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From page 245... ...
See Board on Agriculture and APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Natural Resources Inspection Service Barriers Apomixis (asexually produced seeds)
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From page 246... ...
246 INDEX compliance, 190191 unacceptability of some methods cost of compliance, 192193 under some circumstances, 185 defined, 1516 verification, monitoring, and the defining risk, 3035 efficacy of confinement, 191 delaying the evolution of resistance, Bioconfinement of animals, 130158 5253 bioconfinement of fish and shellfish, early evaluation, 181182 132153 effects on nontarget species, 52 bioconfinement of insects, 153158 ensuring efficacy of, 610 Bioconfinement of bacteria, viruses, and experimental information on efficacy, fungi, 160179 183184 displacement of indigenous food safety and other issues, 53 populations, 164165 history of, 1925 ecosystem and population effects, and human error, 191192 177178 increases in spatial and temporal effectiveness of methods at different scale, 193 temporal and spatial scales, 176 increasing the efficacy of, 189193 177 natural events, 192 failed or inappropriate methods of necessary for trees, 105106 microbial bioconfinement, 176 need for, 5556 fitness reduction, 169176 need for preventive actions, 5354 horizontal genetic transfer into local options based on technology and populations, 165169 gene-specific compounds, 185 invasion into indigenous populations, predicting the consequences of failure, 161164 5658 microalgae, 179 private litigation, 193 monitoring, detection, and culling- rationale for, 34 needs, feasibility, and realities, redundancy, 182183 178 transparency and public participation, Bioconfinement of fish and shellfish, 132 189190 153 unacceptability of some methods abandoned and inappropriate under some circumstances, 185 methods, 152153 when and why to consider, 2964 combining triploidization with who decides, 5864 interspecific hybrids, 152 Bioconfinement concerns, 3552 disruption of sexual reproduction, about field-released GEOs, 4852 132145 gene dispersal and persistence, 3848 gene blocking and gene knockout, potential effects, 3638 145151 Bioconfinement failure, 194195 naturally sterile interspecific hybrids, detecting and mitigating, 1011 151152 failed or inappropriate methods of Bioconfinement of insects, 153158 microbial, 176 ecological characteristics of managing, 124129 production site, 157158 predicting the consequences of, 5658 fitness reduction and regulation of StarLink corn, 34 gene expression, 158 Bioconfinement methods, 4 sterile insect technique, 153156 in animals, 45 transgenic sterile insects, 156157 in microbes, 56 Bioconfinement of plants, 65129 in plants, 4, 6668 effectiveness at different spatial and social acceptability of, 2528 temporal scales, 122124 for transgenic turfgrasses, 120121 genetically engineered trees, 98114
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From page 247... ...
, 81 cleistogamy (closed flowers) , 81 strengths, 81 nontransgenic male sterility, 7677 weaknesses, 81 transgenes in chloroplast DNA, 7981 Committee on Biological Confinement of transgenic male sterility, 7778 Genetically Engineered Bioconfinement of transgenes in trees, Organisms, 2, 30, 130 outlook for, 113114 Community effects, 126129 Bioconfinement of trees, 98, 104106 Competition, heightened, 141 Bioconfinement redundancy, 17 Compliance Biological and operational considerations cost of, 192193 for bioconfinement, 180198 and the efficacy of confinement, 190 bioconfinement failure, 194195 191 execution of confinement, 185193 Concerns, 3552 international aspects, 193194 about field-released GEOs, 4852 looking to the future: strategic public about gene dispersal and persistence, investment in bioconfinement 3848 research, 195198 about potential effects, 3638 "Biological containment," 20 See Bioconfinement concerns BLS.
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From page 248... ...
, 125 identifiable markers, 187189 Eradication or control of escaped Dispersal biology of organisms targeted for organisms, 189 genetic engineering and release, Ethical factors influencing application and recommendation to support regulation of particular additional scientific research to techniques, 197 develop better understanding of, Evaluation, early, 181182 197 Evolutionary persistence of transgenes, Dispersal of transgenes, concerns about, concerns about, 4748 38, 4647 Excision of transgenes before reproduction, Displacement of indigenous populations, 84 164165 strengths, 84 bacteria, 164165 weaknesses, 84 viruses, 164 Execution of confinement, 185193 Disruption of sexual reproduction, 132 decision making, 185186 145 eradication or control of escaped organisms, 189 increasing the efficacy of confinement, E 189193 Early cell division, normal steps in, 134 integrated confinement system, 186 187 Early evaluation, 181182 recommendation to consider the need monitoring and detection technology, for bioconfinement early in the 187189 research, 186 development of a GEO or its products, 182 Experimental information on efficacy, 183 Ecological characteristics, of production 184 recommendation to compare the novel sites, 157158 Ecological consequences, of large-scale use genotype with its progenitor of bioconfinement, 1113 before field release, 183184 recommendation to test confinement Economic factors influencing application and regulation of particular techniques before putting them techniques, 197 into application, 183
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From page 249... ...
, 62 evolutionary persistence of transgenes, Festuca arundinacea, 119 4748 Field release choice, 9697 genetically engineered organisms, 39 Field-released GEOs, 4852 how transgenes disperse, 38, 4647 extinction of wild taxa, 5051 Gene expression gene flow to other domesticated flower- and fruit-specific, 9495 organisms, 5051 roots and tuber-specific, 9394 weediness or invasiveness, 4950 Gene flow Field Testing Genetically Modified from genetically engineered Organisms, 160 organisms, 4 First International Symposium on to other domesticated organisms, Sustainable Fish Farming, 23 concerns about, 5051 Fish, bioconfinement of, 132153 potential for, 118120 Fitness handicaps, 9193, 112 Gene knockout, 150151 strengths, 92 strengths and weaknesses, 150151 weaknesses, 9293 Gene silencing, 103, 111112 Fitness reduction, 169176 Gene Tools, 150 1776, 172 Genetic bioconfinement, strategies for fish, phenotypic handicapping, 169173 147 and regulation of gene expression, "Genetic use restriction technologies" 158 (GURTs) , 26 strengths, 91 Genetically Engineered Food Alert, 24 suicide genes, 173176 Genetically engineered species, 17 in transgenic crop-wild progeny, 90 Genetically engineered organisms, 1 91 concerns about, 39 weaknesses, 91 current and future, 3638 Flavr SavrTM tomato, 36 defined, 1415 Flower- and fruit-specific gene expression, finfish, 3941 9495 gene flow from, 4 Food safety issues, 53 insects, 45 Fungi marine microorganisms, 42 bioconfinement of, 169179 marine plants, 4142 horizontal genetic transfer into local microbes, 4445 populations, 168169 mollusks, 41 invasion into indigenous populations, terrestrial plants, 4244 161162 Genetically engineered trees, 98114 phenotypic handicapping, 172173 bioconfinement of, 98, 104106 suicide genes, 174175
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From page 250... ...
gene International aspects, 19, 193194 expression, 93 recommendation to consider potential GURTs. See "Genetic use restriction effects of a confinement failure technologies" on other nations, 194 recommendation to pursue international cooperation to H adequately manage confinement of GEOs, 194 Horizontal genetic transfer, 38, 165169 Interspecific hybrids, 69 bacteria, 167168 strengths, 69 fungi, 168169 weaknesses, 69 viruses, 166 Invasion biology, recommendation to HR.
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From page 251... ...
, techniques, 197 20, 25 Lolium multiflorum Lam., 119 Nontarget organisms, effects on, 107108 Nontarget species, effects on, 52 Nontransgenic male sterility, 7677 M Nontransgenic scions on transgenic rootstock, 8384 Managing confinement failure, 124129 strengths, 83 population, community, and weaknesses, 8384 ecosystem effects, 126129 Methods of bioconfinement. See Bioconfinement methods O Microalgae, 179 Microbes, 56 Office of Management and Budget, 61 Monitoring Oliver, Melvin, 23 difficulty of, 11 Operational considerations, for needs, feasibility, and realities, 178 bioconfinement, 180198 Monitoring confinement failure, 124129 Options for bioconfinement of plants, 110 Monitoring technology, 187189 113 Monsanto, 23, 26, 115 based on technology and gene-specific Mortality of vegetative propagules, 7576 compounds, 185 strengths, 76 fitness handicaps, 112 weaknesses, 76 gene silencing, 111112 Mosaic individuals, 140 plastid engineering, 113 sterility, 110111 tissue-specific expression, 112113 N triploidy, 111 Organism choice, 96 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
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From page 252... ...
, 75 bioconfinement, 196 Proposed bioconfinement of transgenic to evaluate each GEO separately, 181 Atlantic salmon, 137139 to identify economic, legal, ethical, Proposed transgenic bioconfinement and social factors influencing methods in plants, 73 application and regulation of Pseudomonas syringae, 22 particular techniques, 197 to incorporate transparency and public participation in R bioconfinement techniques and approaches, 189190 RAC. See Recombinant DNA Advisory to pursue international cooperation to Committee adequately manage confinement RAFI.
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From page 253... ...
See Sterile insect technique (SIT) weaknesses, 87 Social acceptability of bioconfinement "Repressor" molecules, 147 methods, 2528 Resistance, delaying the evolution of, 5253 case study of the technology Reversible transgenic sterility, 7275 protection system- strengths, 74 "terminator," 2527 weaknesses, 7475 consequentialism and public Risk assessment and management, 33 acceptance, 2728 Risk assessment matrix, 32 Social factors influencing application and Risks, 3035 regulation of particular associated with gene flow into natural techniques, 197 populations, 106107 Spatial scales confinement failure with StarLink effectiveness of, 122123 corn, 34 increases in and the efficacy of systematic risk assessment and confinement, 193 management, 33 "Split registrations," 34 Risks of most concern with trees, 106110 Stability of transgenic confinement, 102103 effects on nontarget organisms, 107 StarLink: Impacts on the United States 108 Corn Market and World Trade, instability of transgene expression, 110 35 secondary phenotypic effects of StarLink corn, 23 transgenesis, 108109 StarLinkTM Situation, The, 35 RNA silencing, 111112 "Sterile feral" technology, 146 Rockefeller Foundation, 26 Sterile insect technique (SIT)
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From page 254... ...
See Genetically engineered trees Triploid sterilization, combining with all T female lines, 142144 Triploidization, combining with T-GURT. See Trait genetic use restriction interspecific hybrids, 152 technology strengths and weaknesses, 152 Taco Bell brand taco shells, 24 Triploidy, 111 "Tandem constructs," 90 Technology Protection System (TPS)
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From page 255... ...
, 7275, 84, 87 Vascular-tissue-specific gene expression, 94 Viruses W bioconfinement of, 169179 displacement of indigenous Weediness, concerns about, 4950 populations, 164 Wild hybrid, Festuca arundinacea and Lolium multiflorum Lam., 119
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