New Tools for Environmental Protection Education, Information, and Voluntary Measures (2002) / Chapter Skim
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In much of the world during the last third of the 20th century, environmental policy was dominated by "command-and-control" approaches.) Under command and control, government agencies develop a set of rules or standards.
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environmental policy in recent decades, other approaches have also been employed. Environmental education efforts aimed at both the public and at students have been used since the 1960s.
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Categorizing an approach to environmental protection as "command and control," "market based," or based on "education, information, and voluntary measures," although useful analytically, overlooks the fact that every tool is actually a hybrid of all these forms. Individual and organizational response is normally a function of prices, the lure of economic opportunities, the threat of
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Given the apparent increase in green consumerism, such motivations are not unrelated to concerns about market share and profitability. Just as command-and-control approaches engage market incentives, so too do market incentives involve some of the characteristics of command and control.
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environmental policy, which involved dozens of
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So it is reasonable to propose that cohorts who have received their education since about 1970 are far more aware of and concerned with environmental issues than prior cohorts. The increased environmental consciousness of the public corresponds with the rise of green consumerism, which is actively promoted by many environmental organizations.
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Environmental education directed at individuals has been an important element of both government and environmental organization strategy for decades. Though the relationship between the regulated and the regulators often has been stormy, it also has always involved elements of the education, information flow, and voluntary cooperation that characterize the new tools.
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Policies based on voluntary agreements normally are presented as a way to decrease pollution faster or further than regulations require. The backdrop of regulation is what motivates participation in voluntary agreements.
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under which it can produce the best results. This volume begins to undertake this task for education, information, and voluntary measures.
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Part Three focuses on the private sector and the potential of voluntary agreements between government and industry and among firms. Part Four consists of a concluding chapter of reflections on what we know and need to know about the new tools.
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For example, traceable environmental allowances are a market-based institutional innovation that involves much more than economic incentives: government control and information diffusion are both critical to their operation, and infrastructure and voluntary agreements also may be necessary for measuring and monitoring .
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1999 Marx's theory of metabolic rift: Classical foundations for environmental sociology. American Journal of Sociology 105: 366-405.
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Bower 1968 Managing Water Quality: Economics, Technology and Institutions. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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