Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply Strategies to Decrease Exposure (2003) / Chapter Skim
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4. Animal Production Systems
4. Animal Production Systems
Pages 71-109
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From page 71... ...
It is estimated that 5 percent of aerial deposits of DLCs in terrestrial environments are retained on plants and the remaining 95 percent ultimately reaches the soil (Fries and Paustenbach, 1990~. The soil-borne DLCs then become a reservoir source that could reach plants used for animal feeds by volatilization and redeposition or as dust.
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From page 72... ...
The route of exposure through vegetables, fruits, and cereals consumed by humans is generally considered a minor pathway, but, surface contamination by soils may increase exposure. Atmospheric contamination may also occur in plant products intended for animal rather than for human consumption, and may be eaten directly by a terrestrial food animal or used in animal feed, and thus may become a major source of DLC exposure to animals.
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From page 73... ...
Dark arrows refer to pathways with a greater relative DLC contribution than the pathways with light arrows. Aquatic animal by-products may be used in animal feeds.
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From page 74... ...
Identification of Points of Exposure The DLC exposure risk to animal production systems can be predicted, to some extent, because environmental sources and chemical characteristics that allow these compounds to persist are known. However, quantitative, and sometimes qualitative, data about DLC levels in specific production systems and local environments may be limited.
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From page 75... ...
Grasses and Forage Diets Intake of pasture grasses or roughage is considered to be the most important DLC exposure factor in extensive animal production systems. Grasses and forage represent a recognized pathway for organic contamination by air to leaf vapor transfer, deposition, and root uptake.
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From page 76... ...
or wells with no surface contamination likely contain minimal DLC levels, whereas sediment particles in other water systems may contain adsorbed DLCs. This is important in the case of aquatic environmental contamination because surface water, used by grazing livestock, may represent another DLC exposure route as animals stir up sediments when they enter the waterways to drink.
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From page 77... ...
However, there is not enough available data to adequately characterize DLC exposure risks from manure, particularly as related to animal recycling effects. Point-Source Contaminants Animal housing and handling facilities may be a source for DLC contamination because of the materials used in their construction.
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From page 78... ...
Forage and grasses harvested and supplied as supplemental animal feeds may also contribute to DLC contamination levels; however, since soil ingestion is reduced, so is the total daily DLC exposure. Thus, poultry, swine, and other animals that ingest soil during food foraging activities will have higher DLC exposure potentials than those not exposed to soil.
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From page 79... ...
The paucity of analytical data to characterize DLC contamination within food animal species, however, makes the assessment of risks difficult, but based on general production systems risks, it can be expected that a range of DLC exposures exists within each class of meats, milk, fish, and eggs. Ruminants Beef and Lamb Production Grazing livestock and those fed contaminated forages can be expected to reflect the environmental burdens for these localized areas of access.
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From page 80... ...
More concentrated grazing and forage production practices are found in southern, midwestern, and eastern regions. Cow-calf, sheep, and lambs are predominantly raised under extensive conditions in all regions (Figures 4-3, 4-4, and 4-5~.
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From page 81... ...
-- -a ~ ~ > ~7 FICORE 4-3 Ceogr~bic ~s~ibuUon of beef cows in me United Stags, 1997.
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From page 82... ...
Ail, 13}) FIGURE 4-6 Geographic distribution of fattened cattle sold in the United States, 1997.
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From page 83... ...
As in beef operations, a higher proportion of grains in the ration may reduce the total DLC exposure potentials, irrespective of the type of operation. Dairy operations in the western, southwestern, and plains states are primarily concentrated operations (Figure 4-7~.
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From page 84... ...
Free-range poultry may exhibit similar behavior. Laying hens exposed to soils produce eggs with DLC contamination levels that are reflective of the soil contamination levels (Schuler et al., 1997~.
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From page 85... ...
Feeds are predominately vegetable and grain-based diets. Water sources are generally from wells or other controlled sources, rather than surface waters.
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From page 86... ...
are predominantly intensive production models. Broiler production is concentrated in the southern and mid-Atlantic states (Figure 4-101.
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From page 87... ...
t927 ~ 1 1 ~ FIGURE 4-10 Geographic distribution of broilers and other meat-type chickens sold in the Unite d S late s, 1 9 9 7 .
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From page 88... ...
Fish or aquatic organisms may come in direct contact with POPs if they live near the bottom or have contact through their gills. The aquatic food chain, just as with the human food chain, is the predominant route of DLC exposure for fish, with the DLCs accumulating in the larger fish that eat the small crustaceans or smaller fish.
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From page 89... ...
Food preparation methods to decrease DLC exposure are discussed further in Chapter 5. Aquaculture Aquaculture in the United States and other countries supplies an increasing proportion of fresh fish and certain shellfish that is consumed in the United States.
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From page 90... ...
Similar concerns exist for salmonids and other finfish species raised under intensive culture conditions. Feeds that are dependent on animal fats are potential sources of DLC exposure.
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From page 91... ...
Reduction of DLC levels in wild animals is almost entirely dependent on reductions in environmental DLC loads. ANIMAL FEEDS As discussed in previous sections, for livestock raised intensively and seafood produced by aquaculture, animal feeds used to supplement or replace natural dietary components may be an important source of DLC exposure.
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From page 92... ...
92 DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOOD SUPPLY TABLE 4-2 Animal Feed Collective Terms and Illustrative Ingredients Collective Term illustrative Ingredient Animal protein products Forage products Grain products (i.e., whole, ground, cracked, flaked) Plant protein products Processed grain by-products Roughage products Molasses products Fish meal Meat and bone meal Milk, dried, whole Poultry by-product meal Whey, dried Hydrolyzed poultry feathers Animal blood, dried Casein Alfalfa meal, dehydrated Corn plant, dehydrated Soybean hay, ground Barley Corn Grain, sorghum Oats Wheat Rice Canola meal Cottonseed meal Peanut meal Soybean meal Sunflower meal Yeast, dried Aspirated grain fractions Brewers dried grains Corn gluten meal Corn distillers dried grains Wheat bran Wheat middling Apple pomace, dried Beet pulp, dried Citrus pulp, dried Corn cob fractions Cottonseed hulls Oat hulls Peanut hulls Rice hulls Soybean mill run Straw, ground Beet molasses Cane molasses
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From page 93... ...
Animal fats have been identified as the greatest potential source of DLC contamination; however, removal of this by-product from feed formulations may create secondary problems with disposal of the unused fat. Implementation of appropriate and efficient disposal routes for contaminated fat would serve as an acceptable alternative to eliminating the recycling of fat, permanently or temporarily.
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From page 94... ...
The purpose of the surveys was to determine background levels of DLCs in fatty and other ingredients commonly used in animal feeds. The results, expressed as TEQ parts per trillion (ppt)
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From page 95... ...
There also may be other clays contaminated with DLCs in addition to the ball clay that has already been banned from animal feeds. Some of these clays are used for bleaching in both animal and human food processing.
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From page 96... ...
Most systems include: ingredient profiles commodity prices nutrient specifications for the products manufacturing capabilities interface with tagging/labeling systems links with feed-manufacturing plants updates on the nutrient content of the ingredients (some systems automatically update changes) drug validation allocation of limited or excess available ingredients history storage systems links with pricing systems links with accounting systems links with purchasing systems
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From page 97... ...
bAF-SL = animal fat from slaughtered animals, AF-MX = animal fat from mixed animal species, MBM-MX = meat and bone meal from mixed animal species, PBM&E = poultry by-product meal and eggs, FM-WHI = Pacific whiting meal, FM-CAT = catfish meal, FM-MEN = menhaden meal. CDD = deodorizer distillates, MOL = molasses, corn oil, and canola meal.
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From page 98... ...
In addition, as more limitations are placed on ingredients during the selection process, the cost of the animal feed increases. If the use of a cost-effective feed ingredient is limited or eliminated because of a concern for DLC contamination, then the computer must select alternate ingredients.
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From page 99... ...
Corn Wheat byproducts Soybean meal Fish meal Calcium carbonate Dical or mono dical phosphate Salt Animal fat Trace minerals and vitamins pack Corn Total percent Total ingredient costa 51.5 11.0 30.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 3.0 0.5 51.5 63.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 63.0 100 100 $127.00 $126.00 aA hog-starter product without animal fat or other animal products is much lower in protein so the time to complete grow-out will be increased. Certification Programs The U.S.
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From page 100... ...
Food Processing and Packaging Information on the entry or generation of DLCs in the processing and packaging of foods is limited. However, analysis of current practices and procedures may be useful in predicting potential sources of entry of DLCs into the food supply by these routes (Table 4-7~.
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From page 101... ...
Process used for onions, may generate DLCs, but may also be washed away during process, no fat content in onions to hold DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs Could concentrate and reduce existing DLCs in lipid and aqueous phases, respectively (e.g., milk separation, more concentrated in cream, less concentrated in skim milk) May concentrate or reduce existing DLCs May concentrate or reduce existing DLCs May concentrate existing DLCs as in fish-oil production May concentrate existing DLCs or introduce DLCs from solvent residues May concentrate existing DLCs continued
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From page 102... ...
frying Deep-fat frying Chilling Fresh foods Processed foods Cook-chill systems Chill storage Freezing Theory Freeze drying and freeze concentration Freeze drying (lyophilization) Freeze concentration Packaging Interactions between packaging and foods Printing Filling and sealing of containers Filling Sealing Labeling No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No known effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs May concentrate existing DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on existing DLCs, could be introduced from contaminated oils or fats No effect on existing DLCs, could be introduced from contaminated oils or fats No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs May concentrate existing DLCs May concentrate existing DLCs May introduce DLCs from packaging May introduce DLCs from inks and pigments No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs No effect on DLCs
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From page 103... ...
; expression of oils from food products may concentrate DLCs from the original intact food into the oil intended for consumption (e.g., fish oil production) ; and certain forms of extraction using solvents may concentrate existing DLCs or may introduce them from solvent residues.
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From page 104... ...
As import shares increase, ensuring the safety of the U.S. food supply becomes more challenging.
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From page 105... ...
a 105 Years Food Groups 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total food consumption 6.8 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.5 8.8 8.8 8.8 Animal productsb 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 4.0 4.2 4.2 Red meat 6.7 8.1 7.3 6.4 7.1 7.7 8.2 8.9 Dairy products 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 Fish and shellfish 50.9 56.0 56.0 58.5 62.1 64.7 68.1 68.3 Animal fat 0.5 0.7 1.4 1.4 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.8 Crops and productsC 9.9 10.6 10.6 11.9 12.5 12.4 12.1 12.3 Fruits, juices and nuts 12.0 16.5 15.5 14.9 16.7 16.9 18.2 18.7 Vegetables 4.8 6.1 5.9 7.8 8.0 9.0 8.9 8.8 Vegetable oils 15.7 19.7 19.3 19.2 20.9 21.0 17.9 20.2 Grain cereals 1.6 3.1 6.7 7.2 7.0 7.4 6.5 6.3 Sweeteners and candy 19.8 9.8 9.1 14.8 14.8 10.4 8.5 8.0 aCalculated from units of weight, weight equivalents, or content. bImport shares of poultry and eggs are included, but negligible.
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From page 106... ...
Terrestrial and aquatic animal management practices, animal feed formulations, and food processing and packaging present the primary potential intervention opportunities. Because of the reuse of animal products through feed manufacturing and the potential for bioconcentration of DLCs, animal feed practices may be especially important in reducing exposure to DLCs through foods.
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From page 107... ...
2000. Preliminary National Survey of Dioxin-like Compounds in Animal Fats, Animal Meats, Oilseed Deodorizer Distillates, and Molasses.
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From page 108... ...
FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service)
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From page 109... ...
and their transfer to fluid milk. JAgric Food Chem 40:919-923.
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