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From page 321... ... In that respect, materials resembles other sprawling fields such as energy, communications, and medical science, each of which encompasses several disciplines and is characterized by intellectual ferment and enormous impact on society. The several cultures of materials research are a distinguishing feature of the field, a primary source of its intellectual richness and organizational diversity. Read the entire page →
From page 322... ... In recent years interdisciplinary research directed toward specific goals, as pioneered by the Materials Research Laboratories (MRL) program, has become increasingly important, as complex materials problems have required the coordinated talents of several investigators. Read the entire page →
From page 323... ... NIX The quality of materials research depends directly on the quality of the people doing it, whether it is done on a small, intermediate, or large scale. Thus, it is most important, and clearly in the national interest, to attract the brightest and the best to the field. Read the entire page →
From page 324... ... The problem is not handled well, even at major institutions. The Materials Research Laboratories program and the Materials Research Group (MRG) Read the entire page →
From page 325... ... the increasing complexity of many advanced materials research problems. In addition, the funding agencies appear to be under steady pressure to justify their programs in terms of short answers to application-oriented problems. Read the entire page →
From page 326... ... The increasing industrial interest in academic materials research may in time lead to a more balanced national materials program. To the university practitioners of small-scale science, it appears that support for small-scale science is being continually eroded in favor of big science. Read the entire page →
From page 327... ... Consequently, materials programs appear throughout the budgets of the agencies, but only rarely at a level that attracts the attention of top policymakers. Furthermore, there is no single widely acknowledged organization that can speak for the materials field and convey an authoritative sense of its prospects, accomplishments, and needs. Read the entire page →
From page 328... ... 328 CURRENT TOPICS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH faculty members if they work in industry. Similar relationships hold for staff members of the federal research laboratories. Read the entire page →
From page 329... ... CLOGSTON Materials science is a highly interdisciplinary field consisting of diverse specialties, including physical metallurgy, solid-state physics, solid-state chemistry, ceramic science, polymer science, materials preparation, and materials analysis. Other individuals would no doubt construct somewhat different lists, depending on their perspective, but that is an indicator of the richness and diversity of the field. Read the entire page →
From page 330... ... Basic technology should be recognized as an important research activity, and as the critical link between research and development. This leads to the proper place for materials research in the overall research and development process. Read the entire page →
From page 331... ... Materials researchers need to articulate their role in society. We at the Research Division in IBM have attempted to do this. Read the entire page →
From page 332... ... 332 CURRENT TOPICS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH nology. Thus, there are two key elements in the process: first, to identify the technical issues and, second, to identify the generic science. Read the entire page →
From page 333... ... In the case of reactive ion etching, many of the modern techniques of materials research are necessary. These include Rutherford backscattering, ion scattering, synchrotron radiation, various surface spectroscopies, nuclear resonance, and transmission electron microscopy. Read the entire page →
From page 335... ... In materials research and in other areas with a strong tradition of small science, these large-scale laboratories evolved gradually; in fact, the first were not built as materials research facilities. They were supported with funds designated for neutron scattering research, for example, from reactor programs. Read the entire page →
From page 336... ... Thus, DOE not only had these internal programs, but became an agency that also provided large research facilities to universities and, more recently, to the industrial community as well. The synchrotron light source at the Brookhaven National Laboratory is an example of the large facilities available for materials research. Read the entire page →
From page 337... ... All of them are involved in beam lines at various places. Many of these are beam lines that have been installed by Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... through its Division of Materials Research (DMR) and by the Department of Energy (DOE) Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... Still further facilities for materials research are operated by other organizations, including the National Bureau of Standards and the weapons laboratories at Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia. It is a contemporary phenomenon that such a large portion of research funds is directed to facilities. Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... Examples of larger complexes are the electron microscopy facilities operated by DOE at Argonne, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Illinois, and Oak Ridge, and by NSF at Arizona State University, and the NSF surface science facility at Montana State University. These are generally identified with user programs that draw investigators from an extended geographical region. Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... Neutron scattering, for example, has revealed much that is known about phonons in crystals and about magnetic structure. Synchrotron radiation is heir to both x-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopies and has played a key role in the contemporary development of surface science. Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... 342 CURRENT TOPICS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH How can we channel more funds into new research facilities when the funding criteria in other areas of the field are already unrealistically high? Either choice will damage existing programs and cause major research opportunities to be lost. Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... Instrumentation for Materials Research J DAVID LITSTER Questions of instrumentation for materials research are addressed in the recent report Financing and Managing University Research Equipment, a study carried out under the supervision of the Association of American Universities, the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, and the Council on Governmental Relations. Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... 344 5000 ~ 4000 J CURRENT TOPICS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH , 3000 2000 1 000 o Current Dollars Constant Dollars (CPI Correction) � ~ ~ ~ Constant Dollars (Melcher Correction) Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... FACILITIES kD INSTRUMENTATION FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH 345 IBM between 1976 and 1981 and found a rate of inflation 1.7 times that of the Consumer Price Index. I have applied Melcher's correction for inflation and show the results as the dotted line in the figure. Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... Are instruments sitting unused? A considerable amount of sharing is already going on in universities, much of which is made possible by the Materials Research Laboratories. Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... The problems faced by the Coordinating Committee for Materials Research and Development 25 years ago are the same problems facing universities today, namely, how to acquire modern research facilities and how to foster cross-disciplinary research efforts to address the more complex problems in materials science. However, the MRLs have achieved much more over the years than the solution to these problems. Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... An Automotive Industry Viewpoint of Materials Research JULIUS J HARWOOD The Materials Research Laboratories and the many associated events that have taken place in the materials field since 1960 are in large part responsible for our recognition today that advanced materials are key to many future Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... Materials technology shares the spotlight with next-generation computers, biotechnology, very-large-scale integrated circuits, robotics, automation, and artificial intelligence. In the past several years, there has been a shift not only in technological thrust in the United States, but also in the debate and philosophical discussion related to national materials policy. Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... The impact of electronics and information control systems on driving, engine, braking, suspension and ride quality, transmission, accident avoidance, and driver information operations is only in its infancy. While the automotive industry may not take a leadership role in developing advanced electronic materials, microelectronics, fiber optics, and electro-optical and memory devices, we certainly can expect to see their fast translation and exploitation for automotive vehicle use. Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... , the real driving force for the national focus on structural ceramics both in the United States and in Japan, and more recently in Western Europe, is their potential application in advanced automotive heat engines or power plants. It is the potential automotive engine market that drives the large national investments and the remarkable degree of industrial activity that is evident, particularly in companies that heretofore were not involved in traditional ceramic sectors. Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... and the implications for superior fuel economy represent a major thrust and a new technology for the automotive industry. NONEQUILIBRIUM MATERIALS: RAPID SOLIDIFICATION TECHNOLOGY Most lists of important materials technologies for the future would include rapid solidification technology (RST) Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... SURFACE-MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY The ability to transform and control the surface composition, surface structure, and surface properties of materials is emerging as a powerful technological tool. The use of plasma processes such as chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, sputtering, ion implantation, and laser processing has already demonstrated their inherent power. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... HULM Materials research and development at the Westinghouse Electric Corporatio~are a vital part of the corporation's business strategy. Westinghouse probably typifies the needs of the electrical and electronic industries for specialized materials. Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... (2) Which industrial requirements pose the greatest challenge to materials research over the next 15 years? Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... 356 Optical Grating Moves Under Acceleration and Interrupts Light Beam '/ //~' / / CURRENT TOPICS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH / / it,, . Fiber Optic Pair Connects To Digital Processor �7' 1 1 g: '' / Cantilever ' Spring / FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of vibration monitor using a quartz bar to sense movement of the end turns in large turbine generators. Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... Essentially this same device is shortly to be used in an industrial application to analyze gases emitted during combustion in power plants, steel mills, and Current Carrying / Conductor Optical Path Within Sensor \ Faraday i\-\ ::~ Polarizer 1 id/ Collimating Lens FIGURE 2 Schematic diagram of an optical instrument transformer that uses the Faraday rotation of polarized light in an optical fiber for measuring the current in a high-voltage power line. Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... ........................................... ~ :-:-:::::::::::::::::::~:-: :-:~ : :::::::::: :::::::::::::::: FIGURE 3 Schematic diagram of a spectrum analyzer using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... Improvements in this area have been incremental and are likely to remain so. The second class of needs is related to such new materials as amorphous magnetic alloys, fiber-reinforced composites, and superconductors. Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... 360 CURRENT TOPICS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH me_ Am= my_ C - _ __ ma ~ ;~ . Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... This discussion has focused on the near-term electric energy technologies. Obviously, there are many, more long-term developments, such as fusion, magnetohydrodynamic power, and geothermal power, where the limitations of present high-temperature materials are one of the principal barriers to progress an area in which future materials research should be concentrated. Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... took over administration of the Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... True, the Information Age is heavily dependent upon software. But just as sheet music is rather lifeless without the hardware of musical instruments, so also is software useless without integrated circuits for its implementation. Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... They are rich in invention and added value resulting from intensive, often very large and expensive research and development programs. INNOVATION IN COMPLEX TECHNOLOGIES So complex are the Information Age technologies that, except for the occasional and unpredicted but vital discoveries in pure research, the lone scientist or engineer is usually ineffective or powerless to foster technological advances on his own. Read the entire page →
From page 365... ... The issue needs close attention since its resolution can have a major impact on the prosperity and international competitiveness of this country's industries. CHALLENGES TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES The seminal event usually regarded as the start of the Information Age was the discovery of the transistor, itself an outcome of intensive studies of the basic electronic properties of semiconducting materials. Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... But compared with electronic components, photonic components are still in their infancy. The rate at which the universal communications vision of the Information Age can be turned into reality is still largely determined by the rate at which materials problems can be solved. Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... This is a particularly noteworthy combination of hardware and software, the synergy between which we have hardly begun to address. It perhaps heralds the beginning of the next age one that we might think of as the age of the intelligent robot or even the Humanoid Age, in which the brawn expanders of the Industrial Age combine with the brain expanders of the Information Age to begin to simulate simple human abilities. Read the entire page →
From page 369... ... Conhibutors This list includes principal authors of the chapters presented in Parts 1 and 2 of this volume and members of the panels whose remarks appear in Part 3. Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... 370 CONTRIBUTORS science and solid-state physics. He received his Ph.D. Read the entire page →
From page 371... ... MORRIS COHEN is Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has been on the faculty since 1937. His fields of interest are materials science and engineering, materials policy, physical metallurgy, phase transformations, and strengthening mechanisms. Read the entire page →
From page 372... ... Dr. Flynn serves on the oversight committee for the National Science Foundation Division of Materials Research and has served on various National Research Council committees that deal with solid-state physics and materials science. Read the entire page →
From page 373... ... He was named chief of the Polymers Division in 1964, director of the Institute for Materials Research in 1968, and director of the National Measurement Laboratory in 1978. Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... Between 1971 and 1973 he served as the first director of the Division of Materials Research at the National Science Foundation. Read the entire page →
From page 375... ... Dr. Schwartz was a member of the faculty of Northwestern University's Materials Science and Engineering Department from 1964 to 1984 and director of the Materials Research Center from 1979 to 1984. Read the entire page →
From page 376... ... 376 CONTRIBUTORS ROBERT L SPROULL is president emeritus and professor of physics at the University of Rochester. Read the entire page →
From page 377... ... cubic systems, 96-97 flow properties of, 79-80, 118- 120 377 germanium-silicon, 293 hardening of, 123, 126, 157-158 homogeneous glassy, 77-78 to increase ductility of ceramic solids, 225 ion implantation in, 62-66 iron-nickel, 102 magnetic, 91-95 metal, as catalysts, 189-191 monocrystalline, 67-68, 78 multicomponent, self-reinforced ceramic, 242 nickel base, 11, 74-75, 97, 189-191 polycrystalline, 78-79 polymer, 271-273 problem areas in, 123 refinement of second-phase precipitates in, 61 RSP, 56-61, 123 shear instability in, 120- 121 single-crystal processing of, 67-68 strengthening of, 68-69, 78-83 super, 57, 61-62, 67-70 supermodulus effect in, 74-75 superplasticity in, 69-71 titanium, stress corrosion cracking of, 125 toughness/toughening of, 68-69, 103, 120, 122, 126, 231 transition-metal, 75, 94-95; see also specific alloys vapor-deposited compositionally modulated, 74-75 XD, 232-233 yttria-zirconia, 361 see also Aggregates; Bimetallic catalysts; Steels Read the entire page →
From page 378... ... 378 Alumina dislocation barriers in, 114 impurities in, 212 incorporation of zirconium oxide into, 235 microelectronics applications, 211 porous, biomedical applications, 239 Aluminosilicates as catalysts, 199-200 Aluminum oxide reinforced with SiC whiskers, 236-238 Aluminum, modulus of, 255-256 American Ceramic Society, 225 American Chemical Society, 20, 166 American Physical Society, 278 Angle-dependent inverse photoemission, 301 Angle-resolved photoemission, 283-284, 289, 298-299 Aperiodic tilings, 155-156 Artificial intelligence, 367 AT&T Holmdel Laboratories, 18 Atom scattering, theoretical effort required to study, 285 Atomic and molecular state changes, advances in, 18-19 Atomic Energy Commission, role in establishing MRLs, 27-29, 36 Auger electron microscopy, applications, 123, 189 Automobiles ceramic-metal composites in, 212, 351-352 high-strength low-alloy steels in, 54, 56 polymer composites in, 275, 351 Automotive industry computer-aided and computer-integrated manufacturing in, 353 electronic and information materials applications in, 350-351 near net-shape fabrication processing in, 352 B Bainite formation theory, 104-105 Baker, William O., 29, 37 Ball milling to produce SiC fibers, 236 Band-gap engineering, 168- 169, 292 Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas theory, 280 Bimetallic catalysts aggregates of immiscible components as, 191-193 characterization of, 193 complication in studying, 189 highly dispersed clusters, 193-199 osmium-copper supported on silica, 193-197 platinum-iridium dispersed on alumina, 197199 platinum-rhenium, 199 INDEX ruthenium-copper, 191, 193-194, 198 Bioglass, 239 Biology, role in future of materials science, 220-222 Biomaterials, examples of, 221 Biomedical materials applications of, 216-217 see also Prosthetics, materials used in Block copolymers applications, 273 processing and properties of, 45, 271-273 Bock, H., 12 Boron, effect on ductility and strength of polycrystalline alloys, 78-79 Brillouin spectroscopy, 303-304 Brillouin zone, 75, 302-303, 309 Brittle fracture in alloys, 121-122 hydrogen role in, 124 problems in studying, 125 Brookhaven National Laboratories management of concurrent research at,.337338 operating costs for experiments at, 338 synchrotron radiation equipment, 336 Brooks, Harvey, 28 Brown University, 45, 46 Bulk materials methods for studying order in, 138 new phenomena in, 162- 166 C Calcium phosphates, biomedical applications, 239 California Institute of Technology, 47 Carbon fiber applications, 15-17 modulus of, 15, 256 production, 207-208 Carnegie Mellon University, 5, 45 Case Western Reserve University, 45 Cast iron, modulus of, 256 Catalysis in ceramics processing, 205 heterogeneous, 177- 178 homogeneous, 177 materials applications of, 215 materials research in, 177-201 outlook for, 201 in petroleum production, 181, 191, 199-200 progress in, 177 specificity in, 178, 191 at surface of a solid, 177-178 Catalysts Read the entire page →
From page 379... ... , report on materials research concept, 4, 6, 38-39 Composites in aircraft, 274-275 carbon-fiber-reinforced, 207-208 carbon-polymer, 15- 16, 213 ceramic-metal for automobile engines, 212 failure mode of, 208 fiber-reinforced, 86-87, 209, 351 in situ precipitated, 233 metal-matrix, 84-88, 231-233 multiphase ceramic, 211 -212 optimum size of, 126 piezoelectric, 241 polymer-matrix, 16, 45, 86, 274-277 problems with, 275-276 self-assembling, 217-219, 251, 272 silicon carbide-silicon nitride fibers, 267 submicron, 46 tailoring high-performance multilayer structures, 212, 240-241 toughening of, 126, 234-236 Read the entire page →
From page 380... ... , role in establishing IDLs, 29, 35-36 Core-hole decay, study of dynamics of, 300 Core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, 284, 299-300 Cornell University, 44-46, 336 Corning Glass Works, biomedical applications of ceramics, 239 Coupling agents, failure of, 211-212 Crack nucleation, 122 Crack propagation of brittle cracks, 121 in Nicalon fiber, 267 problems in understanding, 118, 125 process, 120-121 resistance of materials to, 117 Crack tip screening by surrounding dislocations, 117 toughening of ceramic by, 122 Crack tips, hydrogen enhancement of bond breaking at, 124 Cracks/cracking brittle cleavage, 117 causes, 226 configurations, 117 Jintegralfor, 117 nonpropagating, 122 perfectly brittle, 117, 118 problems in studying, 118 retardants, 235 solvability of problems with, 125 strain energy release rate, 117 Crystallization of liquids, rate-limiting factor in, 157 INDEX Crystallography on electron microscope, 158-159 x-ray, contribution to polymer studies, 266 x-ray diffraction scattering in, 153 Crystals acousto-optical, 358 calculation of equilibrium shape of, 153 ceramic, 114 commercial demand for, 358 composite (twins or multiple twins) , 153 deviations from periodicity, 153 - 154 different forms of, 153 distorted icosahedra in, 156 identification of, 153 interfaces with disordered materials, 292 internal structure of, 153 lead, 283 modulated structures, 154- 155 nonlinear optical, 45 organic, 45 plastic, 138 urea, 45 vibrational spectroscopy of surfaces of, 301304 see also Liquid crystals; Quasi-periodic crystals; Single-crystal processing D Dammel, R., 12 Delamination of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy circuit boards, 211 Dendrites, 138 Dienes, G Read the entire page →
From page 381... ... , 184-187, 193-198, 284, 300 F f-Electron materials, properties of, 133 Federal Council for Science and Technology creation of, 20, 29 role in establishing IDLs, 36 Federov, E S., 156 Fermi degeneracy temperatures of heavyelectron compounds, 132 Fermions, heavy, discovery of, 163 Read the entire page →
From page 382... ... W., 153 Glass fibers, modulus of, 255-256 Glass transition in polymers, 257, 259-260, 262-263 Glass-ceramic materials, processing, properties, and uses, 310-314 Glasses biomedical, 239 borosilicate, 228 lead borosilicate, 240 lead-iron phosphate, 227, 228 lithium aluminosilicate, 236-237 metallic, 56-57, 77, 92-93 spin, 45, 163 INDEX Graham, Thomas, 228 Grain boundary dislocations elastic field calculations for, 114 nonuniform spacings of, 114 role of, 114 in type 304 stainless steel, 115 Ground state, periodicity of, 156-157 H Hall resistance, definition, 136 Hall-Petch relation, 55, 73, 118 Harvard University, 5, 44, 46 Heavy-electron compounds, properties, 132135 Hebb, M E., 29 Helium-beam spectroscopy, 301-303 Herring, William Conyers, 5 Heteroepitaxy, definition and applications, 168 High-magnetic-field facility, 336 Hollomon, J Read the entire page →
From page 383... ... establishment of, 29, 35-39 purpose of, 37-38 quality of education at universities where established, 39 scope of interdisciplinary activities at, 39 universities operating, 36 years of operation of, 36 see also IDL program; Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) ; MRL program Interfaces chemical modification of, 216 crystal, with disordered materials, 292 energies, 288 equipment and techniques for studying, 45 fiber-matrix, 87 incommensurate, 292 martensitic, 100-102 semiconductor-metal, 291 semiconductor-semiconductor, 136, 291 -292 solid-liquid, 292, 304 solid-solid, 291 Intergranular fracture, role of impurities in, 123, 124 Inverse photoemission, surface studies via, 284, 300-301 Ion fragmentation, study of, 300 Ion implantation, metallurgical applications, 62-66, 89-90 Ion scattering advantages in surface studies, 294, 295-298 experiments, 283, 285 383 measurement of angular distribution of backscattered flux, 296 Ionization, core-hole, 299-300 Iowa State University, equipment-sharing program, 346 J Japan automotive applications of ceramics, 351 solid-state materials synthesis in, 165-166, 170 Johnson, Roy, 29 Josephson coupling energy, 145 K Kepler, J., 156 Kevlar 49, modulus of, 256, 274 Keyworth, George A., II, 8 Killian, James R., 20, 29 Kincaid, John F., 29 Knight shift, 188 Kondo effect in heavy-electron compounds, 135 Kyocera Corporation, single-crystal sapphire applications, 239 L / Landau theory, use to predict crystallization of a liquid, 156 Lasers role in surface processing, 63-66, 306 surface studies with, 285, 303-306 Lattice mismatch, effect on epitaxial growth, 168 Lattice-trapping barrier, 117 Levine, D., 12 Libby, Willard, 28, 29 Light-scattering spectroscopy, 303-304 Liquid crystals areas needing study, 126 formation, 260 induced order in, 138 MRL research on, 44 smectic, hexatic phase of, 138 Lithium niobate, 45 Local-density functional theory, applications, 286-289, 291 Loose aggregate structures, 138 Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) Read the entire page →
From page 384... ... ; MRL program; Thrust groups Materials Research Society, role of, 19 Materials science and engineering arrangements and opportunities for advancing, 13- 18, 330 deficiencies in, 342 domains of, 329-330 importance of chemistry to, 203, 219 interconnections of physical and life sciences relative to, 7 new frontiers, 11-12, 365-367 products and processes attributable to, 6-7, 10 relations to global resources and uses of matter, 6 Materials synthesis and processing, new techniques for, 307-317 Melt crystallization of organic polymers, 247, 249, 255, 261-262 Metal catalysts carbides, nitrides, and borides of transition metals as, 201 chemisorption measurements of metal dispersion, 182- 184 composition of, 180 in gasoline production, 181, 191 most commonly used, 178 NMR characterization of, 187- 189 platinum-on-alumina, 182 rate of reaction, 181 ratio of surface atoms to total atoms, 181184 refractory material used with, 180 silver, 178 supported, 180-184 typical application of, 181 x-ray absorption spectroscopic characterization of, 184- 187 see also Bimetallic catalysts Metal insulator transitions, discovery, 162-163 Metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) diagram of, 88-89 electrical resistance in, 139-140 electron micrograph of, 146 fractional quantization experiments on, 136 Metallurgical processing ion implantation and laser-beam processing, 62-66 at nanostructural level, 71-74 single-crystal processing, 67-68 steel refining, 53-54 Metallurgy Read the entire page →
From page 385... ... (IDLs) ; IDL program; Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) Read the entire page →
From page 386... ... 386 National Science Foundation (NSF) materials research funding, 338-339, 341342 transfer of IDL program to, 37, 40-42, 362 Neutron scattering research facilities, 9, 336, 341 use to study organic polymers, 247 Nicalon fiber, 266-267 Nickel in alloys, 11, 74-75, 97, 102, 189-191 as a catalyst, 181 crystallization from melt, 157 Nippon Carbon Co., Nicalon fiber process, 266-267 Nondestructive examination, 276, 306, 359360 Nonequilibrium structures characterized as novel forms of structural order, 138 Nonlinear laser spectroscopy, 304 Nonlinear optical phenomena, study of, 286, 290, 305 Nonlinear viscoelastic theory, 279 Northwestern University, 20, 44-46 Nuclear energy ceramics applications in, 242 materials needs in, 359 Nuclear magnetic resonance metal catalyst characterization by, 187- 189 spin echo technique, 187 Nucleation autocatalytic, 99-100 heterogeneous, 99-100 homogeneous, 96-99 mechanism in glass-ceramics, 311 theory, 247 o Office of Naval Research, role in establishing MRLs, 13, 27, 28 Optical communications, organic materials applied to, 216 Optical instrument transformer, 356-357 Optical waveguides, 229, 240, 356 Optically responsive materials, 216, 219, 356358 Organic chemistry, strengths of, 206 Organic materials disadvantages of, 206 optically responsive systems applications, 216 Organic metals, accomplishments in, 44-45 Organic polymer chains behavior in solution, 277-278 INDEX folding in, 247-249, 251-252, 254 regularity, 258 Organic polymers amorphous, 257-263 applications, 15-18, 246, 263-270, 351 blends, 218, 271-274 chirality, 257-258 commercial importance, 248-249, 265 crystalline, 126, 246-258 desirable properties of, 206 doping of, 265 embrittlement of, 263 extruded, 253, 255 fractions, 249 future uses of, 270, 277 glass transition in, 257, 259-260, 262-263 high-strength fibers, 252-255 impact strength, 257, 271-272 international advances in, 252 lamellar spherulitic structures in, 249-252, 254-255 modulus, 255-256, 259-260 morphology and properties, 246-263 piezoelectric, 264-266 as precursors for ceramics, 210, 214, 266267 problems with, 256, 275-276 processing of, 247, 249, 251-256 reptations in, 257, 260-262, 280 shish kebab structures in, 252-255 in silicon chip technology, 268-269 single-crystal, 247-248 spherulites in, 249-252 tacticity of, 257-258 thermoplastic, 271-272, 275 unusual behavior of, 246, 259-260, 270, 278-279 waste disposal of, 256 see also Polymers Orowan-Friedel expression for breakaway of a dislocation from pinning particles, 118 Ostwald ripening, 58, 97 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 177 p Partially ordered systems, study areas in, 138 Particle-assisted deposition processes, fabrication of microelectronic devices, 213 Pauli paramagnetic susceptibilities, of heavyelectron compounds, 132 Peierls stress and energy, calculation of, 112 Pennsylvania State University, 47 Penrose, Richard A Read the entire page →
From page 387... ... INDEX Pfann, William G., 10 Phase transformations, solid-state displacive-diffusional, 103-105 heterogeneous nucleation, 99-100 homogeneous nucleation, 96-99 martensitic, 98-105 plasticity and toughening induced by, 102103 thermoplastic and nonthermoelastic, 100- 102 Phase transitions MRL-related research accomplishments in, 44-45 within a single molecule, 277-278 Phosphorus crystallization from melt, 157 removal from steels, 54 Photoacoustic spectroscopy, 304 Photodesorption spectroscopy, 304 Photonics advances in, 366 ceramics contributions to, 240, 242 Photoresist technology, polymer applications in, 212, 268-269 Photothermal spectroscopy, 304 Physics, contributions to materials science, 205-206 Pileups crack tip screening by, 117 elastic field calculations for, 114 enhancement of crack nucleation through, 122 Planarity of slip, hydrogen enhancement of, 124 Plastics, engineering, 221 Platinum as a catalyst, 181, 185, 187-189 diamagnetic compounds, 188 x-ray absorption spectrum for, 184- 185 Pohl, Herbert A., 18 Pohl, Robert Wichert, 26 Polybenzthiazole, 217 Polydisilylazane, 267 Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) , pathway from crude oil to, 207-208 Polyethylene applications, 249, 269-270 commercial value, 257 discovery, 245 glass transition in, 259 modulus of, 255-256 molecular weights, 249-250 negative aspects of, 256 shish kebab structures in, 253-254 single crystals, 247 solid-state extrusion of, 253-255 spherulites in, 249-252, 255 387 structure, 247-248 Polyhydroxybutyrate/propionate, 221 Polylactic acid, 221, 239 Polymer melts, unusual behavior of, 278-280 Polymer science involvement of other fields in, 280-281 newer theories of, 277-281 Polymers biologically derived, 221 electrical energy storage applications, 214 electronic components from, 213 glassy, 126 interest in developing, 216 rigid-rod, 217 thermal degradation of, 229-230 see also Organic polymers Polypropylene solid-state extrusion of, 256-257 structure, 257-259 Polysaccharides, 220-221 Polystyrene, 259, 271-272 Polytechnic Institute of New York, 47 Polyvinyl fluoride applications, 265 molecular chain formations, 264-265 statistical mechanics approach to structural transitions in, 45 Powders, nanoscale, production of, 71-72 Power transformers, use of amorphous alloys in, 93 Precipitation hardening of alloys, 157-158 Precursor state, 290 Prepregnated tape, production of, 208 Princeton University, 5 Prosthetics, materials used in, 239, 242, 269270 Purdue University, 45, 46 Q Quantized Hall effect, 135-136, 333; see also Fractional quantized Hall effect; Integral quantized Hall effect Quantum chemical molecular theory, 287 Quantum interference effects in disordered electron systems, 139-147 experimental configuration for studying, 141-142 Quartz crystallization from melt, 157 Quasi-periodic crystals developments in related fields, 154-157 discovery of, 151 - 153, 333 production through RSP, 56, 61 symmetry of, 11-12, 126; see also Icosahedral quasicrystals Quasi-periodic structures, 155- 156 Read the entire page →
From page 388... ... P., 5 Solar energy systems, chemistry contributions to, 214-215 Solid-state extrusion of polymers, 253-254, 256 Solid-state synthesis equipment needs for, 166 industrial materials research in, 165 trends in, 164 in welding, 45 see also Rapid solidification processing (RSP) Solitons crack propagation by, 117 creation and motion of pairs, 114 Solution crystallization of polymers, 251-252, 254 Solution-to-gelation process Read the entire page →
From page 389... ... voltage of tungsten-rhenium line, 142-144 electrical resistances of, 134-135 389 heavy-electron compounds as, 133, 134 high-field, 163 high-temperature, 169 magnetic, 163 micrograph of square array of SNS junctions, 145, 146 organic, 216 technologically developed films, 163 Superlattices single-crystal, of magnetic and nonmagnetic metals, 169-170 strained-layer, 126, 307-310 Superplasticity, behavior characteristics, 69-71 Surface electron spectroscopy, uses of, 283284 Surface science, progress in, 283-306 Surface theory advances in, 285-292 interface studies contributing to, 291-292 kinematics at surfaces, 290-291 total energy calculations, 286-289 Surfaces charge transfer at, 291 chemical reactions at, 290 coincident experiments on, 301 diffraction intensity calculations, 288-289 diffraction of monoenergetic atomic helium beams from, 288 equipment and techniques for examining, 45, 283-306 excitation processes on, 284, 289, 300-301 experimental probes of, 288-290 gas interactions at, 290 kinetics of, 290-291, 303 laser probing of, 304-306 melting at, 297 metallic screening at, 297 modification of, 62-66, 353 novel forms of order in phases as, 138 periodic structures, 286-287 phonon spectra, 285, 289, 302 processing of, 306 Rydberg-like states, 284 scattering experiments on, 294-298 single-crystal, 290 spectroscopic fingerprinting of, 290 spectroscopic tools for studying, 298-301 static characterization of, 291 step densities on, 297 tools for determining atomic structure of, 290, 292-294 vibrational states, 285, 288, 289, 301-305 Surfaces, crystal reduction of dislocations in, 10 vibrational spectroscopy of, 301-304 Read the entire page →
From page 390... ... , role in developing MRL program, 29,35 United States Department of Energy, materials research facility funding, 338-339 Universities chemical research motivations of, 215-216 composites research in, 277 degrees awarded by materials-designated and engineering departments, 40 equipment acquisition by, 345-346 federal R&D expenditures in, 344 interaction with industry, 354, 355 trends in titles of materials departments at, 37 years of establishment and termination of IDLs/MRLs at, 36 , .~. Read the entire page →
From page 391... ... INDEX Weak localization, 140- 142 Westinghouse Electric Corp., materials research at, 354-360 White House Office of Science and Technology, 3, 20 Wigner, Eugene, 5, 26 Williams, John W., 20, 29 Wires, ultrathin, 142 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 277 Wulff, G., 153 X X-ray diffraction glancing-incidence, 138 X-ray diffraction scattering in crystallography, 71, 153 in surface studies, 283, 294, 296-298 39} X-ray emission spectroscopy, minimum volume size for chemical analyses, 158 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 299 y York, Herbert, 29 Yost, Charles, 29 z Z-phase, 158 Zeolites, use in catalytic cracking, 200 Zirconium oxide, partially stabilized (PSZ) , incorporation into ceramics, 235, 239, 241 Zone refining, 10 Read the entire page →

From page 321...

... In that respect, materials resembles other sprawling fields such as energy, communications, and medical science, each of which encompasses several disciplines and is characterized by intellectual ferment and enormous impact on society. The several cultures of materials research are a distinguishing feature of the field, a primary source of its intellectual richness and organizational diversity.