The 2000 Census Counting Under Adversity (2004) / Chapter Skim
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3 The Road to 2000
3 The Road to 2000
Pages 71-96
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Supreme Court ruling forcer! final changes in plan.
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b. Develop an address list.
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cI. Mail or hand deliver appropriate questionnaires to addresses on the address list.
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the use of computer-basec! statistical techniques to impute housing units ant!
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They were: (1) unexpectedly Tow mail response rates; (2)
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delays. From reviewing housing unit counts by block in the Postcensus Local Review Program, large cities ant!
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resources to research in four major areas: (1) how to make the census aciciress list more complete 4Net undercount estimates for 1990 from demographic analysis differ somewhat from those from the PES; see Chapter 5.
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. 3-B.1 Address List Research: Development of the Master Address File Almost before the 1990 census data collection was completed, the director of the Census Bureau enclorsec!
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The Bureau developed a Program for Address List Supplementation (PALS) , which invited local governments to send address files to the Bureau for matching to and updating the MAF, but participation was low and files arrived in such variable formats (including paper)
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response. Mail response rates fell slightly between 1970 ant!
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A short form with fewer questions than the 1990 form further booster! mail response (DilIman et al., 1993~.
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The second mailout increaser! mail response rates for the two sites using mailout/ mailback methods by ~ percent (increasing response rates from about 47 percent to about 55 percent)
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The Bureau determined instead to use "clirect sampling," that is, to sample at the start of nonresponse follow-up, using higher sampling rates for census tracts with Tower mail response rates ant! vice versa so that a total of 90 percent of households in each census tract wouIc!
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aclults by traclitional enumeration methods, even with substantial resources spent on special coverage improvement programs (National Research Council, 1994, 1995b; Commerce Secretary's 2000 Census Advisory Committee, 19954. Given a mandate to improve
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on further improving the DSE methocIology, particularly the ability to conduct the independent survey and other DSE operations on a schecluTe to permit using the results to adjust the state population counts for reapportionment by December 31, 2000. This use of DSE for census adjustment was termec!
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stem the historical clecline in mail response rates (see Section 4-B.1~. The coverage evaluation research supporter!
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. Oversight committees in Congress were active in hoisting hearings and taking such steps as passing the 1994 Aclclress List Improvement Act to facilitate development of the MAF for 2000.
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mailing materials ant! questionnaires to promote mail response (see Section 3-B.2~; expansion of advertising ant!
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either the congressional or presiclential members of the Monitoring Boarc! cite evidence or make arguments suggesting partisan intent in the choice of design features or implementation of the 2000 census (see U.S.
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In both cases, the district courts concluded that the Census Bureau's proposed use of sampling for purposes of generating apportionment counts violated the Census Act; having concluded such, neither court addressed the question of whether the sampling methods were unconstitutional. The two cases were consolidated on appeal and heard by the U.S.
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Stevens argued that Census Act language enabling the secretary of commerce to "take a decennial census of population ... in such form and content as he may determine, including the use of sampling procedures and special surveys" constitutes an "unlimited authorization" that is not impaired by the "limited mandate" contained elsewhere in the act.
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for 2000, inclucling the emphasis on computer imputation to supply missing data for househoIcls and persons in place of repeater! follow-up attempts ant!
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Census Bureau staff spent much energy late in the clecacle on developing plans for alternative designs with ant! without extensive use of statistical sampling ant!
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clevelopment of the 2000 census plan is the natural point to highlight a most basic finding: Finding 3.1: The lack of agreement until 1999 on the basic census design among the Census Bureau, the aciministration, ant! Congress hampered!
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Recommendation 3.1: The Census Bureau, the administration, and Congress should agree on the basic census design for 2010 no later than 2006 in order to permit an appropriate, well-planned dress rehearsal in 2008. Recommendation 3.2: The Census Bureau, the administration, and Congress should agree on the overall scheme for the 2010 census and the new American Community Survey (ACS)
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The goal for this universe for the questionnaire delivery and mail return phase of the census was to deliver a questionnaire to every housing unit on the MAF and motivate people to fill it out and mail it back. The Census Bureau expected that mail response would continue to decline, as it had from 1970 to 1990, due to broad social and economic changes that have made the population more difficult to enumerate.
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