Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply Strategies to Decrease Exposure (2003) / Chapter Skim
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5. Human Foods and Food-Consumption Patterns
5. Human Foods and Food-Consumption Patterns
Pages 110-149
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From page 110... ...
, presumably on the basis of the age-associated increase in adipose tissue depots. Thus, the overall body burden tends to increase over time, even if exposure levels do not change.
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From page 111... ...
On average, children consume almost twice as much milk and dairy products as do adults. Fish consumption is of particular interest for several reasons.
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From page 112... ...
DLC Analyses of Foods Consumed Due primarily to the high cost per sample to analyze DLCs, there is relatively little information on the DLC content of the U.S. food supply.
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From page 113... ...
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs Beef, pork, lamb Processed meats Fish, shellfish Poultry Eggs Dairy foods Cheese Cream/ice cream Milk Fats, oils, nuts Butter Vegetable oils Nuts Breads, cereals Breads Crackers Pasta Breakfast cereal Fruits, vegetables Fruit Vegetables 0.005-0.46 0.01-0.21 0.01-0.33 0.004-0.06 0.01-0.05 0.002-0.24 0.0001-0.06 0.0006-0.01 0.22 0.002-0.06 0.003-0.006 0.001-0.05 0.001-0.02 0.0001-0.02 0.0007-0.01 0.0007-0.01 0.0001-0.05 NOTE: Mean toxicity equivalents at nondetects = 0. SOURCE: Douglass and Murphy (2002)
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From page 114... ...
Each dietary recall included a record of all foods and beverages consumed in the previous 24 hours, including the gram weight of each food or beverage consumed. Data obtained from the sequential CSFIIs over the past 30 years indicate a trend in food consumption toward a lower total saturated fat intake and a lower total fat intake as a percent of energy consumed, although with a higher total energy intake.
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From page 115... ...
Values represent population intake averages of absolute amounts of milk and dairy foods consumed per individual for 1 day. Error bars are standard errors of the mean.
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From page 116... ...
Other Foods and Mixtures 10% Fats, Oils and Mixtures 1% Fruits, Vegetables and Mixtures 10% Eggs and Mixtures 4% Fish and Mixtures 4% Poultry and Mixtures'' Meat and Mixtures 35% Dairy Foods and Mixtures 30% FIGURE 5-4 Estimated percent contribution of foods to intakes of dioxins and dioxinlike compounds (DLCs) , children ages 1 through S years.
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From page 117... ...
Other Foods and Mixtures ~ 4o/^ Fats, Oils and Mixtures Fruits, Vegetables and Mixtures 9% Eggs and Mixtures 2% Fish and Mixtures 5% Poultry and Mixtures " 7% Dairy Foods and Mixtures 16% Meat and Mixtures 46% FIGURE 5-6 Estimated percent contribution of foods to intakes of dioxins and dioxinlike compounds (DLCs) , boys ages 12 through 19 years.
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From page 118... ...
Other Foods and Mixtures ~ Ro/O Fats, Oils and Mixtures 1% Fruits, Vegetables and Mixtures 8% Eggs and Mixtures 2% Fish and Mixtures 5% Poultry and Mixtures 7% Dairy Foods and 17% ixtures Meat and Mixtures 45% FIGURE 5-8 Estimated percent contribution of foods to intakes of dioxins and dioxinlike compounds (DLCs) , girls ages 12 through 19 years.
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From page 119... ...
Other Foods and Mixtures 15% Fats, Oils and Mixtures 1% Fruits, Vegetables and Mixtures 12% Eggs and Mixtures 4% Fish and Mixtures 4% Poultry and Mixtures 7% Dairy Foods and Mixtures 20% Meat and Mixtures 37% FIGURE 5-10 Estimated percent contribution of foods to intakes of dioxins and dioxinlike compounds (DLCs) , pregnant and/or lactating females ages 12 years and older.
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From page 120... ...
The results of the analysis, discounting the other foods and mixtures category, suggest that DLC exposure levels to the general adult population from animal-food products and based on estimated amounts consumed by population groups, are greatest from meat, followed by dairy foods and fish. The estimates for dairy foods do not take into account the consumption of low-fat and skim milk because only whole milk was analyzed.
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From page 121... ...
Sources from Foods Consumed Among All Age Groups in the U.S. Diet Food Category Percent Estimated Per Capita Contribution of Foods to DLC Intakea Meat and mixtures Dairy foods and mixtures Other foods and mixtures Fruits, vegetables and mixtures Fish and mixtures Poultry and mixtures Eggs and mixtures Fats, oils and mixtures 17 12 10 8 7 3 1 aPercentages represent 50th percentile intakes at nondetects = 0.
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From page 122... ...
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From page 123... ...
These results suggest that reducing the consumption of foods that contain animal fats can reduce DLC intake exposure. Although the analysis did not compare trimmed with untrimmed meats, poultry, and fish, it is fair to assume that trimming and discarding their excess fats will reduce DLC intake.
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From page 126... ...
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From page 127... ...
The total DLC body burden of the developing fetus has been estimated using cord blood samples obtained at birth, based on the assumption that this value represents in utero exposure. KoopmanEsseboom and colleagues (1994a)
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From page 128... ...
A woman' s DLC body burden is an accumulation of her intake exposure to DLCs from birth, beginning with her consumption of breast milk during the first months of life and continuing up to the time that she becomes pregnant. As a result of her lifetime-accumulated exposure and the long half-life of DLCs, a woman's dietary modifications that are intended to reduce DLC intake during pregnancy will not have an impact on exposure to the developing fetus.
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From page 129... ...
at birth, declining by almost 50 percent to 1.0 ppm by the infant's first birthday (Rogan et al., 1986~. This study indicated that exposure to DLCs in breastfed infants was many times higher than exposures that would be expected for adults, but that these exposures declined after weaning, most likely as a result of lower DLC intakes from foods and the infants' expanding total body-fat pool.
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From page 130... ...
Altogether, DLC intake exposure to infants through breastfeeding is significantly greater than through formula feeding. Evidence indicates that, for the general population, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh existing evidence for the detrimental effects to infants resulting from exposure to DLCs through breast milk (Work Group on Breastfeeding, 1997~.
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From page 131... ...
Discretionary fat intake, particularly from animal foods, can be reduced in the diets of young children so that DLC intake exposure can be decreased without compromising the overall nutritional quality of the diet. Additionally, using low-fat or skim milk rather than whole milk will reduce DLC exposure without compromising this important source of calcium for children.
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From page 132... ...
Their exposure is a function of both the quantity of fish, marine mammals, and agricultural products consumed, and the levels of contaminants in the foods. There is limited information on the extent of fish consumption among various American Indian people.
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From page 133... ...
investigated Lake Michigan fish consumption by urban, pregnant, and poor African-American women in Chicago. Ninety percent said that they ate fish regularly, and of these, approximately 10 percent ate sport-caught fish on a regular basis.
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From page 134... ...
, 979 reported that they never ate Great Lakes fish and 408 had not eaten them recently (Mendola et al., 1995~. Among consumers, the average consumption in 1990 to 1991 was 4.9 kg, and the estimated mean lifetime sport-fish consumption was 57.4 kg.
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From page 135... ...
are compatible with existing social, cultural, and familial norms. Ethnic Variation in Food-Consumption Patterns Consumption of whole milk and full-fat dairy products represents the major source of DLC intake exposure among children in the United States.
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Vegetarian Food Patterns Given the relatively lower contribution to DLC intakes from fruit, vegetables, and grains than from animal products, a lower body burden in vegetarians might be anticipated as compared with carnivores. Welge and colleagues (1993)
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From page 137... ...
Furthermore, the long half-life of DLCs in the human body suggests that changes in body burdens that may occur from dietary modification will likely take many years to realize. Cooking Methods and Preparation It is possible to reduce DLC exposure through the selection, handling, preparation, and processing of foods at the consumer level.
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From page 138... ...
This analysis supports the observation that DLC levels in plants are related to the DLC content of the soils in which they are grown, but that peeling carrots and removing the outer pods from peas are effective ways to reduce DLC intakes from these vegetables. Tsutsumi and colleagues (2000)
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From page 139... ...
Although surveys of participants in the National School Lunch Program showed that they had greater intakes of energy, protein, and several vitamins and minerals compared with nonparticipants, they also consumed greater amounts of total fat and saturated fat per day than nonparticipants (Devaney et al., 1993~. Data from the School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II show that in the survey years 1998-1999, at least 70 percent of elementary school lunches served met the program standard for calories (one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowance)
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From page 140... ...
2000 dietary guidelines "advocates a population-wide saturated fat intake of less than 10 percent energy, which can be achieved by limiting intake of foods rich in saturated fatty acids (e.g., full-fat dairy products and fatty meats) " (Krause et al., 2000~.
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From page 141... ...
Unlike the saturated fat in dairy products and meats, the fatty acids in fish have been shown in epidemiological studies to be beneficial to health. The strongest evidence for the importance of omega-3 fatty acids is a reduction in risk of sudden death from cardiac arrest: epidemiological studies show a lower risk with greater fish consumption among both men and women (Daviglus, 1997; Guallar, 1995; Hu et al., 2002~.
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From page 142... ...
The increasing evidence of health benefits from the consumption of fish argues that efforts to reduce the DLC content in fish should be promoted, rather than restricting intake in order to reduce DLC exposure. One caution regarding fish consumption exists with regard to women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant: some species of fish, particularly long-lived, larger predatory fish may contain high levels of methylmercury, a developmental neurotoxin that may harm a fetus's developing nervous system if ingested at high levels.
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From page 143... ...
The focus should be on reducing lifetime body burdens through other means so that future generations of breastfeeding mothers will increasingly transmit lower levels through this important source of infant nutriture. The second exception is the conflict between recommendations to consume more fatty fish and the fact that some of the highest concentrations of DLCs in the food supply come from these fish, both farmed and from the sea.
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1997. Fish consumption and risk of coronary heart disease.
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2001. Time trends in sport-caught Great Lakes fish consumption and serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels among Michigan anglers, 1973-1993.
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2002a. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids.
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From page 147... ...
1998. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soybean infant formulas by gas chromatography.
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From page 148... ...
1983. Lake Michigan fish consumption as a source of polychlorinated biphenyls in human cord serum, maternal serum, and milk.
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From page 149... ...
2002. PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs concentrations in breast milk from two areas in Korea: Body burden of mothers and implications for feeding infants.
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