Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control (1975) / Chapter Skim
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9 Effects of Improved Fuel Utilization on Demand for Fuels for Electricity
9 Effects of Improved Fuel Utilization on Demand for Fuels for Electricity
Pages 323-353
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From page 323... ...
Because a f Faction of the fuel used for electricity is coal, improved fuel utilization is a method complementary to other available methods f or reducing sulfur) c oxides and sulf ate s di scharged into the atomosphere by electric powerplants.
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f rom utilities and to a le sser degree ~ 8 percent} generated as by-product of industrial processes. fine fuels used in electricity generation were 53 .
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i:' l / ir; ~x tar at: .
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From page 326... ...
Coal, Hydro and Nuclear Purchased Electricity 5.6 6.0 r ~ ' 1' Direct Electric Heating 0.3 (1.3%)
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Direct C heating Pa heating \ ~ : · l' 1 Fo/o)
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I: I 1 I, I.' ; i, TABLE 9-3 Selected End-Uses of Coal in 1968 End-use Process steam 87 Percentage of coal 106tons consumption 18.5 Industrial Heating 51 11 49~2)
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33} ~L11 9- iOn of Demand of 8F57 ..
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Wherever process steam is required in reasonable amounts, an opportunity exists to produce electricity at small cost in fuel consumed. For example, if process steam at 200 psi or 382 F is generated by burning a hydrocarbon fuel, (CH2} n, over 60 percent of the available useful work of the fuel is lost.
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m o x oo ~ t _' ~ 1 m 0 X o m ~ 0 lL _ x 334 ._ ._ a, 0 _ ~ Ul ' 1 >.
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From page 336... ...
If all process steam could be raised in combination with electricity generation, then the upper limit for industrial by- product electricity generation in 1968 was 0.7 x 10~2 kw-hr and could be achieved for an incremental fuel consumption of 2. 9 quads (Table 9- 7} .
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337 in :': ;.~..
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~ ·~l Go `~` H · O Van .,' ~ ~ V 0-~ I V ~ me nil · .- ~ O h hi- V O O V ED V o Sol 1 m ·rl U)
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From page 339... ...
In summary, in ~ 968 total fuel consumed by industry was 23 quads, and fuel saved by means of by-product electricity generation was 0.7 quads out of a maximum possible 5.1 quads. In 1985, total fuel demand by industry is prod ected to be 4 ~ .
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From page 340... ...
Although such current decrease would decrease production per cell by 22 percent total production can be maintained at the desired level by installing more cells, namely at the expense of higher capital costs. In general, the optimum cell current dens ity decreases as power costs increase.
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POTENTIAL FOR SHIFTING TO ALTERNATE SOURCES FOR SPACE HEATING Thi s section presents the limiting ef f ects of us ing alternate methods of space heating. In 1968, space heating consumed 10.
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If all the space heating needs in ~ 985 were to be switched either to pure resistance electric heating, electric heat pump he ating, or coal gas heating then the fuel demand would be modified as follows: Pure resistance heating Increase in electrical load = 0.7~20.8-1.~} 10tS = 13.8 quads - 4.04x10tZ kw-hr = 40. 4-t9.7=20.7quads Increase in fuel demand In the extreme, this increase might result in the following distribution between fuels: Net increase in coal demand, = 39.4 quads/year = 1640 x 106 tons/year (1 ton of coal = 24 x 106 BTU)
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From page 343... ...
a..-.. Costs Related to Improved Effectiveness The evaluation of the relative benef its of various fuel saving methods necessitates consi aeration of both capital requirements and fuel pricing practices.
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(h) Assumes 1.28¢ per kw-hr as average cost of distribution to residential customers, with 50 percent of this figure attributed to capital costs, as in note (b)
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the Other hand, whether th ~1 requirement estimates indicates To ill ustrate this point, we shall cycle Wing ..
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Costs of Fuel Shifting for Space Heating The demand for fuel f or residential and commercial space heating could be shifted from oi 1 and natural gas to either electri city generated f ram coal or to alternate sources such gas produced f rom coal. Table 9-9 lists estimates of capital requirements for three alternate methods of space heating, electric resistance, electric heat pump, and gas f rom coal, all of which use coal as the primary fuel.
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power ! m: Capital cost Ding cyc1 e :em __ .
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From page 348... ...
EFFECT IVENES S OF FUEL UTILI ZATION IN A PROCESS In attempting to evaluate the opportunity for fuel saving in a particular process, we need to know the minimum fuel re qui remeet f or the process so that we can compare it with the fuel consumed under current practice and obtain a measure of the effectiveness of that practice. The Are nimum f uel requirement can be evaluated by means of the thermodynamic concept of
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From page 349... ...
(1 quad = 24 x 10 tons of coal) Demand modification i Maximum incremental coal consumption (tons/year from 1985 baseline USDI forecast)
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From page 350... ...
TABLE 9-11 Maximum Potential Shift in Coal Requirements Resulting from Shifting All Residential and Commercial Space to Methods Based on Coal as Primary Source Demand modification Shift all space heating to electric resistance Shift all space heating to electric heat pumps Shift all space heating to gas from coal gasification Maximum incremental coal consumption (tons/year from 1985 baseline USDI forecast +1640 x 106 + 896 x 10 + X 106 The corresponding reduction in oil and natural gas consumption is about 9 million barrels of oil equivalent.
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From page 351... ...
Table 912 lists the industries, outputs, specif ic fuel consumptions, and total fuel consumed in 1968. In addition, the table lists the minimum specific fuel requirements, and minimum total fuel requirements for these industries.
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and J.P. Davis (1974} High eff iciency decentralized electrical power generation utilizing diesel engines coupled with organic working f ~ uid rankine-cycle engines operating on diesel reject treat e Prepared for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
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