Weight Management State of the Science and Opportunities for Military Programs (2003) / Chapter Skim
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2 Military Standards for Fitness, Weight, and Body Compositionq
2 Military Standards for Fitness, Weight, and Body Compositionq
Pages 29-56
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From page 29... ...
INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the military has always been to select soldiers best suited to the physical demands of military service, based on the assumption that proper body weight supports good health, physical readiness, and appropriate military appearance. The idea of a strong, trim military soldier is certainly not a new concept.
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From page 30... ...
All three fitness measures were highly correlated to fatness in both men and women. In men, percent body fat, determined from four skin-fold measures, was significantly and positively correlated with 1- and 2-mile run times and inversely correlated with the number of sit-ups and push-ups.
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From page 31... ...
found that women who failed the percent body fat standard performed significantly better on physical performance measures of strength. For men, injury rates were directly correlated with percent body fat; for women, the highest rates of injury occurred in the leaner groups.
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From page 32... ...
17-20 21-27 28-39 40+ 17-20 21-27 28-39 40+ 122 126 130 135 139 144 148 153 158 162 167 172 177 182 188 193 198 204 209 215 220 226 232 112 116 146 120 151 124 156 129 161 133 166 137 171 141 177 146 182 149 187 154 193 158 199 163 204 167 210 172 216 177 222 183 228 188 234 194 240 199 247 204 253 209 259 214 139 144 148 153 158 163 168 174 179 184 189 194 200 205 211 217 223 229 235 241 247 141 146 150 155 160 165 170 176 181 186 192 197 203 208 214 220 226 232 238 244 250 143 148 153 158 163 168 173 179 184 189 195 201 206 212 218 224 230 236 242 248 255 115 119 123 127 132 137 141 145 150 154 159 163 168 172 177 182 189 194 200 205 210 215 220 119 123 127 131 137 141 149 154 159 164 168 173 177 183 188 194 200 206 211 216 222 227 results suggest that the military focus on the physical fitness of personnel is appropriate not only for performance, but also for overall health. WEIGHT STANDARDS FOR ACCESSION AND RETENTION Typically, the various branches of the military have had two sets of weight standards: one set of standards to be met by potential recruits for accession into initial entry training, and another equivalent or more stringent set of standards in order to be retained in the service.
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From page 33... ...
Army Navy Corps Force Army Navy Corps Force 64 28.0 27.5 27.5 28.2 24.9 26.8 25.1 25.1 65 28.0 27.5 27.5 28.0 24.8 26.7 25.0 25.0 66 27.9 27.5 27.5 28.1 24.9 26.4 25.1 25.1 67 28.0 27.6 27.5 28.1 24.9 26.2 25.1 25.0 68 28.0 27.6 27.6 28.0 24.9 25.9 25.0 25.0 69 27.9 27.5 27.5 28.0 24.8 25.7 25.0 24.9 70 28.0 27.6 27.6 27.9 24.8 25.4 25.0 24.9 71 28.0 27.5 27.5 27.8 24.7 25.3 25.0 24.7 72 27.9 27.6 27.6 27.9 24.8 25.1 25.0 24.7 73 28.0 27.5 27.6 27.9 24.8 25.0 25.0 24.9 74 28.0 27.5 27.5 28.0 24.9 25.0 25.1 25.0 75 28.0 27.6 27.4 28.1 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.9 76 28.0 27.6 27.4 28.1 25.1 25.0 25.0 25.0 77 28.0 27.6 27.3 28.0 25.0 25.1 25.1 25.0 78 28.0 27.6 27.2 28.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.9 79 27.9 27.5 27.2 28.0 25.0 25.1 25.1 24.9 80 28.0 27.5 27.2 28.0 24.9 25.0 25.1 24.9 NOTE: Navy, Marine Corps, arid Air Force accession standards are the same as their retention standards. Army BMI was calculated from age group 28-39 y weight-forheight accession standards.
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From page 34... ...
Accession standards for the Air Force and Marine Corps are the same as their retention standards. Because an accurate measurement of height and weight is considerably easier than an accurate measurement of percent body fat, the initial body composition screen for accession consists of a weight-for-height assessment using service-specific maximum allowable weight-for-height tables.
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From page 35... ...
Setting accession standards has implications for recruiting. When the services set restrictions on recruitment eligibility based on weight-for-height and estimated percent body fat, they eliminate a portion of individuals who might otherwise qualify for service.
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From page 36... ...
DOD Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force 64 27.5 26.5 27.5 27.5 28.2 65 27.5 26.5 27.5 27.5 28.2 66 27.5 26.4 27.5 27.5 28.1 67 27.5 26.5 27.5 27.6 28.1 68 27.5 26.5 27.6 27.6 28.0 69 27.5 26.5 27.5 27.5 28.0 70 27.5 26.6 27.5 27.6 27.9 71 27.5 26.4 27.4 27.5 27.8 72 27.5 26.5 27.3 27.6 27.9 73 27.5 26.4 27.2 27.5 27.9 74 27.5 26.5 27.1 27.5 28.0 75 27.5 26.6 27.0 27.5 28.1 76 27.5 26.5 27.0 27.6 28.1 77 27.5 26.5 26.9 27.6 28.0 78 27.5 26.5 26.8 27.6 28.0 79 27.5 26.5 26.6 27.5 28.0 80 27.5 26.4 26.5 27.5 28.0 NOTE: Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Department of Defense (DOD) standards are the same as their accession standards.
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From page 37... ...
. Retention Standards 37 The retention standards are the maximum weights-for-height and percent body fat that military personnel are allowed to avoid referral to a weightmanagement program (DOD, 1995~.
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From page 38... ...
In 1998, according to the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database (DMED) l, active duty personnel made 9.1 million visits2 to ambulatory care clinics.
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From page 39... ...
, has been reported in the literature to occur in 3 to 35 percent of the population. The need to maintain weight-for-height and body composition standards does place pressure on military personnel, particularly those who may find themselves in more sedentary occupations after completing initial entry and advanced individual training.
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From page 40... ...
Marine Corps women scored significantly higher for all disorders than women in other service branches, although they had the lowest reported percent body fat (91.3 percent of Marine Corps women had body fat less than 26 percent, compared with 60 percent of Army women, 69 percent of Navy women, and 67 percent of Air Force women)
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From page 41... ...
In 2002, total early separations for persistent failure to meet weight and body composition standards totaled just over 1,400 individuals. This is approximately 0.1 percent of the active duty force of 1.4 million personnel and represents a lost investment of approximately $57 million (in 1995 dollars)
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From page 42... ...
In addition, this policy also mandates the implementation of a single circumferential equation to estimate percent body fat for men and one for women to be used by all the services. The weight and body-fat standards of the military services were predicated on the need for the highest level of physical performance in adverse environments, and to a lesser degree on the image that the individual may convey of the
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From page 43... ...
There is an abundance of data on the relationship of body composition and long-term health, but less is known about this relationship in young individuals in the short term. Compliance with the military weight and body-fat standards may provide significant benefits to individuals after they retire from active duty, but it may not provide significant benefit to the services in terms of increased reliability of performance in many occupational specialties.
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From page 44... ...
Programs in the other services are less standardized and employ more local innovation. Although the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps have centrally mandated programs, the details of the programs' content vary from one site to another.
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From page 53... ...
Each individual who exceeds body-fat standards is issued a self-study nutrition and weight-control guide. A more rigorous, second phase program is the Bureau of Medicine-Approved Weight Management Program, an intensive 2-week outpatient program that requires the commanding officer's endorsement and 6months prior participation in the CDPCP.
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From page 54... ...
The challenge for the Navy has been to devise a single program that would address the needs of personnel at diverse duty stations and that could be taught by minimally trained personnel (Hoiberg and McNally, 1991~. Marine Corps The Marine Corps' physical fitness/weight-control program, "Semper Fit," similar to that of the Army, is managed by physical fitness trainers.
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From page 55... ...
Each Air Force installation has the authority to select programs approved by the Major Command dietitian for use in counseling on diet and exercise (USAF, 2002) , for example, "The Sensible Weigh" or "Shape Your Future Your Weigh." SUMMARY Accession and retention weight-for-height and percent body fat standards vary across the four services, as does the comprehensiveness of weight-loss programs.
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From page 56... ...
Despite strong commitments to engage in daily physical fitness, which may be unchanged or even increased in more senior indivicluals, the decrease in activities of daily living and job performance can lead to a positive ener~v balance unless particular care is taken to reduce ener~v intake O The ubiquitousness of vending machines and fast-food outlets ensures constant access to foods at work usually foods with a high caloric content largely contributes!
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