Energy and Transportation Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-10
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The drivers will be created by population growth, economic growth, ever tightening environmental constraints, increasing climate change issues and pressure for limits on carbon dioxide emissions, geopolitical impacts on energy availability and the energy marketplace, a changing energy resource base, and a need for low emissions transportation. Science and technology specifically chemistry and chemical engineeringwill play critical, unique, and exciting roles in enabling the world to meet these challenges.
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Taylor General Motors Corporation, and Anil Sachdev "Materials Technologies for Future Vehicles" John R Wallace Ford Motor Company, "Fuel Cell Development Managing the Interfaces" Henry S
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. Fossil fuels like coal and natural gas will remain abundant and available, but a serious limitation on their use will arise because of worldwide constraints on carbon dioxide emissions.
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Many of the issues discussed in this report, from increased energy efficiency from fossil fuels, to reduction of pollution, to sequestration of carbon dioxide, to development of new materials for vehicle fabrication, to new low-cost renewable energy technologies, if not wholly chemical in nature, contain significant chemical science content. As chemical scientists seek to address these issues, the crosscutting nature of many of these challenges should be recognized.
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These new materials and processes will increase the efficiency and environmental cleanliness of hydrocarbon production and refining and also enable refineries to produce chemically designed fuels for future vehicle power trains. These chemically designed fuels will play a key role in new power trains.
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Bell, University of California, Berkeley, Nathan Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Ralph P Overend, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, presentations at the Workshop on Energy and Transportation.
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While a number of potential sources of renewable energy show promise for meeting part of this increased demand, including wind, biomass, geothermal, and expanded use of hydroelectric sources, cost-effective solar power will likely be required to meet the largest portion of this demand. However, in order for use of solar power to increase substantially over the 21st century, new discoveries in photovoltaic and photochemical energy technologies must be made to reduce costs, increase conversion efficiency, and extend operating life.
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Significant amounts of uranium can be reprocessed and reused in reactors, but this technology comes with significant concerns about nuclear proliferation and safety. Particularly in light of recent terrorist actions in the United States, the development of safe nuclear waste forms that not only will survive long-term repository storage but also allow secure transit to a repository remains an important priority.
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The lack of hydrogen generation, transportation, and storage infrastructure presents one of the main challenges to introducing hydrogen into the mass market as a transportation fuel and energy carriers Effective hydrogen management and creation of the needed infrastructure will both be key to widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cells to meet the nation' s energy needs for transportation and power. The challenges are great.
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Others are increased energy efficiency of fossil fuel processes, delivery of chemically designed fuels to new vehicle power systems, and direct conversion of natural gas into liquid fuels and hydrogen. Another is the discovery of less expensive catalysts for the electroreduction of oxygen and the oxidation of fuels that can play an important role in fuel cells.
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