Weight Management State of the Science and Opportunities for Military Programs (2003) / Chapter Skim
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1 Background and Context of the Overweight Problem
1 Background and Context of the Overweight Problem
Pages 17-28
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From page 17... ...
There are some disparities however; overweight and obesity are particularly common among minority groups and those with lower family income and less education (HHS, 2001~. The epidemic of overweight and obesity in the civilian population, which many experts attribute to the ready availability of a vast array of foods combined with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, affects the military services of the United States in two significant ways.
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From page 18... ...
Overweight and Health The effects of excess body weight are widespread and raise a variety of concerns relevant to the health and performance of members of the military. The major comorbidities associated with obesity and the implications of these comorbidities for the military services are briefly reviewed below.
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From page 19... ...
. D'scr~m~nat~on Medical consequences Cancer Diabetes mellitus Gall bladder disease Gastro-esophogeal reflux disease Heart disease Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Osteoarthritis Polycystic ovary disease Pscudotumor cerebri Sleep apnea Urinary incontinence Increased maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy and postpartum Early mortality 325,000, depending on whether the analysis controlled for smoking rates.
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From page 20... ...
Waist circumference measurements are supplementary to BMI when diagnosing overweight and obesity; waist measurements lose their predictive value for increased risk of heart disease with a BMI 2 35. UNIQUENESS OF THE MILITARY ENVIRONMENT Among active duty military personnel, diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease accounted for less than 1 percent of visits made to ambulatory care clinics in 1998.
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From page 21... ...
For example, the Air Force is comprised of 80.6 percent men and 19.4 percent women, while the Marine Corps is comprised of 94 percent men and only 6 percent women (Personal communication, B Maxfield, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, March 7, 20033.
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From page 22... ...
In addition, DOD has the potential for centralized, longitudinal record-keeping on all active duty personnel, the unusual ability to provide incentives and consequences for weight change, and the potential ability to modify environmental factors that are important for weight control. Possible negative aspects of the military environment include a very mobile population and the potential for inappropriate weight-loss activities fostered by the need to meet weight, fitness, and fatness standards.
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From page 23... ...
SOURCE: 2002 Distribution of Active Duty Forces, Personal communication, B Maxileld' Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, March 7, 2003.
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From page 24... ...
Army, 1987; Vogel and Friedl, 1992~. Army and Marine Corps personnel must supply recent photos of themselves to their promotion boards (this practice has been eliminated by the Air Force and Navy)
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From page 25... ...
Cepak, Navy Physical Readiness Program, April 25, 2003; Air Force data: Personal communication, J Spahn, Population Health Support Branch, May 15, 2003.
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From page 26... ...
To assess the implications of meeting the body composition and appearance standards for women, military weight-management programs and dieting practices were examined and compared with those in the civilian sector. The report also explored the potential health risks of chronic dieting in light of the high performance level expected of military personnel since underweight may be as much of a medical concern as overweight.
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From page 27... ...
The subcomr~ttee was charged to identify the most effective interventions for weight loss and maintenance, particularly those most effective for the nonobese overweight individuals found in the military setting. Specifically, this subcommittee was asked to addresses the following questions: 1.
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From page 28... ...
However, among active-duty military personnel, 80 percent of whom are between 18 and 40 years of age, chronic obesity-related diseases are less of an issue than the impact of overweight on physical fitness, performance of jobs that require physical exertion, injury rates, and appearance.
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