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Health and Medicine Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century (2004) / Chapter Skim
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4. Accomplishments and Challenges in Health and Medicine for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Pages 27-34

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From page 27...
... There have also been improved therapeutics for depression and schizophrenia by receptor subtype specific ligands, as well as the HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of AIDS. New medicines require new molecules, which emerge from chemical synthesis of natural products, synthetic chemical libraries, and rational design.
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From page 28...
... . A few noteworthy discoveries discussed at the workshop include small molecules that dimerize and activate target receptor proteins, the biosynthetic incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins at specific sites, combinatorial biosynthesis of new antibiotics, biosensors to monitor calcium ions in cells and to localize proteins in subcellular locales, the directed evolution of proteins to create novel or improved properties, and in vitro selection of nucleic acids with specific binding or catalytic activities.
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From page 29...
... Applications already in practice include immune white blood cell replacement in bone marrow transplantation and extracorporeal liver cell bioreactors for enhancement of metabolic tissue function to counteract liver disease.
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From page 30...
... Prominent examples include analysis of transport phenomena that critically affect tumor diagnosis and therapy, kinetics of receptor and ligand processes regulating cell proliferation and migration, and dynamics of cell and substratum interactions involved in biomaterials colonization and immune and inflammatory system responses to host insult and injury. CHALLENGES FOR CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING The scope and pace of accomplishments in chemistry at the health and medicine interfaces serve as starting points for deconvoluting the multilayered systems that make up both the normal physiology of human biology and the pathophysiology of disease.
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From page 31...
... Advances in analytical chemistry will spur advances in systems biology by enabling the collection of information across a wide range of time regimes in cells, tissues, organs and individuals. Challenges for analytical chemistry will involve modularity, scalability, and dynamic range of techniques, and multisystem computational models for analysis.
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From page 32...
... New experimental models of human organ physiology arid pathology could offer quantum leaps forward in drug discovery and development. Tissue-engineered in vitro organ surrogates could provide an ability to identify the most useful drug targets for affecting human cell function and permit true pharmacogenomic analysis by creating surrogates from a spectrum of human subpopulation genetic backgrounds.
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From page 33...
... Charting the small molecule inventory of cells, the metabolome, in a time-dependent way has predictive utility and will be an analytical chemistry challenge. The evolution of macromolecules as specific, potent therapeutic agents will require many approaches, which may range from DNA shuffling and selection to site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids and their subsequent selective modification.
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From page 34...
... Innovative techniques for targeting therapeutics (small molecule, protein, nucleic acid, and cell) to specific, localized sites of action in the patient should bring substantial benefits in therapeutic index, enhancing effectiveness, and reducing toxicity.
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Key Terms

  • analytical chemistry
  • drug discovery
  • computational models
  • cell function
  • chemical synthesis

  • biological macromolecules
  • chemical discovery
  • polymerase chain
  • chain reaction
  • chemical engineers

  • enzyme inhibitors
  • cell functions
  • quantitative analysis
  • molecular processes
  • unnatural amino

  • human organ
  • fluid mechanics
  • organ physiology
  • nucleic acid
  • amino acids

  • calcium ions
  • chemical approaches
  • human biology
  • physiology arid
  • human cell

  • nanoscale range
  • biology divide
  • substratum interactions
  • subpopulation genetic
  • dna sequencers


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