Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control (1975) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Basic Biomedical Effects of Sulfur Oxides
3 Basic Biomedical Effects of Sulfur Oxides
Pages 35-57
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 35... ...
The receptors for a number of neurochemical reflexes appear to be highly sensitive to changes in hydrogen ion concentration! and it is therefore conceivable that a major mechanism of sulfur dioxide toxicity is expressed through reflex bronchoconstrictive responses to a slight decrease in pH.
|
From page 36... ...
Humans were found to have comparatively lower blood thiosulfonate concentrations after controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide at 0.3-6.0 ppm (Gunnison and Palmes 1974~. Thiosulfonates are formed by the addition of sulfur dioxide across protein disulfide bonds.
|
From page 37... ...
is sulfur ate, Allis ex. No ~ rates Hi' within mes A,..
|
From page 38... ...
Sulfate is a normal body constituent in sufficient quantities so that ambient sulfur oxides would add little to total body concentrations. It is, of course, possible that a local increase in slulfate concentration within the lungs could be significant.
|
From page 39... ...
39 Mediate .'4h~t tis~, i.\ free Em,. brood ~ at yes Ale —purse, ~ con.~.~cant .
|
From page 40... ...
1965, Salem and Aviado 1961~. It is also possible that sulfur dioxide absorbed in the upper respiratory tract may be carried in the pulmonary circulation to the lower airways, thereby providing another possible mechanism of bronchoconstriction {Frank et al.
|
From page 41... ...
41 ' - instance '-~tle3`ively Mast Bergen _; an _—be Studies "~;t have W $ · i _~62 I: _~* ough _s _ t ..4 so m~-of Prom I.., ~ i; i ~ ~ .
|
From page 42... ...
The aerosol size of sulfuric acid influenced the degree of the increase in -: pulmonary flow resistance, the course of the ~: response, and the extent of airway obstruction. : Synergism between sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid aerosol on pulmonary flow resistance in guinea pigs has also been reported (Amdur 1957~.
|
From page 43... ...
that zinc ammonium sulfate and zinc sulfate were present in substantial concentrations during the 194 8 Donora air pollution disaster. Ferric sulfate inhaled alone was found to increase pulmonary flow resistance, but f errous sulf ate had no ef f ect (Amdur and Underhill 1 9 6 8)
|
From page 44... ...
demonstrating that sulfur dioxide concentrations resulting In an increased forced Aspiratory volume do not affect airway closing volume indicate that only the relatively larger parts of the bronchi are affected {Andersen et al.
|
From page 45... ...
A likely one is that sulfuric acid was formed by the reaction of these two agents in the presence of water vapor or mucous in the respiratory tract. It is also possible that, by decreasing the pH of the mucous lining, sulfur dioxide increases the solubility of-ozone and thereby potentiates an ozone effect.
|
From page 46... ...
; i : , 1 1 i l 1 j. :':l'~ l ; ~ i'i: :l-: I: di have rm effects of 8 ~ ffect8 generally demOn8trltfeUdr e ever ibid 1968, 970 Al~rle ~ a:l.a 119U72)
|
From page 47... ...
tHolra ~967~ . Ionic to clean air controls when acutely exposed to Oxide Emik e al 1971~-osure to sulfFrewer studies of long-term exp sulf ric ui on pigs to 2 OOO~l~ttle 1 1' '~_ !
|
From page 48... ...
Additional studies by this group have provided suggestive, but not conclusive, evidence that inhalation of sulfur dioxidesulfuric acid mixtures potentiates the pulmonary hyperinflation produced by chronic inhalation of raw auto exhaust and may lead to some cardiac abnormal ities. one technical problem concerning sulfuric acid explosures is that ammonia produced by animal exoreta might buf f er the sulfuric acid and produce ammonium sulfate aerosol.
|
From page 49... ...
An ef f eat of sulf ur dioxide potentiated by simultaneous inhalation of ozone. as the various sulf ur oxides tend to be present together in polluted air, the effects described above may well occur simultaneously in an additive, or perhaps synergistic, manner.
|
From page 51... ...
. Toxicologif asPuPlfur and sulfuric acid.
|
From page 52... ...
Mechanism of respiratory effects during exposure of guinea pigs to irritants.
|
From page 53... ...
Effects of acute controlled exposure to sulf ur dioxide on respiratory mechanics in healthy male adults.
|
From page 54... ...
Ssulfonates in human plasma following inhalation of sulfur dioxide.
|
From page 55... ...
organic dusts, sulfur dioxide, and the respiratory tract of swine.
|
From page 56... ...
Spei ~ ~1, v. Resp, Di ~ MU; guinea and A.pq.A.
|
From page 57... ...
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on Human Sub j ects Exhibiting Peripheral Airway Impairment. American Petroleum Institute Pro j ect No .
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.