Health and Medicine Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century (2004) / Chapter Skim
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1. New Tools and Approaches for Discovery, Diagnostics, and Prevention
1. New Tools and Approaches for Discovery, Diagnostics, and Prevention
Pages 7-12
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From page 7... ...
There are current efforts to increase the throughput another 3,000to 6,000-fold, which can be accomplished by single molecule DNA sequencing. This new approach will open the world of genomes to comparative analysis, which in turn will allow predictive and preventative medicine based on an individual's specific genomic makeup (see Sidebar 1.1~.
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From page 8... ...
Therefore, fan entire human genome could be sequenced in an afternoon for less than $10,00O,: Ma feat that opens up the whole world of genomes for comparative analyses and the possibility halve will do genetic mapping of humans by complete sequence analysis. As a result we would be able to characterize the three billion nucleot~des of the genome instead roof just the 300 or~3.000 features bv Genetic markers.
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From page 9... ...
The screens typically are immunoassays, enzyme reactions, cell-based assays, or any number of other specialized tests chosen for the specific disease or molecule being studied. The synthetic process in combinatorial chemistry usually employs many automated techniques, such as robotics, to synthesize thousands of unique chemical compounds or oligonucleotides with predetermined atomic structure that are categorized in a database or library.
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From page 10... ...
in combination with mass spectrometry was used by Leroy Hood and colleagues to analyze the galactose expression system and create a snapshot of the global interactions of a series of different systems present in a yeast cell. A protein engineering technique called Expressed Protein Ligation has been developed that introduces sequences of unnatural amino acids, posttranslational modifications, and biophysical probes into proteins of any size through the chemoselective addition of a peptide to a recombinant protein (see Sidebar 1.2~.
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From page 11... ...
Presently enough is known about these systems that they are actually amenable to chemical synthesis, but different~starting materials in the cell need to be dealt with. Wolf one wants to make proteins and change the genetic code of a living cell, the components of the pro tein biosynthetic machinery must be used: the DNA that transcribes the message that is translated on the ribosome by ~ set of adapter mol ecules, the tRNAs ~that~translate the triplet codons in the genetic code, the polypeptide, and the amino acids in the polypeptide sequence.
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From page 12... ...
Many scientists are investigating this type of "lab on a chip" technology where compounds can undergo complicated reaction schemes in a microenvironment. This new technology affords the possibility of having multiple laboratory functions, such as purification, immobilization, sorting, and detection, carried out on a single chip, enabling the capacity to perform multiple parallel analyses in a faster and often more accurate microreaction.
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