Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) / Chapter Skim
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8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water
8 Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water
Pages 449-464
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From page 449... ...
and, in some cases, Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) , have been established for the nutrients presented in this report.
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From page 450... ...
Details on how the DRIs are set with reference to specific life stages and gender and the criterion that defines adequacy and excess for each of these nutrients are given in Chapters 4 through 7. ASSESSING NUTRIENT INTAKES OF INDIVIDUALS Dietary assessment methods have several inherent inaccuracies.
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From page 451... ...
Using the Estimated Average Requirement and the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Assessment of Individuals As is discussed in each chapter covering a specific nutrient, there were insufficient data to establish an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and therefore a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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From page 452... ...
However, the likelihood of inadequacy of usual intakes below the AI cannot be determined. For example, an adult with a usual potassium intake of 5 g/day could be assessed as having an adequate intake since intake exceeds the AI of 4.7 g/day.
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From page 453... ...
. The resulting adjusted intake distribution narrows, giving a more precise estimate of the proportion of the group with usual intakes below the estimated requirements (Figure 8-2)
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From page 454... ...
However, the AIs for sodium and potassium were not based on the median intakes of apparently healthy groups as there is a significant proportion of the population in the United States and Canada with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Their AIs were based on experimental observations of intakes in small groups of people (frequently subjects in experimental trials)
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From page 455... ...
Thus, for sodium, for which the UL is 2.3 g/day, approximately 95 percent of men and 75 to 90 percent of women in the United States and Canada have sodium intakes above the UL (and probably even greater percentages will be above the UL given that salt added to foods at the table is not included in the estimated intake data) , and could be considered to be at potential risk of increased blood pressure (the adverse effect used to set the UL for sodium)
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From page 456... ...
, one would have less confidence that the prevalence of inadequacy would be low if the group's median intake met the AI. Using the Tolerable Upper Intake Level in Planning for Groups In order to minimize the proportion of the population at potential risk of adverse effects from excessive nutrient intake, the distribution of usual intakes should be planned so that the prevalence of intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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From page 457... ...
Because excessive water consumption does not occur in healthy people, no Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
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From page 458... ...
may neutralize an excess acid load seen in typical Western-style diets, and may diminish bone turnover. Because potassium intakes from naturally occurring dietary sources above the AI have not been found to result in increased risk of adverse effects in generally healthy individuals with normal kidney function (excess potassium is readily excreted in the urine)
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From page 459... ...
. Sodium Chloride Sodium is the principle cation of the extracellular fluids and is the primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume and body water.
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From page 460... ...
As sodium chloride intake increases, several dose-dependent changes occur. Increased sodium chloride intake increases blood pressure, and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes (particularly left ventricular hypertrophy and stroke)
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From page 461... ...
and who are physically inactive would likely have an adequate sodium intake with intakes below the AI. Of course, with restricted energy intake, careful dietary planning would be needed to meet recommended intakes for other nutrients.
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From page 462... ...
prevalence of inadequate intakes. UL: usual intake above UL: use to estimate the percent this level may place an age of the population at poten individual at risk of tial risk of adverse effects from adverse effects from excess nutrient intake.
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From page 463... ...
RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance EAR = Estimated Average Requirement AI = Adequate Intake UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level a Evaluation of true status requires clinical, biochemical, and anthropomet ric data. b Requires statistically valid approximation of distribution of usual intakes.
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From page 464... ...
1996. A semiparametric transfor mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions.
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