Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control (1975) / Chapter Skim
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5 Ecological Effects
5 Ecological Effects
Pages 170-192
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From page 170... ...
The procedure for decision analysis outlined in Figure 1 of Chapter 13 includes the specification of models for ecological damage and ecological costs associated with various levels and patterns of occurence of sulfur oxides, The purpose of these models is to estimate the marginal costs imposed through ecological effects by additional emissions of sulfur oxides. A1though Chapter 13 suggests that such estimates should be made separately for each power plant, this survey will consider only the two extreme cases: nationwide adoption of either (a)
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From page 171... ...
~,~ To place the problem in economic perspecPound * It is assumed that a well-conducted dispersal r g but satin At source, n roportion to the incentrations, r°UghlY(ii eP by about 65 percent Nor is it intended to deny the importance of local deluge round ·ndividu l pa s, which y ju tify ct L cal limit emissions or to provide c p .1 1 : ~
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From page 172... ...
Most investigations and reviews have been concerned exclusively with direct effects of sulfur dioxide (Heggestad and Heck 1971, Brandt and Heck 1968, Wood 1968, Webster 1967, Smith 1974, Naegele 1973, Rennie and Halstead ,1973, USOHEW 1969, Hindawi, 1970~; effects of acid rain have received attention only very recently (Bolin et al. 1971., Likens and Bormann 1974~., and there is extremely little information on effects of suspended particulate sulfates.
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From page 173... ...
to ~xc-On_ in Oxidant and/°. Of ~ ic`'lt to f orecast .
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From page 174... ...
An educated guess suggests that a doubling of present pollution concentrations on the East Coast could, under otherwise favorable environmental conditions, produce from 25 to 100 percent loss of many agronomic and horticultural crops and severe injury to many native species. Several growing seasons at these higher pollution levels could result in the temporary or permanent loss of native species and major changes in many ecosystems.
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From page 175... ...
~ 1 ~ l ; ~ 1 ' 1 ./i i ~ i, : - t,: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ,~ ~ nsson and Sundberg to Soil aTChidiefXitCent of the reductiOn in gr°Wth ~been' growth eSt ~ . ch in ~a9 ru In North America, the principal commercial d conifer°Us trees 1n thbe N°arndh f°restirYibnaMaine, Ontarlo, s°Uthe,rn.Q :~:~: t e ~ I · ~ ~ s trients from the leaves was measured (Eaton et Foliar 1e~ching hbsi bben exposed and tissue damage was id mists at pH 4.0, H 3.3 (Wood and to ac not at p observed at pH 3.0, but ; Bormann 1975, Wood and Bormann 1974)
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From page 176... ...
and details of the experiments have not yet been published. Pines are especially sensitive to air pollutants (Heggestad and Heck 1971, Brandt and Heck 1968, Wood 1968, Webster 1967, Smith 1974, Naegele 1973, Rennie and Halstead 1973, USDHEW 1969, Hindawi 1970, Gordon 1972)
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From page 177... ...
Indirect effects of~acid rain on plants include effects on soil micro-organisms, especially those responsible for nitrogen fixation (Rennie and Halstead 1973, Bolin et al. 1971, Shriner 1974)
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From page 178... ...
have a similar effect because it is oxidized to sulfuric acid in the soil.and similarly contributes to acidification. If it is assumed, as a rough approximation, that half the sulfur oxides emitted are deposited as acid-forming substances on agricultural land, the projected emission of-19 million tons additional 502 in 1980 would require the use of about 12 million tons additional lime.
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From page 179... ...
..' The primary consequence of losses.in' fresh water-fish populations would be're.striction of recreational opportunity, but the economic aspects should not be ignored: there are some 12 million fresh water fisherman,in the.northeastern U.S., and their annual expenditure on their sport is of the order of $150-400 per capita (Stat. Abstract U.S.
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From page 180... ...
Direct effects of sulfur oxides on human health have been considered in Chapters 1-4; indirect effects are difficult to assess except by cons'deration of specific components of natural ecosystems, as in the preceding paragraphs . Woodwell (1970)
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From page 181... ...
(3) Tdentifiable effects of acid rain ~nclude acidification of soil,, reduction in forest productivity, and depletion of fresh water fish populations.
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From page 182... ...
(6) Effects of sulfur oxides and acid rain on man-made materials have not been considered in this chapter.
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From page 183... ...
183 ICE CI~8D A_ ¢~0 t1974~ Or I,', ,,~i~, 3 30~ =and fa l t , term ;Ci~difiC.tie° H.H.
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From page 184... ...
B068 (1974) Progress re"= on sulfur dioxide.
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From page 185... ...
and H.C. Ratech {19741 Growth abnormalities of Christmas trees attributed to sulfur dioxide and particu3 ate acid aerosol.
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From page 186... ...
and M.E. Decot {1974} Effects of simulated acid rain acidified with sulfuric acid on host-parasite interactions.
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From page 187... ...
Wood, A., (1975) Personal communication, has described experiments conducted at the University of Minnesota in which growth abnormalities of a similar type were observed in seedling pines not exposed to acid mist Wood, F.A.
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From page 190... ...
Cannon, Jr., Chairman, California Institute of Technology , William C Ackerman, Chief' Illinois State Water Survey Bolt Ashley, Stanford University Raymond L
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From page 191... ...
191 1 i It l fir ~ ~ . F:' 1 t l ' GzuEEaTNG poLTCY d W nk Jr., chairman, Uni jam the Advancement.
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From page 192... ...
Moss, Staff Officer and Executive Secretary of Committee on Public Engineering Policy Ronald J Tipton, Staff Officer
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