Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities Adaptive Site Management (2003) / Chapter Skim
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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Pages 18-47
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Table 1-1 lists the major classes of contaminants found at hazardous waste sites in the United States. The cost to clean up these 217,000 sites is estimated in EPA (1997)
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such as naphthalene, anthracene, benzota~pyrene Non-halogenated pesticides/herbicides such as parathion Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Dioxins/furans Halogenated pesticides/herbicides such as 4,4'DDD and 4,4'-DDT Gasoline range hydrocarbons Diesel range hydrocarbons Residual range hydrocarbons Heavy metals such as lead, zinc, mercury, copper, cadmium, beryllium Nonmetallic elements such as arsenic Asbestos Inorganic cyanides Perchlorate Radium-224, -226 Cesium-134, -1 37 Trinitrobenzenes (TNB)
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As shown in Figure 1-2, the latter stages of site cleanup at military facilities are characterized by milestones such as remedy in place, response complete, and site closeout. Given the time that has passed between the signing of RCRA and CERCLA and the present, a large percentage of identified hazardous waste sites have reached the latter stages of cleanup that is, after selec
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U.S. EPA applies a mathematical approach to assessment of relative risks posed by site.
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Several National Research Council (NRC) reports have addressed the cleanup of hazardous waste sites, primarily with an emphasis on contaminated soil and groundwater but more recently on contaminated sediment (NRC, 1993, 1994, 1997, l999a,b, 2000, 2001~.
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The majority of Navy sites are in the latter stages of cleanup; in fact, the number of sites that have reached "response complete" is 2,797 about 60 percent of all sites iclentifiect. Table 1-2 lists the number of Navy contaminated sites that are presently at each stage of the cleanup process.
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action; and Expedite the cleanup process and demonstrate a commitment to Consider current, planned, and future land use when developing cleanup strategies. Two major factors differentiate the Navy's Environmental Restoration Program from typical contaminated sites.
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Determining whether these contaminants are present at Navy sites is hampered by the lack of a central, comprehensive compilation of data on Navy hazardous waste sites (although contaminant mass and concentration data for individual sites are collected at each facility)
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Nonhalogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the second most frequent contaminant type at groundwater sites on Navy facilities, with benzene and toluene being the most frequently encountered constituent in this category.
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At any given site, some pathways will predominate over others and control both the risk assessment and the remedial goal chosen. Ecological receptors are the primary driver for risk assessment at many hazardous waste sites, particularly where contaminated sediment is involved.
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Lighter petroleum hydrocarbons are relatively mobile and are more readily biodegradable than are other types of organic contaminants be
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Heavier petroleum hydrocarbons, including waste oils and crude oils, contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that have relatively lower degradability.
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Chlorinated solvents are also more difficult to remediate than petroleum hydrocarbons because free-phase chlorinated solvents (dense nonaqueous phase liquids or DNAPLs) are denser than water and can migrate deep into the saturated zone, which tends to lessen the effectiveness of conventional cleanup technologies, especially in fractured rock environments.
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but can form relatively insoluble mineral precipitates in reducing environments. These metals also commonly form coprecipitates with iron and sulfide under reducing conditions.
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Persistent Contaminants in Sediment Because of the active hydrologic, geomorphic, and biogeochemical conditions found in sediment environments, only certain highly persistent classes of contaminants are considered problematic when associated with sediments, including metals and hydrophobic organics that have low solubility and a strong tendency for sorption. Numerous metals fall into this category such as lead, arsenic, and tri-butyl tin.
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As many as 110 facilities have identified sediment contamination, including the Pearl Harbor Naval Complex, Hawaii; the Long Beach Naval Complex, the Alameda Naval Air Station, and the San Diego Naval Complex, all in California; and facilities along the Chesapeake Bay (spitz, 2001~. Many coastal, harbor, and estuary hazardous waste sites are still in the remedial investigation and feasibility study stages of remediation.
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me'' by:: $'i~r ~~ %~,d,,~ ~r .... ~ em: ~~ ~-~ ~ FIGURE 1-7 Sediment contaminants like PCBs transfer between multiple levels of a food chain, and bioaccumulate in certain species, making ecological risk assessment and remediation of sediments a challenge.
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Ecological risk assessment at hazardous waste sites in coastal environments must encompass an enormous diversity of potential receptors. Important commercial stocks of finfish and shellfish are highly dependent upon the estuarine environment to provide spawning and nursery grounds (Tait and De Santo, 1975~.
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The high prevalence of wetlands at Navy facilities is an additional area of concern because of the importance of freshwater and estuarine wetlands in providing various services, including diverse food webs and nutrient cycling functions, transport and degradation of contaminants, and provision of breeding grounds for important commercial species (NRC, 1995~. Estuarine and marine wetlands along the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts have been greatly reduced in area since European settlement (DahI, 1990)
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. A common reason cited for selecting MNA at contaminated soil and groundwater sites is "low and decreasing concentrations of contaminants at the site." Innovative technologies, defined by EPA as those technologies or applications of technologies that have had limited full-scale application, have been selected in only 19 percent of the cases in which treatment is involved (EPA, 2001b)
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at a large number of contaminated sites. Similarly, the DoD Inspector General concluded that 78 pump-and-treat systems operated as of 1996 remediate contamination slowly, cost $40 million annually, and will not attain cleanup goals within a reasonable period of timed (DoD, 1998~.
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40 A 160 140 120 ._ `,, 1 00 O 80 a 60 Q E 40 20 o B 1 go% go% 80% o a a, 50% Q 30% 20% 10% , l ^~ : / ~ C~ CO ~ ~ CO ~ CO ~ o ~ C~ CO ~ ~ CO ~ CO ~ o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cat year fir, f / _ _ if Try am_ 0% ! """'— ."""'r""""~ -- -- -~-'-'-""'~'~"~""""1""""'~""""1"""""~""""'l"""""~""""'l"""""~""""~ ~ Cat ~ ~ CO ~ 0D CD O ~ ~ Cat ~ ~ CO ~ 0D CD O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1 year Other Remedy Containment or Disposal Treatment
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highlights the complexity of assessing the performance of natural attenuation and emphasizes the need for longterm monitoring. In addition, groundwater remedial actions and monitoring activities at CERCLA, RCRA corrective action, and non-state sites cannot legally be terminated unless the chemicals remaining at the site are no longer a significant threat to human health or the environment.
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Reducing the time required for remedy operation and monitoring is the motivation for developing innovative technologies, many of which are expected to focus on source removal. STATEMENT OF TASK AND REPORT ROADMAP Although 2,797 out of 4,676 Navy sites have achieved "response complete" (Navy, 2002)
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reviewed existing risk-based methodologies, described their strengths and weaknesses, and recommended a risk-based decision-making approach for the Navy. As a follow-up activity, the committee was asked to provide guidance on the latter stages of site remediation, including remedy selection, remedy operation, long-term monitoring, and site closeout.
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Thus, the report is intended not only for Navy remedial project managers but also for higher level managers and decision makers within the Navy Environmental Restoration Program and their counterparts in other federal agencies and private organizations that have a sizable cleanup liability. REFERENCES Anderson, J
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Laws, Assistant Administrator of the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, to Superfund, RCRA, UST, and CEPP National Policy Managers Federal Facilities Leadership Council and Brownfields Coordinators, Re: Initiatives to promote innovative technology in waste management programs. April 29, 1996.
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1998. Management guidance for the Defense Environmental Restoration Program.
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1998. Ground water and surface water: a single resource.
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