Energy and Transportation Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century (2003) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
4. Interface Challenges and Opportunities in Energy and Transportation
4. Interface Challenges and Opportunities in Energy and Transportation
Pages 23-32
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 23... ...
These options are dependent on world energy demand, renewable energy availability (particularly photovoltaic refining) , hydrogen availability as an energy resource, and light-duty vehicle power train changes.
|
From page 24... ...
For the year 2000, actual world oil demand was 75 million barrels per day, essentially in line with projections made by Exxon in 1980. Proven reserves increased significantly between 1980 and 2000, due mainly to the impact of advanced technologies and increased exploration.
|
From page 25... ...
With these capabilities and with process models that now can predict product composition and properties from the crude to the end products, the foundation exists to do real-time optimization on the activities of the integrated refinery. Despite of improvements and new technologies, there are related needs that can be met by research in applied physics, materials science, chemical sciences, chemical engineering, and applied math.
|
From page 26... ...
Today, most multistep reactions are carried out a single step at a time followed by separations, resulting in high-energy consumption and byproduct formation. Better approaches to chemical reactions are required, including catalysts with the appropriate balance of activity in multifunctional capabilities that lead to successful execution of multi-step reactions either with a single catalyst or in a single reactor.
|
From page 27... ...
They promise energy efficiency and chemical specificity, two of the most critical issues for the refinery of the future. Approximately 10 percent of the energy in crude oil is used or consumed in the refining process.
|
From page 28... ...
The newest regulations, federal Tier 2 standards that go into effect in 2004, effectively target other cold start pollutants such as nonmethane organic gas emissions without affecting nitrogen oxide control. Extremely high levels of simultaneous reduction of NOX, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons have been possible because of the stoiciometric nature of engine-out exhaust of the internal combustion gasoline engine and the development of three-way catalyst technology.
|
From page 29... ...
Lean-Burn Technologies Lean-burn engine technologies such as gasoline direct injection and diesel engines can provide significant improvements in fuel efficiency and performance.
|
From page 30... ...
Fuel cell vehicles offer great opportunities and challenges. Current proton exchange membrane fuel cells require hydrogen to produce electricity.
|
From page 31... ...
To be competitive with the internal combustion engine, the fuel cell engine must cost approximately $3,000. This means that for a 100 kW power source the onboard iDonald Hubert, President, Shell Hydrogen, presentation to the National Hydrogen Association.
|
From page 32... ...
The challenges for the chemical sciences community will be to sift through those innovations, repeatedly refocus them, drive them through development as a multidisciplinary team, and diffuse them out into the entire economy. This is the biggest challenge that the community will have in the future.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.