Materials and Man's Needs Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering (1975) / Chapter Skim
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2. The Contemporary Materials Scene
2. The Contemporary Materials Scene
Pages 65-160
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From page 67... ...
Yet they play a central role in much of our daily lives, in practically all manufacturing industries, and in much research and development in the physical and engineering sciences. Materials have a generality comparable to that of energy and information, and the three together comprise virtually all technology.
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From page 68... ...
They include soft magnetic alloys for memory devices, oriented steels for transformers, high-elasticity phosphor bronze for electrical connectors, and steel sheet for automobile fenders, appliance housings and other parts formed by deep drawing. THE NATURE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Materials science and engineering is a multidisciplinary activity that has emerged in recognizable form only during the past two decades.
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From page 69... ...
A third measure of the importance of materials in the nation is their contribution to the National Income or to the Gross National Producti. Table 2.2 indicates the main industrial categories contributing to the former and The National Income and Product Accounts of the United States, 1929-1965, Office of Business Economics, U.S.
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From page 70... ...
bl950 actual; 1971 estimated. Source: First Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior under the Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970, March 1972.
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From page 71... ...
2-5 TABLE 2.2 Distribution of National Incomea of the United States by Industry Category - 1965 Category Agriculture, Forestry,and Fisheries Mining Contract Construction Manufacturing Transportation Communication Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services Wholesale and Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Services Government and Government Enterprises Rest of the World Percentage Share 3.76 1.15 5.06 30.48 4.10 1.99 2.08 14.95 10.91 11.27 13.46 0.76 99.97 National Income for 1965 (all industry total) = $559,020 million Gross National Product for 1965 = $681,207 million aData computed from statistical tables in The National Income and Product Accounts for the United Stnte~ 1929-1965, Office of Business Economics _ U.S.
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From page 72... ...
Table 2.3 and the corresponding Table 2.4 for GNP in 1971 show the distribution among the principal subcategories; those relating primarily to materials are metal-mining, mining and quarrying of nonmetallic materials, paper and allied products, rubber and miscellaneous plastic products, leather and leather products, lumber and wood products, stone, clay and glass products, primary metal industries, and fabricated metal products. These operations on materials account for perhaps one-tenth of the nation's consumption of fuels.
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From page 73... ...
SUBCATEGORY Nondurable Goods: Food and Kindred Products Tobacco Manufacturers Textile Mill Products Apparel and Other Fabricated Textile Products Paper and Allied Products Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries Chemicals and Allied Products Petroleum Refining and Related Industries Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products Leather and Leather Products Durable Goods: Lumber and Wood Products, except Furniture Furniture and Fixtures 1.67 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products 3.40 Primary Metal Industries 8.65 Fabricated Metal Products 6.65 10.77 8.34 6.78 Machinery, except Electrical Electrical Machinery Transportation Equipment and Ordnance, except Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Instruments Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries a Figures in parentheses indicate the subcategory share as a percentage of the total National Income.
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From page 74... ...
Millions Metal Mining $ 1,290 0.12 Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Metals Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Primary Metal Industries Fabricated Metal Products Machinery, except Electrical Electrical Machinery Transportation Equipment, except Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Instruments Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Chemicals and Allied Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products Lumber and Wood Products, except Furniture Furniture and Fixtures Paper and Allied Products Textile Mill Products Apparel and Other Fabricated Textile Products Leather and Leather Products Source: U.S. Department of Commerce % of GNP 1,654 8,710 18,923 16,427 26,066 22,388 14,582 22,824 6,456 4,144 20,387 7,371 6,395 3,984 9,357 8,234 9,293 2,219 $210,704 0.16 0.83 1.80 1.56 2.48 2.13 1.39 2.17 0.61 0.39 1.94 0.70 0.61 0.38 0.89 0.78 0.88 0.21 20.03
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From page 75... ...
This development comes from interplay between keenly competitive refinement in the qualities of material and design backward from end-use specifications." These interpretations of the influence of technological change appear to be in keeping with the results of a different type of economic analysis involving materials flows reported recently for an earlier period by Gold. 3 For a variety of manufacturing industries, the influence of technological innovation over the 40-year period through 1939 was found not to be directly detectable in the proportioning among deflated unit costs (materials, wages, and salaries, and other costs plus profits)
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From page 77... ...
supply is broken down into industry stocks and exports as well as into the proportions going into specific industries (identified in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce)
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From page 78... ...
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From page 79... ...
This technique would permit the exploration of mathematical models for technological forecasting relating to future materials demands, such as that suggested by Fisher and Pry7. Also, with the development of appropriate input data, this method should be adaptable to accommodate more completely the full variety of flows operative in the total materials cycle.
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From page 80... ...
Materials scientists and engineers work most commonly in that part of the materials cycle which extends from raw materials through dismantling ~D.
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From page 81... ...
It is readily apparent from an examination of Figure 2.3 that the currently limited knowledge concerning the materials flows operating on a world scale make it impractical to apply any comprehensive quantitative model except extremely crudely. However, on the scale of a single country, especially one such as the United States for which rather extensive statistical records of commodity flows are maintained, there is a greater likelihood that a satisfactory quantitative model for the overall materials cycle might be developed The delineation of the critical information needed as inputs to provide a working quantitative description of the materials fluxes wouldbe helpful not only for improving the model for highly industrialized countries, but also for indicating the minimum information needed from developing countries in order to develop more global models.
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From page 82... ...
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From page 83... ...
Yet, the necessary development was achieved by an enlightened Empirical approach in a company which was very much materialsource oriented. Graphite is a most complex material whose physical properties depend on the nature and processing of raw materials, on the quality of the initial carbon~containing material, on binder pyrolysis, and on a variety of processing variables The most practical approach to development of a special graphite to withstand high temperature and pressure was a systematic study, therefore, of the dependence of properties on processing parameters.
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From page 84... ...
Further, the programs which have run into materials limitations of the kind that determine success or failure tend, in general, to be those which are straining for the utmost out of sophisticated science and technology throughout the program. The Systems Approach Thorough systems analysis has been used to a moderate extent in materials science and engineering, but it must become basic to the field in view of the complexity of modern materials problems and of the fact that the materials cycle itself is a vast system.
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From page 85... ...
In the solid-state electronics industry, we have an example in which highly sophisticated and costly effort on materials is warranted in terms of the overall product value; both the processing of -semiconductor material and the assembly into discrete devices or integrated circuits require a degree of control which would be incredulous in most industrial situations, Experienced-based technology, or low technology, refers to programs which are not science intensive - in other words, which rely on more empirical approaches or which may be relatively forgiving of manufacturing processing variations. Typically, large material quantities are involved so that unit material costs are important.
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From page 86... ...
The high-technology industries, if their commercial bases are sufficiently large, are more accustomed to maintaining a balanced, but product-oriented, R and D effort than are the low-technology industries. Disciplinary to Interdisciplinary In the materials field, university departments have typically evolved along disciplinary lines - physics, chemistry, metallurgy, ceramics, polymers, with each discipline tending to specialize (as its name often indicates)
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From page 87... ...
Materials research provides a natural meeting-ground for professionals from the various scientific and engineering disciplines, from basic research to applied research, development and engineering. Clearly, the pressure for such interdisciplinary collaboration can only grow in the future.
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From page 89... ...
Striking changes are well under way in the balance between materials needs and world trade F Qualified sources report that the United States has "rapidly deteriorating, and by now very large," deficits in trade with minerals and raw materials, and with manufactured materials such as steel, textiles, and nonferrous metalsii. But exports of finished products, which could help to offset these deficiencies, also are in a deteriorating position.
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From page 90... ...
While improved extraction technology may ease our dependence on foreign sources of raw materials, improved technology in the other stages of the materials cycle will also greatly enhance our materials utilization. Figure 2.4 illustrates some of the social and technical pressures important at various stages of the economic utilization of materials.
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From page 91... ...
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From page 92... ...
In the field of environmental quality,materials science and engineering has much to offer in the development of cleaner materials processes, effective uses for waste materials, materials and designs more adaptable to recycling, and in instrumentation to monitor and control pollution.
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From page 93... ...
products more competitive at home and abroad, and much Of the emphasis will be on manufacturing technology, including materials shaping, forming, assembly, and finishing. The federal efforts include the Experimental Technology Incentives Program of the National Bureau of Standards in the Department of Commerce and the Experimental R&D Incentives Program of the National Science Foundation.
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From page 94... ...
2-28 TABLE 2.5 U.S. Trade Balances in Illustrative Product Categories 1960 1965 1970 Aircraft and Parts Electronic Computers and Parts Organic Chemicals Plastic Materials and Resins Scientific Instruments and Parts $1187 $1226 $2771 44 219 1044 228 509 715 304 384 530 109 245 407 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment 135 207 374 Medical and Pharmaceutical Products Rubber Manufacture Textile Machinery Copper Metal Phonographs and Sound Reproduction Paper and Paper Products Footwear 191 198 333 108 119 -28 104 54 -37 -62 -132 -171 15 -36 -301 -501 -481 -464 -138 -151 -619 TV's and Radios -66 -163 -717 Iron and Steel 163 -605 -762 Petroleum Products -120 -464 -852 Textiles and Apparel -392 -757 -1542 Automotive Products 642 972 -2039 Source: U.S.
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From page 95... ...
The creation of a Materials Research Division in the National Science Foundation brought into clearer focus the existence of a multidisciplinary materials-research community. Recent years have also seen considerable interest in the idea that the earth's finite content of resources for industrial materials (including fuels)
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From page 96... ...
The current state of manpower data for materials science and engineering, and our knowledge of the relevant patterns of manpower flow, are such that nothing exceptional can be said of the field in comparison with the traditional disciplines, provided that external factors remain essentially unchanged. However, as the role of materials science and engineering in meeting societal needs becomes more widely understood, particularly in connection with energy and environmental problems, it is quite likely that there will be an increasing demand for scientists and engineers in the materials field.
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From page 97... ...
is about 1.8 million b Approximately 400,000 engineers are involved significantly in materials science and engineering. We estimate, conservatively, that they divide their efforts equally between materials and other engineering activities and thus are equivalent to 200,000 engineers working full time in materials.
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From page 98... ...
Other data suggest that the figure may be as high as $300 million, depending on the definition of terms. Some agencies, and COSMAT, consider research in solid-state physics, for example, to be materials research, while others do not,
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From page 99... ...
Source: 1968 National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel (National Science Foundation) and 1969 National Engineers Register (Engineering Manpower Commission)
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From page 102... ...
2-36 FIGURE 2.7 T REN DS IN FEDERAL "S IC AN D APPLIED RESEARCH 7 6 5 in o 4 J J m ~7 APPLIED RESEARCH 1967 DOLLARS BAS~ RESEARCH 1967 DOLLARS__— 2 l O 1960 thou RESEARCH —CURRENT DOLLARS BASIC RESEARCH CURRENT DOLLARS '61 '62 '63 '64 '65 '66 YEAR '67 '68 '69 '70 '71 '72 SOURCE: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (1972)
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From page 104... ...
($260.2M) TABLE 2.10 Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Performing Organization Percentage Effort Performing Organization 1967 1971 University 22.1 20.0 ($ 52.15M)
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From page 105... ...
2-39 TABLE 2.11 Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Supporting Agency Percentage Effort Supporting Agency 1965 1967 1971 AEC DOD: 34.4 38.6 34.4 36.9 31.6 38.5 ARPA 5.6 9.0 7.7 Air Force 16.5 14.3 14.9 Army 7.7 6.0 6.6 Navy 8.8 7.6 9.3 NASA 10.0 8.9 8.6 NSF 3.4 4.1 4.1a Dept. Interior 1.9 1.6 1.3 NBS 3.1 3.1 4.0 Agriculture 5.9 7.3 8.7 DOT 2.1 1.4 1.7 HEW 0.5 2.1 1.4 HUD 100.
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From page 106... ...
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From page 108... ...
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From page 109... ...
Some agencies, and COSMAT, consider research in solid-state physics to be materials research, for example, while others do not.
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From page 110... ...
In the same period, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) established block-funded materials research centers at three universities, one of them already an ARPA-IDL school.
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From page 111... ...
We have noted already that the reward structure within the university is tilted strongly toward the disciplines; likewise, no funding agencies have clearly rewarded excellence in interdisciplinary activities at universities. All of the materials research centers indicated that they plan to shift their emphasis somewhat toward applied research.
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From page 112... ...
Relatively little identified support is available as yet from agencies like the Departments of Health, Education and Welfare; Housing and Urban Development; and Transportation. Almost 60 percent of the federal support for university research in materials goes to the 12 universities where the original NSF Materials Research Laboratories are located.
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From page 113... ...
2-47 TABLE 2.15 Distribution by Field of Science of Federal R&D Support to Universities for FY 1970 Field Amount Percent of Total (Dollars in Thousands) Physical Sciences: 283,114 20.28 Astronomy 32,111 2.3 Chemistry 70,205 5.03 Physics 176,629 12.65 Physical Science 4,169 0.30 Mathematics: 44,582 3.19 Environmental Sciences: 106,722 7.65 Engineering: 141,533 10.14 Aeronautical 16,217 1.16 Astronautical 18,002 1.29 Chemical 8,167 0.59 Civil 9,981 0.72 Electrical 31,963 2.29 Mechanical 11,904 0.85 Metallurgy and 17,603 1.26 Materials Engineering 27,696 1.98 Life Sciences: 565,094 40.48 Psychology: 62,298 4.46 Social Sciences: 47,144 3.43 Other Sciences: 144,748 10.37 .
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From page 114... ...
. Industrial Research and Development Accurate figures are not available for materials research and development in industry.
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From page 115... ...
158 $17,603 0.9 100. The size of the NSF figure suggests that it is only for "engineering materials" in the NSF Engineering Division in FY 1970.
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From page 116... ...
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From page 117... ...
2-51 TABLE 2.18 Comparison of Federal Materials R&D Support at Universities Between "Materials Departments" and "Other Departments" FY1970 Total University Federal Materials "Materials "Other it&Da Departments"b Departments" Agency (Dollars in thousands) (Dollars in thousands)
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From page 118... ...
(Percent) 8 13 —6 5 5,353 2 5,061 0 51 13 19 7 Autos, Trucks,and Parts, and Other Transpor tation Equipment 1,475 1,475 1,504 1,609 2 7 Fabricated Metals and Ordnance 183 176 183 210 4 15 Professional and Scientific Instruments 694 756 824 972 9 18 Lumber and Furniture 24 31 36 38 16 6 Chemicals 1,809 1,827 1,882 2,145 3 14 Paper 119 133 133 166 0 25 Rubber Products 238 281 295 366 5 12 Stone,Clay,and Glass 188 169 169 198 0 17 Petroleum Products 608 492 522 606 6 16 Food and Beverages 198 208 225 263 8 17 Textile Mill Products and Apparel 64 60 66 81 10 23 Other Manufacturing 98 117 124 161 6 30 ALL MANUFACTURING $17,187 $17,167 $17,585 $19,755 2 12 NonmanufacLuring 669 723 1,063 1,711 47 61 ALL INDUSTRIES $17,856 $17,890 $18,648 $21,466 4 15 Source: National Science Foundation (1972~.
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From page 119... ...
2-53 TABLE 2.20 Industrial Research and Development as Percent of Sales* 1970 1971 1972a 1975a Steel 0.34% 0.31% 0.28% 0.26% Nonferrous Metals 0.76 0.90 0.79 0.93 Electrical Machinery 8.51 8.17 7.72 7.23 Machinery, Other Aerospace 3.08 3.08 2.96 2.61 19.02 20.05 20.88 17.92 Autos' Trucks,and Parts,and Other Transportation Equipment 2.73 2.23 2.05 1.71 Stone, Clay,and Glass 1.06 0.81 0.74 0.70 Fabricated Metals 0.44 0.41 0.40 0.37 Instruments 5.71 6.39 6.27 5.52 Chemicals 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.16 Paper 0.74 0.51 0.47 0.45 Rubber 1.36 1.49 1.43 1.34 Petroleum 2.29 1.76 1.
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From page 122... ...
By thus supplementing their experience-based approach to materials research and development, these industries established technological leadership for themselves and for their countries. The resulting cumulative national payoff, though difficult to measure, is substantial.
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From page 123... ...
The materials community is now challenged to find positive ways to conserve natural resources and energy, to conserve the environment, to conserve man's standard of living and the quality of life. The latter relates- particularly to interactions between people and nations with different backgrounds and cultures.
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From page 124... ...
The operational device consisted of circulating the Specialties List from the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel and the National Engineers Register List of Areas of Technology and Science to the above groups. These lists were then used by respondents to describe their employment profiles and professional competences.
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From page 125... ...
It is felt that the polling via the specialties lists is a more accurate and useful procedure for scientists than for the engineers because the specialties list used in the survey of scientists happened to be much more detailed and technically descriptive than the list of areas of technology and science used to survey the engineers. The Engineers Register The National Engineers Register List of Areas of Technology and Science was also circulated to a second group of specialists in materials engineering and a somewhat different set of rankings of the areas were obtained for inclusion in MSE' The most populous fields appeared high in both cases, however' and we believe that our profile of the materials engineer is not unduly affected by the choice of group polled or the exact cutoff point.
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From page 127... ...
* See "A Profile of the Engineering Profession: A Report from the 1969 National Engineers Register," Engineers Joint Council and National Science Foundation, 1971.
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From page 128... ...
Industry and Business 75 72 Education and Non-Profit 9 7 Federal Government 7 10 Multiply the numbers by 6.9 to obtain figures corresponding to the total number of registrants, and then by another factor of 3.5 to scale up to the total engineering population in the U.S.
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From page 129... ...
2-63 TABLE 2.24 Society Membership (%) % Materials % Materials % All Leading Engineers (Ph.D.
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From page 130... ...
Table 2.25 has been prepared to study this topic further. The Engineers Register arranges the areas of technology and science into "product groups." In Table 2.25 the percentage of Ph.D.
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From page 131... ...
2-65 TABLE 2.25 Percentage of Ph.D.'s Among Materials Engineers by Product Group Number of Percent Product Group Materials Engineers Ph.D. Aircraft and Space 1779 9 Ceramics 2 34 11 Chemicals 1910 12 Computers 266 10 Construction and Civil Engineering 3726 0.3 Electrical Equipment 1246 3 Electronic Equipment 875 10 Machinery and Mechanical Equipment 3323 0.3 Transportation 301 3 Metals, Basic 1638 15 Metal Products 790 4 Motor Vehicle Transportation 756 2 Utilities 858 0.3
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From page 132... ...
2-66 TABLE 2.26 Principal Functions of Materials Engineering (%) Materials Engineers Ph.D.
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From page 133... ...
Ph.D. All Program Materials Engineers Materials Engineers All 53.1 37.3 Defense 26.3 18.6 Atomic Energy 12.7 5.4 Space 13.7 7.2 Public Works 0.9 5.2 Transportation 3.6 5.7 1.
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From page 134... ...
All these areas received MSE scores of 75 or greater on the poll of COS MAT participants; there is a large measure of agreement that they are part of materials engineering,and it can be stated with confidence that most of the individuals are indeed materials engineers. These areas are listed in Table 2.31.
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From page 135... ...
(All) 17.0 16 15.2 10 Chemicals and Allied Products 11.4 8.7 / Aircraft and Space 8.7 8.1 11 Metals, Basic (except Mining)
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From page 136... ...
657 3.0 Materials Applications 616 2.8 79.6 TABLE 2.30 Leading Employment Specialties of Materials Engineers (Ph.D.,[%~) Number of All Percent of All Ph.D.
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From page 137... ...
Materials Properties Crystals, Crystallography Materials Applications Metallurgy (process) Corrosion Solid State Casting Metallurgy (extractive)
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From page 138... ...
Research Teaching Planning, Directing Development Sales, Technical Services Receiving Government Support Total Defense Atomic Energy Space Transportation Leading Products or Service Metals, Basic (except Mining) Machinery, Mechanical Equipment Aircraft and Space Metal Fabricated Products Professional Identification (percent)
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From page 139... ...
The Science Register Our analysis of the Science Register was similar to that of the Engineers Register. A line between those regarded as materials scientists and those excluded was drawn at an MSE score of 45.
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From page 140... ...
Percent Non-Ph.D. Percent Chemistry 4159 25.6 13551 32.6 Physics 3853 23.7 3628 8.7 Organic Chemistry 2539 15.6 878 2.1 Engineering 628 3.9 2518 6.1 Physical Chemistry 2211 13.6 515 1.2 Chemical Engineering 214 1.3 1522 3.7 Inorganic Chemistry 712 4.4 179 0.4 Analytical Chemistry 526 3.2 277 0.7
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From page 141... ...
Percent 2532 15.6 7047 17.0 2853 17.6 2307 5.5 550 3- 4 3357 8.1 1908 11.8 1665 4.0 2084 12.8 979 2.4 543 3.3 2048 4.9 649 4.0 489 1.2 Polymer Chemist 521 3.2 460 1.1 Solid State Physicist 537 3.3 282 0.7 Management Scientist 172 1.1 416 1.0
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From page 142... ...
This is primarily a reflection of the selection of the cooperating societies that identify individuals for inclusion in the Science Register. A list of these societies is given in Table 2.37, and it can be seen that no metals or metallurgical society is included; metallurgical societies are affiliated with the Engineers Joint Council and are included in the sampling for the Engineers Register.
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From page 143... ...
2-77 TABLE 2.36 Number of Materials Scientists with Selected Professional Identification Ph.D. Percent Non-Ph.D.
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From page 144... ...
- A bachelor's degree in an area of earth or marine science; or professional identification of geological scientist; or current employment in earth or marine science' and either enrolled currently in a Ph.D. program or 1 year of professional experience.
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From page 145... ...
LINGUIST (Center for Applied Linguistics) - A bachelor's degree in linguistics with evidence of continued activity in the field; or graduate training in linguistics; or employment in the field of linguistics; or professional identification of linguist supported by linguistic specializations; or the equivalent in professional experience.
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From page 146... ...
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From page 147... ...
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From page 148... ...
2-82 TABLE 2.40 Number of Materials Scientists in Specialty Areas from 1964 to 1970 Register Years Topical Group 1964 1966 1968 1970 Minerals and Natural Materials 327 376 503 468 Coatings 1361 1322 1512 1404 Polymers 7161 6908 8363 5478 Crystallography 161 197 320 351 Catalysis 401 666 800 590 Corrosion 224 266 360 355 Solid State 3379 3837 3750 5331 Total 13014 13572 15609 13977 i
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From page 149... ...
We further estimate that 40,000 of the materials engineers are metallurgists and 10,000 are ceramists -- leaving about 400,000 other materials engineers. These totals and totals for the materials scientists are presented in Table 2.41.
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From page 150... ...
2-84 TABLE 2.41 Estimated Total Number of Materials Scientists and Engineers in the United States Ceramists Metallurgists Other Engineers Physicists Chemists TOTAL 10,000 40,000 400,000*
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From page 151... ...
Ultrasonics 10. Heat transfer MSE Score __ 100 99 98 92 82 82 74 59 _ _ 96 94 93 90 79 68 68 62 58 55 87 80 74 70 68 65 63 58 53 51
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From page 152... ...
* These specialties were regarded as sufficiently important to be included even though their MSE scores were somewhat below 45.
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From page 153... ...
Stress analysis 2. Mathematics MSE Score 69 55 48 47 51 68 48 .
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From page 154... ...
Synthesis of inorganic materials Boron and silicon compounds; asbestos, clay, glass, etc. MSE Score 66 77 77 91 77 74 74 67 66 64 64 63 61 58 50 49 99 94 91 91 89
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From page 155... ...
16. MSE Score 89 82 80 79 79 70 68 64 60 53 52 50 92 88 85 85 80 74 72 71 68 65 63 63 61 61 57 55 1
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From page 156... ...
10. Electrochemical operations Mass transfer Mechanical separation Instrumentation Measurement and control Quality control and standards Chemical separation MSE Score 52 50 45 98 95 91 88 85 83 82 82 78 74 72 71 ~9 61 60 electrolytes and non59 58 57 57 __ 100 100 87 ~5 64 58 55 54 53 51 49
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From page 157... ...
2-91 ATTACHMENT 2A.2 Specialty Areas in the 1968 National Resister of Scientific and Technical Personnel with MSE Score Greater Than 45 (Continued) MSE Specialty Area III.
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From page 158... ...
Dynamics of crystal lattices Ferromagnetism Internal friction Optical properties Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity Surface structure and kinetics Thermal conduction in solid state Paramagnetism and diamagnetism Quantize mechanics of solids Radiation damage MSE Score 63 52 92 83 68 ~5 54 51 89 75 61 52 __ 100 99 98 96 94 94 92 92 91 91 91 89 88 88 88 87 86 84 84
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From page 159... ...
Kinetic theory MSE Score 82 82 81 80 80 80 82 82 79 69 67 66 66 61 55 100 100 61 60 60 59 58 54 50
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