Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply Strategies to Decrease Exposure (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Data Tables
Appendix A: Data Tables
Pages 217-280
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From page 217... ...
A Data Tables 217
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218 DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY TABLE A-1 Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds and the Most Common Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) Systems Compound I-TEFa WHO 94b WHO 98c Dioxins 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1 1 1.0 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.5 0.5 1.0 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 0.01 0.01 0.01 Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 0.001 0.001 0.0001 Furans 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 0.5 0.5 0.5 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran 0.01 0.01 0.01 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran 0.01 0.01 0.01 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzofuran 0.001 0.001 0.0001 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
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also used ATSDR, 1998 All are presented, but use is not Both are presented, but use is distinguished not distinguished EPA, 2000 WHO 98 is preferred, but all WHO 98 is preferred, but all systems are used and systems are used and distinguished distinguished Fiedler et al., 2000 I-TEQ and WHO 98; most data WHO 98; sometimes added given in I-TEQ into I-TEQ IARC, 1997 I-TEQ Not evaluated Scientific Committee WHO 98 is preferred WHO 98 is preferred on Food, 2000, 2001 NOTE: CDD = chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, CDF = chlorodibenzofuran, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, TEQ = toxicity equivalents.
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220 DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY TABLE A-3 Data for the Lowest Exposure Strata in Cancer Epidemiology Studies on Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds Table Number Exposure Definition Risk Measure Risk Estimate (95% confidence interval) Lowest septile of estimated cumulative exposure (0 to < 19)
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7-131 pg I-TEQF/g lipid (blood) Baltic Sea fish in Sweden Fishermen in the Gulf of the St.
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1998 < 2 pg TCDD/g Inuits vs Quebecois Inuits vs Quebecois Inuits vs Quebecois 26.1 pg TEQ/g (plasma) NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-p.
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APPENDIX A TABLE A-6 Existing Total Human Exposure Limits 223 Legislation/Guidelines Country/Organization pg TEQ/kg/d Tolerable daily intake WHO 1-4 JECFA 2.3 EC 2 The Netherlands 1 Japan 4 Tolerable weekly intake JECFA 16.1 EC 14 Proposed tolerable monthly intake Australia 70 Provisional tolerable monthly intake JECFA 70 NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, WHO = World Health Organization, JECFA = Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, EC = European Commission.
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63, 261, and 430 National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Pulp and Paper Production, Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards 40 C.F.R. 60 Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Cement Kilns, and New Sour Lightweight Aggregate Kilns New Sources Existing ' 0.40 ng to the i: device 40 C.F.R.
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APPENDIX A Nations 225 Limits Date Implementation Date Compliance Required Required lp exposure ~reciable nail pal 0/96 r, and er Acute MRL = 0.0002 ,ug/kg/d Intermediate MRL = 0.00002 ,ug/kg/d Chronic MRL = 0.000001 ,ug/kg/d 13 ng/dscm for dioxins/furans on a total mass basis, using a 3-run average with a minimum of 4-h run duration 125 ng/dscm (total mass basis) 13 ng/dscm for dioxins/furans on a total mass basis (mandatory)
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Proposed Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage 0.0003 me Sludge for apply NOTE: ATSDR = Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CERCLA = Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, MRL = minimum risk level, dscm = dry standard cubic meter, HMIWI = hazardous material/industrial waste incinerator, CDD = chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, CDF = chlorodibenzofuran, TEQ = toxicity equivalents, dscf = dry standard cubic feet, CIWI = commercial/industrial waste incinerator, TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo.
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APPENDIX A 227 Date Implementation Date Compliance Limits Required Required 2,3,7,8-TCDD: 3 x 10-8 mg/L 1994 1994 king water 2,3,7,8-TCDD: O Nonenforceable, Nonenforceable, voluntary health voluntary health goal goal Sewage 0.0003 mg TEQ/kg dry sewage sludge for application to land Proposed 12/23/99 Not applicable prehensive dscm = A= ,cf = dry ~dibenzo
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(e) : emissions limits for hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators as promulgated by EPA through the Clean Air Act 10 CSR 60-4.040: Maximum Synthetic Organic Chemical Contaminant Levels, drinking water 10 CSR 10-6.020: Emissions to Air from Municipal Waste Combustion 10 CSR 25-5.262: Standards applicable to generators of hazardous waste 1990 All air standards are the same as the federal government; the only water Not applies regulations concerning dioxins are for drinking water New Jersey New Jersey Drinking Water Standards New York 6 NYCRR Part 219 [1/1]
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Maximum containment level for 2,3,7,8-TCDD = 3 x 10-8 mg/L Maximum toxic equivalent concentration = 0.045 pg/m3; the dioxin air guideline is set at a level at which no noncancer health effects would be expected as a result of lifetime exposure Groundwater = 3 x 10-8 mg/L, soil = 4 x 10-6 mg/L Dioxins/furans = 15 ng/dscm 2,3,7,8-TCDD = 0.00000003 mg/L 3.5 xlO-6tons/y If a hazardous waste facility generates more than 1 g of dioxin/y, then it must be registered with the state and complete reporting procedures must be followed; there is no limit in the state on the levels of emissions Not applicable 0.00000003 mg/L Municipal and private solid waste incinerator emission limits for dioxins = 0.02 ng/dscm Maximum allowable concentration = 7 x 10-7 ,ug/L 0.0001 lb/y of hazardous air contaminants without acceptable ambient concentrations (2,3,7,8-TCDD) 0.000003 ,ug/L 0.00003 ,ug/L toxicity 'Y.
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9) content 82/501/EEC The Seveso Directive Storage: s stored r quantity 96/82/EC The Seveso II Directive Storage: s Accident stored r NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, PCP = pentachlorophenol, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, HCDD = hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
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APPENDIX A 1tal 231 Date Implementation Limits Required Date Compliance Required Air emissions: operating conditions 12/1/90 12/1/95; 12/1/00 to same specified conditions as 89/369/EEC Air emissions: operating conditions 12/1/90 12/1/90 specified Air emissions: 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 12/31/96 Existing plant: within 3 years Release to water: to be agreed, of implementation; new Directive 80/68/EEC applies plant: on implementation (see below) Air emissions: 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 12/28/02 Existing plant: within 5 years Release to water: 0.5 ng I-TEQ/L, of implementation; new 150 ng I-TEQ/ton of waste plant: on implementation langerous Organohalogen discharge to water prohibited Water quality values specified for PCP 1/1/88 content Organohalogen discharge to water 12/16/81 prohibited Provides for the progressive reduction 10/00 or cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of pollutants to water No date specified No date specified 1/1/88 12/16/81 Prohibition on all use of PCBs 6/30/86 6/30/86 Use of PCP limited to 0.1% of total 7/1/92 content Storage: sites qualify if 2,3,7,8-TCDD 1/8/84 stored reaches 1 kg of HCDD quantity of 100 kg Storage: sites qualify as Major Accident Hazard if total dioxin stored reaches 1 kg 2/3/99 7/1/92 1/8/84 2/3/99 phenyl,
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Flemish Decree of 1/19/99, Vlarem Regulation on environmental permits and conditions (BS/MB 31.03.99) regulating following sectors Municipal waste incineration Sewage sludge incineration Oil refineries, FCC catalyst regeneration 1989 1997 1997 6/2/91 1/4/93 1/4/93 7/28/94 1/8/95 1/5/99 (ur other d.
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; culture substrates are not allowed to contain more than 20 ng I-TEQ/kg 1/4/93 Dioxin limit value of 100 ng I-TEQ/kg dm 7/28/94 Dioxin limit value in sewage sludge of 100 ng I-TEQ/kg dm Officially, there are no guidelines for dioxin concentrations in the various environmental media or food; in the past, there were recommendations for maximum dioxin concentrations in milk, and a limit concentration of 3 ng I-TEQ/kg dm in grass fed to dairy cows Based on present information, it is unlikely that guide levels will be developed The recommended maximum human daily intake of dioxins is 10 pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg body weight and if this is exceeded action should be taken to reduce exposure; a target value of 1 pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg body weight should be achieved 1/8/95 New municipal solid waste incinerators: emission limit 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 Existing municipal solid waste incinerators: yearly measurement; emission limit 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 from 1/1/97 1/5/99 (unless other date specified) 1/1/00 1/1/02 Continuous dioxin sampling required; analysis at least every 2 weeks Emission limit 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3; continuous sampling required New plant: emission limits 0.5 ng I-TEQ/m3 (guide value: 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3)
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Guidelines Denmark 1/1/03 1/1/02 2/2/97 Danish Executive Order, Danish Environment Protection Agency Decision Number 41 on waste incinerators Legislation on the prohibition of the use of PCP of 7/25/95 Guidelines 1/14/97 Finland Council of State Decision 23 June 1994/626 on the prevention of 1995 air pollution by municipal waste incineration Guidelines France Ministerial Decision on urban waste incineration plant from 2/24/97 2/24/97 Guidelines
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of 5 pg N-TEQ/kg body weight Old plant: limit value of 1.0 ng I-TEQ/m3 New plant (from 1/12/90) : limit value of 1.0 ng I-TEQ/m3 and target value of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 Target value of 0.1 ng/m3 for stack emissions from all municipal waste incinerators The Ministry of the Environment, Department for Environmental Protection has proposed a guideline of 2 ng I-TEQ/kg and a limit value of 500 ng I-TEQ/kg for contaminated soils Finland applies the maximum tolerable daily intake as adopted by the Nordic countries of 5 pg N-TEQ/kg body weight 2/24/97 New incinerators to meet the emission limits set in the EC Directive on Hazardous Waste incineration 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 A national recommendation from 2/97 set a guideline value for dioxin emissions from existing municipal solid waste incinerators of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3; the regional authorities decide on a case-by-case basis the legal limit value for such plant; the government's intention is that, in the future, stack emissions from all types of municipal solid waste incinerators should not exceed 0.1 ng/m3 The recommended guide level for emissions from metal processing and paper processing is 1 ng I-TEQ/y; if measurements reveal that concentrations exceed the guideline, then abatement action is required, as well as a program of milk analysis within a radius of 3 km from the plant A guide level of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 is recommended for incineration in the cement and lime manufacturing industry continued
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BImSchV) Ordinance on sewage sludge (AbfKlarV 1992)
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For hazardous waste incineration, subject to the EC establishing harmonized measurement methods by 01.07.96, this guide level becomes an emission level from 01.01.97"; where other issues arise, they tend to be guided by limits set or recommended by other EU countries (e.g., United Kingdom or Germany) 11/19/97 Regulates new municipal solid waste incinerator plant at the limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in the exhaust gas; existing incineration plant must be technically upgraded to meet the above emission limit 4/23/98 Implements a zero emission concentration of dioxins and other organic compounds into the Venice Lagoon National Toxicology Commission proposed, in 1985, PCDD and PCDF reference technical limits for land rehabilitation; for farmable land the reference value was 750 ng/m2 and for nonfarmable land 5,000 ng/m2; continued
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15, 1992) and regulation on measurement methods for emissions from waste incineration plant Incineration Decree (Sb 36)
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1991 8/89 10/92 1/95 4/92 1991 Adopts Directive 89/429/EEC and 89/369/EEC. Emission limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 applies to new and existing municipal solid waste incinerators 1994 Recommends emission limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/m3 for industrial and crafts plants; if no suitable technology is available in the market in order to meet this limit, then the process operator of existing industrial and crafts plants may apply for a derogation, of not more than 5 years duration, to 1 ng I-TEQ/m3 Guideline on incineration of municipal solid waste and related processes (e.g., incineration of chemical waste, hospital waste, and sludge)
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SEPA Regulation on emissions to air from plant for incinerating municipal waste with a permit according to the Environment Protection Act (1969:387) later than 1/1/94 and plant with a nominal capacity equal to or larger than 6 tons per hour with a permit issued according to the same law before 1/1/94, SNFS 1993:14 SEPA regulation on discharges of industrial wastewater 6/30/95 containing certain substances, SNFS 1995:7 Guidelines United Kingdom (U.K.)
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From page 241... ...
the recommended limit value is 0.1 ng TEQ/m3 For various metal processes (including integrated iron and steel works, ferrous foundry processes, production of zinc, lead, copper, and aluminum) and papermaking the recommended limit value is 1.0 ng TEQ/m3 The maximum tolerable daily intake of 10 pg TEQ/kg body weight (including PCBs)
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C Metal production and NAe NA 0.1 0.5 processingd Sintering plant for iron NA ore production Combustion plant NA NA emissionf Papermaking processes NA Coke manufacturing NA Cement and lime NA manufacturing Water and aquatic environment NA NA NA NA 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 Protection of ground 80/68/EEC Organohalogens C water prohibited Discharge into aquatic 76/464/EEC Content of PCP; C C environment Organohalogens prohibited Marketing and use of chemicals PCBs 85/467/EEC Pg PCPs 91/173/EEC 0.1% Major accident hazards The Seveso Directive 82/501/EEC lkg of 2,3,7,8- C TCDD Sewage sludge (ng I-TEQ/kg dm) Application NA Compost use NA 0.1 0, 0.1 0.: C C C C 1.0 0.
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APPENDIX A imits by 243 rk Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden U.K. 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cb 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C P C C C C P C C P C C C C C C C C C C C C 100 190 continued
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NOTE: Figures in bold are legislative limits, others are guidelines. TEQ PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl, PCP = pentachlorophenol, TCDD = = toxicity equivalents, tetrachlorodibenzo-n-dioxin.
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APPENDIX A 245 rk Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden U.K. 500 1,000 1,000 10 500 40 1,000 10 10 10 100 10 10,000 250 17 10 5h 1 10 10 10 5h 10 alerts, .
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246 Cq o .5 .5 be o o A Cq an .s A o Cq as Act o .s by as ·_4 o o >~ o Ed v o ca .g .z o A .n C)
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247 .~ lo z z A Hi z z ~ Ed ~ Ed of of of of Ed Ed ~ Ed ~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ ~ ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o I ·- ~ ·- ~ ·- ~ ·- ~ ·.
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248 an .= o Ed ca .g .z o A n C)
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Poultry m Pig meats Liver: 6 p Muscle m Milk and Hen eggs Ruminant Poultry li~ Pig lipid: Mixed lip Vegetable Fish oil: ~ Nonbinding European Commission Dioxin action limits in feedstuffs Fish oil (i recommendations Fish and l Animal lid Nonoil fir Plant orig Mineral a: Other fan' Compound Human exposure The Scientific Committee on Established a group TWI for dioxins and dioxin-like TWI = 14 Food of the European Union PCBs equival' and 60 NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, TWI = tolerable weekly intake, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl.
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= 4.5 ng TEQ/kg Fish and pet feed = 1.5 ng TEQ/kg Animal lipid = 1.2 ng TEQ/kg Nonoil fish products = 1.0 ng TEQ/kg Plant origin feed = 0.5 ng TEQ/kg Mineral and binders = 0.5 ng TEQ/kg Other land animal products = 0.5 ng TEQ/kg Compound feeding stuffs = 0.4 ng TEQ/kg 7/1/02 1 1/17/99 2002 TWI = 14 pg TEQ/kg body weight/wk, 2001 equivalent to 2 pg TEQ/kg body weight/d and 60 pg TEQ/kg body weight/mo 7/3 1/98 ~ed biphenyl.
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lipid) NOTE: TCDD = tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TEQ = toxicity equivalents, TDI = tolerable daily intake, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyl.
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From page 253... ...
. The recommended maximum dioxin concentration in milk should not exceed 5.0 pg I-TEQ/g milk lipid; thus, milk and dairy products should not be on the market if the contamination exceeds this value To reduce the human impact via consumption of dairy products, a limit value of 3 pg I-TEQ/g lipid was set The target concentration of 0.9 pg I-TEQ/g milk lipid was set as an objective to be achieved; if the TDI exceeds 10 pg I-TEQ/kg body weight (excluding PCBs)
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TABLE A-17 U.S. Federal Monitoring Programs Environmental Media Program Ambient air/deposition U.S.
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, Preliminary National Survey of Dioxin-like Compounds in Animal Lipids, Animal Meals, Oilseed Deodorizer Distillates, and Molasses (2000) : determined background levels of dioxinlike compounds in lipidity and other feed ingredients commonly used in animal feeds; 48 samples collected Phase 2 with FDA, Preliminary National Survey of Dioxin-like Compounds in Oilseed Meals, Lipid-soluble Vitamins, Complete Feeds, Milk Products, Minerals, and Wood Products: appears to be underway; determine background levels of dioxin-like compounds in feed ingredients and complete animal feeds continued
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(1996-1997) : national milk sampling network to measure the concentrations of dioxins; 48 samples were collected, another round of sampling is currently in the planning stage FDA, Total Diet Study (TDS)
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8 ca V, ca o ~ V)
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of soil contamination from for analysis of spatial air samples; monitoring unmanaged soils distribution in an to track trend industrial urban region concentrations Belgium Flemish Environment Agency: monitors air close to potential emission sources; monitors deposition in vicinity of incinerators and known industrial emitters Denmark General Directorate for the Environment of theWalloon Region: intends to implement monitoring program Finland National Public Health Institute: monitors soil contamination every five years France Ministry of Environment: French Er. developing nationwide Agency air monitoring program vegetate to be run by the French monitor Environment Agency Germany Federal Environmental Agency and Agency for Consumer Protection and Veterinary Medicine, 1993: Dioxin Reference Program monitors particulate deposition, grass, foodstuffs and fodder, soil, milk, human blood, breast milk and indicator matrices (pine needles and sediment)
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APPENDIX A itoring 259 Vegetation Food Human Sewage Sludge Mental 6: Spruce monitoring ity of Linz if spatial n an tan region end rticulate reast milk urban, biannual French Environment Agency: developing vegetation monitoring program Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture: monitors milk and milk products over three regions (Brussels, Flanders, and Wallony) twice a year Ministry of Agriculture, 1994-1997: monitored milk and milk products; measurements will continue to be taken by the Veterinary Services of each region Danish Environment Protection Agency: monitors samples from various waste water treatment plants Ministry of Environment, 1 998: nationwide monitoring program continued
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From page 260... ...
Hazardous Air Pollutants: monitors levels in three urban and three rural sites from samples collected twice a year The Environment Agency: monitors various industrial processes for stack emissions Central Science Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (MAFF) : monitored levels in eggs, freshwater and marine fish and fish products, shellfish, lipids, oils, cow's milk, infant formula, and samples collected as part of the 1997 Total Diet Study (TDS)
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: monitors breast milk gency) : and Baltic Sea Laboratory, MAFF: conducted several studies on human Laboratory of the agriculture, milk and the analysis of pooled samples of Government d Food human milk will continue on a regular Chemist, on behalf nitored basis of the Department s, freshwater of Trade and ish and fish Industry: monitors llfish, lipids, sewage sludge ~ilk, infant Lancaster University, samples on behalf of part of the DETR, diet Study Environment s milk Agency and UK arried out WIR: monitors y of various organics in sewage itallations; sludge gins in TDS ars
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. u~ox~ns release Ministry State oi Human Food: F Survey Detailed ~ Finding Global En System Assessr
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Country of Origin (# samples) Fish Meal and Fish Feed Fish Oil Canada (14)
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From page 264... ...
: all known anthropogenic sources of dioxin air emissions in the United States are being put into EPA's long-range transport and deposition model to study the relationship between emissions and depositions EPA, Incinerator Impacts (1994) : evaluated local impacts from emissions of dioxins from municipal solid waste incinerator known to have been emitting large amounts of dioxins Soils Food EPA and Harvard School of Public Health, Modeling Incinerator Impacts (1999)
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From page 265... ...
: presents derivation and calibration of a model to predict past exposures to 2, 3, 7, 8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: currently researching dioxin and cancer, endometriosis and immune function, and in connection with Agent Orange; also conducting research into the human response to dioxin
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From page 266... ...
266 DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY TABLE A-23 European Commission Member Countries' Dioxin Research Programs (as of 1999) Country Ambient Air/Deposition Sediment Vegetation Food Belgium Denmark Finland Finnish Environment Institute: 1996 SIPS program assessed atmospheric emissions from all emission sources; developed national air emission database France ADEME: study the emissions from six small incinerators; study emissions during start-up of plant; evaluate deposition and lipid around a source Italy Research, 1998: analysis of sources according to type Study dioxin contamination in urban air Luxembourg Study stack emissions ADEME: study soils around industrial plant Spain Central Government and Catalonia Environment Protection Agency has Ministry Ministr results: program Commi Cooper; estimate consum Research cow's r various Instituto ' study d: edible ~ funded pro
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From page 267... ...
APPENDIX A arch 267 Food Human Sewage Sludge Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture: results from monitoring program used in European Commission's Scientific Cooperation Project to estimate exposure to consumers ~ soils strial plant has National Environmental Research Institute: researched dioxin levels in waste water and sewage sludge ADEME: study levels in breast milk Research dioxin levels in cow's milk; study of various foodstuffs Instituto Superiore di Sanita: study dioxin levels in edible mollusks and fishes Instituto Superiore di Sanita supported by the Ministry of the Environment: evaluate human exposure and risk from microcontaminants in urban areas and Venice Lagoon funded projects over the past years: identify representative levels throughout Spain continued
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From page 268... ...
. Toxins TABLE A-24 Trace Analytical Methods and Cost Estimates Cost per Sample ($)
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From page 269... ...
University of Birmingham; study of the bioavailability of dioxins by analyzing accumulation in the body MAFF: conducted several studies on human milk and the analysis of pooled samples of human milk; will continue on a regular basis University of Lancaster: model human exposure to , .
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From page 270... ...
a (2000) b AEA Technology (1999)
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From page 271... ...
pg I-TEQ/g lipid; PCB, 3.15 pg TEQWHO94/g lipid Mean of all data for all meats: 6.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: 1.77 pg I-TEQ/g lipid United States: 0.89 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: 0.42 pg I-TEQ/g lipid 1.62-1.68 pg I-TEQ/g lipid 0.4-61.2 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Preferred value: 1.06 pg TEQDF WHO98/g lipid 0.49 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid Other: 0.152-0.254 pg I-TEQDF/g ww 0.04-1.5 pg I-TEQDF/g ww 0.29 pg I-TEQDF/g ww Canada: 0.10-0~39 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g Germany: 0.71-0.95 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Netherlands: 1.75 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 1.76 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Preferred value: 1.48 pg TEQDF WHO98/g lipid 0.06 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid Other: 0.029-0.26 pg I-TEQDF/g ww Canada: 0.049-0~053 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g Germany: 0.39 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Netherlands: 0.43 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 0.90 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Preferred value: 0~77 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g lipid 0.29 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid Other: 0.043-0.085 pg I-TEQDF/g ww 0.03 pg I-TEQDF/g ww Canada: 0.062-0~076 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g Germany: 0.62 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Netherlands: 1.65 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 1.15 g I-TEQDF/g lipid No preferred value continued
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From page 272... ...
C on Food (I Cow milk National average: Europe: 0.2-3 pg Denmark: 2.6 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/PC 0.82 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Finland: 0.83-1.17 pg N-TEQ/g lipid (0.26-3 I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: milk, France: 1.81 pg I-TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/, milk products, Germany: 0.71-0.87 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCB, 1.2' poultry, eggs, Ireland: 0.08-0.51 pg I-TEQ/g lipid pg TEE midpoints in Netherlands: 0.38-1.6 pg TEQ/g lipid lipid range of Spain: 1.2-2.0 pg I-TEQ/g lipid 0.75-1.7 pg Sweden: 0.93-2 pg N-TEQ/g lipid I-TEQ/g lipid United Kingdom: 1.01 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Other New York: See milk Denmark: cheese, 2.2 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCDD/PC dairy 0.04-0.7 pg Europe: 0.5-4 pg Finland: 0.83 pg N-TEQ/g lipid (0.30-1 I-TEQ/g ww I-TEQ/g lipid France: butter, cheese, cream, I-TEQ/, 1.01-1.34 pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCB, 0.5( Germany: milk/dairy products, (0.38-0 0.75-1.02 pg I-TEQ/g lipid TEQ Italy: butter, 8.4 pg I-TEQ/g fw Netherlands: butter, cheese, 1.4-1.8 pg TEQ/g lipid Spain: 1.25 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Sweden: butter, range 0.35-0.5 pg N-TEQ/g lipid
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From page 273... ...
pg I-TEQ/g lipid PCB, 0.564 (0.38-0.78) pg TEQwHo94lg lipid I-TEQ/g lipid 95th percentile: 4.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: 1.31-3.94 pg I-TEQ/g lipid United States: 0.99 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Mean of all data: 2.4 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: 0.75-2.3 pg I-TEQ/g lipid 0.012-0.026 pg I-TEQDF/g ww 0.1-1.2 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Canada: 0.025-0~072 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g France: 1.91 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Germany: 0.71 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 1.02-1.20 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid United Kingdom: 0.06-0.08 pg I-TEQDF/g Preferred value: assumed to be the same, on a lipid basis, as for milk Other: 0.082-0.38 pg I-TEQDF/g 0.254-0.770 pg I-TEQDF/g ww 0.04-0.73 pg I-TEQDF/g ww Canada: 0.138-0~93 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g France: 1.01-1.34 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Germany: 0.64-0.66 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Netherlands: 1.4-1.8 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 1.25 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid continued
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From page 274... ...
C Scientific on Food (I Fish Eggs No data New York: 0.02-0.13 pg I-TEQ/g ww New York/ New Jersey: wild crab: 78.2 pg TEQ/g ww Europe: 2-300 pg I-TEQ/g lipid See milk Europe: 1-4 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Sweden: 0.35-6.3 pg N-TEQ/g fw Sweden: herring, 9.1-420 pg N-TEQ/g lipid United Kingdom: 16-700 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Denmark: 50 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Finland: herring, 30.2 pg N-TEQ/g lipid Finland: farmed trout, 4.2-33.4 pg N-TEQ/g lipid Germany: 3.3-22.3 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Italy: 8.7-14.6 pg TEQ/g lipid Italy: other, 5.9-57.5 pg TEQ/g lipid Netherlands: 2.4-121.5 pg TEQ/g lipid Netherlands: other, 66.8-76.5 pg TEQ/g lipid Spain: 2.57-7.90 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Spain: seafood, 10.59 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Sweden: 0.35-42.8 pg N-TEQ/g fw United Kingdom: farmed, 5.1 pg I-TEQ/g lipid United Kingdom: farmed, including PCBs, 24 pg I-TEQ/g lipid United Kingdom: wild, 1.9-34 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Sweden: 0.08 pg N-TEQ/g fw Denmark: 1.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Finland: 1.2 pg N-TEQ/g lipid Germany: 1.36-4.58 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Netherlands: 2 pg TEQ/g lipid Spain: 1.22 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Sweden: range 0.89-1.3 pg N-TEQ/g lipid United Kingdom: 0.6-1.2 pg I-TEQ/g fw Wild: PC] 9.92 (0 pg I-TE PCB, 3 (1.61-1 TEQW} Cultured: PCDD/ (2.33-2 I-TEQ/, PCB: 1 (9~92-3 TEQW1' PCDD/PC (0.46-7 I-TEQ/,
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From page 275... ...
pg TEQwHo94lg lipid PCDD/PCDF, 1.19 (0~46-7.32) pg I-TEQ/g lipid Mean of all data: Freshwater fish, shellfish, and estuarine fish: 25 pg I-TEQ/g WM 1.0 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g fw lipid; median: WM 1.2 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig fw 31 pg I-TEQ/g Marine fish and shellfish: lipid WM 0.26 pg TEQDF-wHo98Ig fw WM 0.25 n~ TEO~ ``TT T~^O/~ fw 2.72-48.6 pg I-TEQ/g lipid United States: farmed, 5.0-42.9 pg I-TEQ/g lipid Europe: 1.26-2.02 pg I-TEQ/g lipid -- `0 -—~r-Wn~~ 0 Farmed: 1.19-2.64 pg I-TEQDF/g fw Wild: 0.027-0.72 pg I-TEQDF/g fw 11.13 - 25.33 pg TEQDFp-wHo98Ig lipid 0.22 - 2.0 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g 1.57-2.12 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig fw 0.25-0.69 pg I-TEQDF/g fw 0.1-6.9 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig mt Shellfish: 0.033-2.34 pg I-TEQDF/g fw 0.23 - 0.26 pg TEQDF-wHo98/g 0.03-1.99 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig fw 0.1-5.4 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig mt Hepatopancreas, 5.2-1,820 pg TEQp WH094/g Canada: 0.12-0.62 pg TEQDFP-WHO94/g France: fish, 104-523 pg TEQ p wHO94lg lipid Germany: 7.44-104.1 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Netherlands: 2.4-48.65 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 2.57-10.59 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid United Kingdom: farmed fish, 5.1 pg I-TEQDFlg lipid 19.0 pg TEQp-wHo94Ig lipid; wild: 0.7-25 pg TEQDF-wHo98Ig lipid 5.4-59 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid United Kingdom/Norway: wild, 5-18 pg TEQDF wHO98/g lipid 9-25 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig lipid Preferred value: 0~081 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g ww 0.1 pg TEQp-wHo98Ig ww Other: 0.032 pg TEQDF-WHO98/g ww 0.17 pg TEQDF/g 0.019-0.038 pg I-TEQDF/g ww Germany: 2.10 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Netherlands: 2.0 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid Spain: 1.22 pg I-TEQDF/g lipid continued
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From page 276... ...
For preferred values on a whole-food basis, see chapter 3, tables 3-59 and 3-60. NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents, fw = fresh weight, ww = wet weight, dw = dry weight, dm = dry matter, mt = muscle tissue, WM = weighted mean (U.S.
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From page 277... ...
APPENDIX A 277 Scientific Committee on Food (2000, 2001)
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From page 278... ...
, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Toxicity Equivalents (TEQ)
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From page 279... ...
, air Sewage sludge incineration, air Endocrine disrupting chemicals/ vinyl chloride, air Oil-fired utilities, air Crematoria, air Unleaded gasoline, air Hazardous waste incineration, air Lightweight ag kilns, hazardous waste, air Kraft black liquor boilers, air Petrol refine catalyst reg., air Leaded gasoline, air Secondary lead smelting, air Paper mill sludge, land Cigarette smoke, air Endocrine disrupting chemicals/ vinyl chloride, land Endocrine disrupting chemicals/ vinyl chloride, water Boilers/industrial furnaces, air Tire combustion, air Drum reclamation, air Totals Reduction from 1987 76.6 89.6 50.8 27.8 16.3 33.4 32.7 26.4 356.0 13.7 6.1 NA 17.8 5.5 3.6 5.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 37.5 1.2 14.1 1.0 NA NA 0.8 0.1 0.1 1,250.0 628.0 488.0 271.0 156.1 76.6 62.8 60.1 35.5 29.1 28.9 28.0 27.6 19.5 17.8 14.8 11.2 10.7 9.1 5.9 5.8 3.3 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 13,995 3,252 77% 12.0 628.0 7.0 5.0 7.7 76.6 62.8 60.1 35.5 29.1 28.9 28.0 27.6 12.0 17.8 14.8 11.2 10.7 9.1 5.9 3.5 0.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 1,106 92% NOTE: TEQ = toxicity equivalents.
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From page 280... ...
Brussels: European Commission. Scientific Committee on Food.
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Key Terms
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