Advancing Materials Research (1987) / Chapter Skim
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From page 3... ...
In this context, materials research and development stands out- both as a twentieth-century phenomenon and as an endeavor that bridges the often-disparate objectives of understanding nature and of ensuring freedom. This chapter describes, exemplifies, and analyzes various facets of the complex history and development of materials science and engineering both as a field of endeavor and as a national commitment that came into being in the late 1950s through the National Materials Program.
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From page 4... ...
and even world resources that the National Materials Program has hades Later studies, such as the analysis by Theodore H Geballe on behalf of the National Science Foundation, and various related estimates of the intellectual appeal of condensed-matter science, have further established the existence of a worldwide conviction that new fundamentals of nature can now be discerned in condensed matter.
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From page 5... ...
Accordingly, the experience with the National Materials Program continues to yield insights applicable to decisions about where we could and should go in the coming decades of pluralistic academic, governmental, and industrial science and technology. Noteworthy qualities of this program can be discerned in its beginnings, in its progress, and in the assumptions and premises underlying it.
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From page 6... ...
But further, science and engineering would support each other, as described in the COSMAT study (Figures 1 and 21. When the time for federal focus came, the procedures of the National Materials Program (represented especially but not by any means exclusively in the university Materials Research Laboratories Esee Schwartz, in this volume]
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From page 7... ...
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH ED DEVELOPMENT 7 aircraft designs involving novel metals and alloys, now also supports super composites and digital computers and switches. Materials science and engineering provide light guides and composites for prosthetic parts in the human body, and ceramics for gas turbines.
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From page 8... ...
These Centers I'd rather call them Science and Technology Centers are multidisciplinary mechanisms by which chemists, physicists, neurobiologists, engineers, etc., can get together and solve exciting, intellectually demanding, real-world problems.2 These and other comments about the economic potential of the Engineering Research Centers are almost word-for-word descriptions of the original interdisciplinary laboratories of the National Materials Program. Thus, it is refreshing indeed to find such current agreement on the concept that has involved so significant a portion of our best academic talent.
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From page 9... ...
The senior author is a distinguished materials scientist and engineer, Rustum Roy. The book should remind us that the original precepts of the National Materials Program recognized the need to maintain progress in established fields, such as integrated circuits, ceramics, and other materials identified as priorities by Dr.
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From page 10... ...
Even with the historic purity of less than 10~7 carbon atoms per cubic centimeter of silicon, the solid showed more than five times the stress at yield that a typical "pure" specimen would show. These and many other signals made clear that mobilization of a new national materials effort would affect vast technical capabilities.
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From page 11... ...
This they interpreted as a dodecagon, which indeed would conform to an intermediate structure between the disorder of glass and the regularity of a crystal. Reexamination of what were termed anomalous diffraction patterns of an aluminum-manganese-silicon alloy from AT&T Bell Laboratories offers a complementary example, where a unit cell would require thousands of atoms, but currently can best be interpreted as icosahedral arrays within such "unit cell." In India similar icosahedra seem to have been formed in magnesium-zinc-aluminum alloys by rapid cooling.
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From page 12... ...
Further significant examples of important new directions of study in materials science and engineering, which also reflect the initial concepts of the program, occur where bioscience intersects the study of condensed matter. The National Materials Program in both its federal and independent forms is probably the only example of a major scientific frontier in which the initiative for study came from technologic and engineering efforts outside of academic centers.
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From page 13... ...
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ONGOING ADVANCES 13 The special role of the National Materials Program, as represented in the Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) , provides dramatic evidence that there is operational and intellectual unity in materials science and engineering.
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From page 14... ...
These materials are finding new uses in rockets, motor vehicles, boats, and houses. But then, if our themes hold, the combinations of science and engineering intrinsic to materials programs and cultures should induce still other earth
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From page 15... ...
The present response is polymer carbon, which can be pyrolyzed 99.9 99 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 J 20 0 a 2 1 ON/ m2 2 3 ' 1 1 6 7 4 5 1 1 o I o 1 o 1 km I 1 1 1 11 ~ , , 1 .0 to -to t1 I-~ 89 ail 8 161 ~20m O i_ Lid , -l o ~ o o .~ 3 _ _ 2. (105 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1o6 TENSILE STRENGTH, psi FIGURE 4 Distribution of tensile strengths of pure silica fibers, showing (in solid circles)
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From page 16... ...
to various stages of cross-linked or polymer carbon conversion (Figure 51. The science of polymer carbon formation quickly produced fibers, and also spheres in which it was first studied, with a modulus of rigidity so high that it stirred thoughts of diamond structures.
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From page 17... ...
These can be converted to novel carbon ceramics, whose properties are beginning to be discussed in various parts of the materials community. On yet another front, chemists and physicists interested in the process of polymer carbon fo~ation recognized that extensive conjugation of the bonds occurs inside the polymer molecules.
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From page 18... ...
18 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Ranue-Miles \111+ 39c , + 17511~1 1 595 Metal Glass Kevlar Graphite FIGURE 7 Increase in range of typical ballistic missiles though the use of polymer carbon composite materials, with attendant weight saving and efficiency. From Hercules Corporation.
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From page 19... ...
PATTERNS FOR FURTHER ACTION EXTENSIONS OF EARLY INITIATIVE Diverse examples support the conclusion that the 25 years of detailed attention given to materials research and engineering through the National Materials Program has achieved an unprecedented and unsurpassed interaction of science and technology. This interaction appears in research and development in universities and industries and through conscientious government.
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From page 20... ...
We should imagine how the next challenges might be phrased if we expect such materials as the high-strength composite structures, unbreakable ceramics, continuous surfaces, and incorruptible metallics to realize their potentials. The impetus for the National Materials Program was expressed in a short paper of 18 March 1958 from the White House Science Office (see Appendix to this chapter)
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From page 21... ...
It also illustrates the time that can elapse between a recognized need and action." Nevertheless, Cornell University, Northwestern University, and the University of Pennsylvania were moving into action. But files of that time reveal that in his formal notes, President Kennedy had further discussed the onset of the National Materials Program in the fall of 1961, when he appeared in Chapel Hill at the University of North Carolina.
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From page 22... ...
22 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES peering can be formed to advance a domain of knowledge and practice, namely, solid-state science and materials technology. The resulting network can mobilize actions in education, industry, and government far beyond the size of the nucleating effort.
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From page 23... ...
It thus becomes clear that the Federal Government will have to play a leading role in encouraging the research and development which is needed. Most of the agencies represented on the Federal Council have laboratories engaged in materials research and development, and also sponsor such work in universities and industry.
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From page 24... ...
Perhaps the Federal Council can aid in planning a well-coordinated program based on the unique capabilities of these various laboratories and institutions, both public and private.
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From page 25... ...
Matenals Research Laboratories: The Early Years ROBERT L SPROULL In examining the origins of the Materials Research Laboratories program in 1960, my purpose is not to evoke nostalgia for that time but to derive lessons for the present and the future by revisiting the program and its antecedents.
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From page 26... ...
The first concerns Robert Wichert Pohl, the Gottingen giant of experimental solid-state physics. He had borrowed a large diamond from a Berlin bank to measure the Hall effect in photoelectrons.
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From page 27... ...
MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORIES: THE EARLY YEARS THE PROGRAM TAKES SHAPE 27 I now turn to the second element of the setting for 1960, the currents in and around Washington, and here I shall go back only one time constant, to 1935. The prewar defense establishment had been interested in mechanical properties of solids and in corrosion and coatings, and the Signal Corps contracted for work in vacuum-tube electronics, including work on that enduring mystery, the oxide-coated cathode.
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From page 28... ...
The AEC Metallurgy and Materials Branch Advisory Panel, of which Seitz was chairman, in its first report in 1956 called for new buildings and research facilities in universities for materials research and education. Although Edward Epremian, who was chief of AEC's Metallurgy and Materials Branch, recommended to the GAC that the AEC establish "Materials Research Institutes" at universities, the GAC would not commit the funds.
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From page 29... ...
Baker identified materials research and training as matters of top priority in the post-Sputnik environment. The Federal Council for Science and Technology, consisting of the heads of all the agencies involved in science and technology, was created as the administrative counterpart to PSAC.
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From page 30... ...
" should be answered. The comparison should be with spending the same amounts on materials research by federal agencies through routine individual grants and contracts.
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From page 31... ...
MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORS TORIES: THE EARLY YEARS . 31 was the richness of connections among the disciplines, including not just chemistry, physics, and metallurgy, but mathematics, geology, and nearly all branches of engineering; and, of course, the connection throughout between theory and experiment.
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From page 32... ...
The important features of the program related to Washington were, first, in 1959-1960 and for a few years afterward, Washington was in an expansionist mood; initiatives were welcomed. Second, the flowing together of currents and conviction from NAS, PSAC, the Federal Council for Science and Technology, the Coordinating Committee on Materials Research and Development, and from AEC, DOD, and other agencies gave a solid, joint base to the program.
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From page 33... ...
However, the Materials Research Laboratories tell us that to the extent that these features can be adopted, a new program will be more auspicious. Since the first Materials Research Laboratories were established, a generation of scientists and engineers has done its work.
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From page 34... ...
M Tanenbaum, in Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Principles of Research-Engineering Interaction, Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, publication MAB-222M (National Aeademy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1966)
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. Their impact on materials research, on the universities in which they are housed, and on the very manner in which university research is organized has been profound and is still growing.
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From page 36... ...
Materials Research Groups have recently been established at Carnegie Mellon University, Case Western Reserve University, Purdue University, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and the University of Texas at Austin. clear then as it is today that a broad interdisciplinary education was necessary to make progress in materials research, but the farsighted members of the CCMRD did recognize that need.
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From page 37... ...
Baker.2) This presentation is limited to a discussion of the ARPA IDLs, which were renamed Materials Research Laboratories when the National Science Foundation (NSF)
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From page 38... ...
Significantly missing from the program at that time was the strong interactive team approach, which we now identify as a dominant feature of the Materials Research Laboratories and which would be left to the National Science Foundation to foster. In the report Materials and Man's Needs, the National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT)
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From page 39... ...
Instead of focusing on any failure of ARPA to do better in some quantitative sense in materials education than was done in other fields by other DOD agencies, DOE, and NASA, one should focus on the quality of the education received by the students. Both graduate and undergraduate students at the institutions where IDLs had been established benefited from the broad interdisciplinary view of materials research that entered the curriculum as faculties grew in size and diversity.
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From page 40... ...
After an extensive review of the program in 1971, NSF assumed responsibility for the IDLs in 1972, accepting the operational modes built into the program but adding a critical new component. As described in NSF's program policy statement, the laboratories now renamed Materials Research Laboratories- would retain locally administered block (or "core")
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From page 41... ...
It is significant, and disturbing, that these trends seem counter to the increased emphasis on materials processing and chemistry in materials research. Balance in NSF funding is being achieved by other funding modes.
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From page 42... ...
42 $40 30 20 10 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES - /~ z SRPS OF 20 _ J _ ~ MRL _ FAC L~ o 1972 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 YEAR FIGURE 2 NSF-DMR budget, FY 1972-FY 1984, in constant 1982 dollars. DMR, Division of Materials Research; SRPS, single-investigator research project support; MRL, Materials Research Laboratories; FAC, national user facilities; IMR, instrumentation for materials research.
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From page 43... ...
Thrust groups produce materials research unlike that carried out at universities even a decade ago when collaborative efforts by more than two investigators were difficult to stimulate and, once stimulated, difficult to fund. SUMMARY OF MRL ACCOMPLISHMENTS The current status of the MRL program may be summarized as follows.
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From page 44... ...
44 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES from non-MRL "control" schools. The results of this analysis led the MITRE study group to conclude that the quality of research at the MRLs "is high with a greater number of major achievements at MRL's than at non-MRL institutions.,ts The character of the research at MRLs is more difficult to describe.
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From page 45... ...
Areas in which major and at times definitive contributions came from the MRL surface science programs include the development of ultraviolet spectroscopy at the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell University (the Wisconsin Synchrotron Radiation Center was used) ; the application of synchrotron radiation to surface studies at Stanford University, where the MRL provided a significant input at the early stages; and the technique for spectroscopic analysis of adsorbed species at Purdue University.
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From page 46... ...
· Rapid solidification (MIT) · Polymer science dependence of crystallization properties on molecular weight (Northwestern University)
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From page 47... ...
Significant in another area, the success of the MRL concept has encouraged new funding patterns by federal agencies. One can point to the significant research opportunity grants that have been made by the Office of Naval Research and those that have gone to the Centers for Super-Computers, the University/Industry Centers, the new Engineering Research Centers, and the new program for Materials Research Groups (MRGs)
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From page 48... ...
Internal NSF Memorandum to Division Director, Materials Research Division, National Science Foundation, Dec.
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From page 49... ...
Part 2 THE STATUS OF SELECTED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AREAS
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