, 119, 232,331 extrapolation from animal studies, 3,16,17,172,237,331,348-366 extrapolation from occupational settings to indoor domestic environment, 7, 27,39; dCC ~80 Miner cohorts extrapolation to high-LET radiations, 36,89 fitting, basic approach, 93-95 fitting of multiple relative risk models to miner cohort study, 532 gender treatment in, 91, 92-93, 96, 232-233, 371
|
From page 599... ...
multistage, 86-87 survival time data in, 6-7 time-since-exposure model, Cc TSE model uncertainty in, 9, 45-47; see also Uncertainties in risk analysis/projections 599 S Sinus/mastoid carcinoma animal studies, 12 cause, 218-219 cells at risk, 12-13 dose-response relationship, 12, 222-224 dosimetry, 20,216,219 isotopes responsible, 12,20, 219, 223 latency period, 12,221-222,224 locations and histologic types, 217-218 mortality rate, 217 naturally occurring, 218 radium-induced, 12, 20,217 radon induction, 219 research recommended on, 20,238 risk analysis approach, 223-225 risk estimates, 12 plutonium induced, 317 symptoms, 217 thorium-induced, 219 tumor rate, 217 Strontium-9O clearance rates in humans, 164 life-span-shortening effects, 165 T Teratogenic effects animal studies, 385 dose-effect relationship, 381,384, 384 dosimetry, 385 effects of embryonic development stage on, 382-384 extrapolation from animal studies, 381-383 fetal period, 384-385 mental retardation, 384 organogenesis stage, 383 placental transfer of alpha emitters, 381,384-391 preimplantation stage, 383 prenatal and postnatal periods, 384,386 risk estimates, 392 threshold dose, 383,392 types, 381 Thorium alpha emissions in humans, 249-254 animal studies, 255-258 average body content, 246,248
|
From page 600... ...
600 biological properties and behavior, 14, 248-249, 255, 271 bone-sarcoma induction, 257-258 decay chain, 159, 161, 172, 245, 246 dose-response relationship, 478 dosimetry, 13, 21, 246-254, 267, 268 environmental pathways, 246, 248 excretion rates, 250 health effects data on, 3, 20, 267 inhalation and ingestion rates, 246, 248 intake routes, 246, 248 liver and spleen tumors, 255-258 lung-cancer induction, 478 nuclear properties, 13, 245, 246 polonium risk estimation from, 171-172 research recommendations on, 21 risk estimates, 13-14 soil concentrations, 246 Th-228, 13, 248-249, 257-258 Th-232, 13-14, 246, 248-250, 478 tissue distribution, 13, 172, 245, 248-249, 257, 252 toxicity, 257 uses, 245 Thoron characteristics, 25 decay chain, 159 dose to tracheobronchial epithelium, 25 Thorotrast anemias from, 258, 260 animal studies, 253, 267 bone tumors from 257-258, 260, 262, 263, 27~272 causes of tumor induction by, 255 characteristics, 245 chromosomal aberrations from, 256 Danish study, 13, 246, 258, 260, 266, 269-270 dose-response relationship, 247, 255-256, 260 dosimetry, 21, 246-248, 250, 252-253, 259, 264-265, 269-271 epithelial tumors from, 245 excess risk estimates, 261, 267-272 German study, 2, 13, 20, 246, 254, 258-262, 264, 268-270 human studies, 259-267 Japanese study, 13, 247, 250, 254, 258, 260, 263-266, 268 latency period for cancer, 254, 255, 259, 263, 264, 266, 268-269 leukemias from, 194, 246, 259, 262-263, 266-267, 269-272 INDEX life shortening by, 255 liver cancer from, 246, 251, 254, 258-269, 271-272, 335 liver cirrhoses from, 258-259, 262-265 lung cancer from, 260-262, 266 medical applications, 5, 13, 245, 258, 259, 262, 263, 266 mortality rates, 263, 269 nonmalignant health effects, 256, 258-260, 262-265 Portuguese study, 13, 246, 258, 262-263, 268-270 risk estimation approach, 267-269 uptake and distribution in tissues, 172, 247, 249-250, 254, 255, 258, 261 U.S. study, 13, 266-267 Transuranic elements absorption factor, 309 animal studies, 21-22, 237, 315-327 autoradiographic studies, 307 biomolecular complex formation, 161 in bone and bone marrow, 314, 323-325, 337 bone-cancer induction, 16-17, 333-334 chromosomal damage, 322, 376 cofactors in cancer risk, 322 deposition in humans, 16, 305-315, 336-337 epidemiological studies, 327-328 fetal effects, 388-391 gastrointestinal intake, 305, 308-309, 336 health effects data on, 2, 3, 21, 305, 315-327 hematological effects, 325-326 human uptake of, 15-16, 30~315 inhalation, 309-313, 315-322 leukemia induction, 325, 336 liver retention, 313-315, 322-323, 337 liver-cancer induction, 322-323, 335 lung-cancer induction, 16, 320, 329~323, 337 in lymphocytes and lymph nodes, 325-326, 337 metabolism, 310~311 mutagenicity, 16 nonmalignant health effects, 315-319, 324 occupational hazards, 305 particle size considerations, 309-310, 312, 320
|
From page 601... ...
INDEX percutaneous absorption, 305-308, 336 research recommendations on, 21-22 respiratory tract deposition, 305, 336-337 risk estimation approaches, 327, 329-336 risk estimates, 332,334,337 solubility considerations, 16, 306-307, 309-312,336 sources and uses, 15,303-305,327, 336 Cc also specific clemcn~ TSE model assumptions in, 48,51, 77-78 calendar time treatment in, 38-39, 94,104 computer program for calculations in, 99 contrasted with constantrelative-risk model, 57-58,60, 100, 122 exposure variables, 37,43-44,46, 84,94 extrapolations of risk in time and age, 46 fitting, basic approach, 93-95 for age-specific lung-cancer mortality rate, 38 gender treatment in, 38-39,54, 78, 93 general population applications, 47, 52,57 interpretation, 39 miner cohort data treatment in, 32-35,37,43,45,46-48, 84-134; ecc obo Miner cohorts recommended use of, 39 relative risk treatment in, 6~7, 9, 34-35,77,84-86,98-99,101 results obtained with, 37-40,56, 62-73 smoking treatment in, 38-39,45, 46,50-51,53-55, 78 standard error in, 41,47 strength of, 84 temporal expressions of risk, 51 uncertainties in, 9, 37,40-47, 78, 111 U Uncertainties in risk an alys is / p roj ect ions additive factors, 41 age at exposure, 49-50 601 age-specific risks, 41 ambient radon concentrations, 78 bone cancer from plutonium, 334 calculation from standard deviation, 224-225 choice-of-model errors, 46,58 cigarette smoking, 9, 47,50-51 dosimetry errors, 41-42,111, 119, 336 exposure estimate errors, 43 extrapolation from mining environment to indoor environment, 39,52 gender-based, 47-49 genetic ejects estimates, 370 at low doses, 203-205 lung-cancer from radon, 9, 18-19, 37,40-52,440 miner cohort data, 32 misclassification of disease, 44-45, 111, 119 modeling, 9, 45-47 multiplicative standard error, 41, 47,110-111,113,119, 121-122 nonuniform deposition in tissues, 14 for radium, 12,19 sampling errors, 41-42,47,111, 196-197,223 sources, 4,9,42-44 statistical, 40-42 temporal expressions of risk, 51-52 for thorium, 14,247 in TSE model, 9, 37,40-47 UNSCEAR risk estimates of lung-cancer mortality from radon progeny, 8,573 Uranium absorption by humans, 14,277, 287-290 animal studies, 14-17,278, 280-281,283-290,297-298 autoradiography studies, 280-281, 287 biological half-life, 279,284-285 bone and marrow, 21,287-289 bone-cancer induction, 11, 15, 287-289, 298 chemistry, 276-277 clearance rates, 281 distribution and retention in body tissues, 14,277,279-283, 287-290 dose-response relationship, 284, 287-289,298,478
|
From page 602... ...
602 dusts from ores, 291-294,297,432, 436,492 epidemiological studies, 290-297 evidence of radiological effects, 290-297 fetal ejects, 388-391 fibrosis from, 289 gender sensitivity, 288 histologic alterations, 286 inhalation studies, 281,289-290 leukemias, 288-289 life-span shortening, 436 lung cancer from, 289,293-295,478 measurement of retention in humans, 281-282,284 metabolism, 278-281,283-284,287, 297 mortality patterns among workers, 291-297 nephrotoxic effects, 21,278,281, 283-286, 295,297,491-492 nonmalignant health effects, 14-15, 287-297 particle size effects, 279 pharmacokinetics, 278-283,285 placental transfer, 388-391 postmortem tissue studies, 282,288 properties, 14,139,276 radiation effects, 287-297 radium in ores, 24,139 renal damage from, 21 INDEX research recommendations on, 21, 288 risk projections from, 15,297-298 soil concentrations, 139,277 solubility considerations, 279,283, 292 sources, 14,139,24,230,276,277, 279 species differences in sensitivity, 284-286,297 threshold concentration, 297 toxicity, 10,14-15,278-286,292 U-232,15 U-233,15 U-238, 24, 139, 478 uses, 277 in water, 277 yellow-cake effects, 295 Uranium mines atmospheric components of, 145-146,152 unattached radon fraction in, 153 sec ado Miner cohorts U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indoor radon survey, 78 maximum concentration limit for radium in water, 202, 205 z Zirconotrast, 255-257
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.